（本经中品）
【气味】咸寒，有毒。
【主治】主心腹寒热洗洗，血积症瘕，破坚，下血闭。
【核】曰∶生川泽及沙中，人家墙壁下，土中湿处。大者寸余，无甲而有鳞。修治，十
月采
【 】曰∶ 虫，一名地鳖，形类鳖也。一名过街，逢申过街，立建以冲日破也。盖
者众多，掌除毒蛊，亦以功用诠名耳。是主寒热洗洗，致血积症瘕者。冲其街舍，而破除之，
故
（本经中品）
【气味】咸温，无毒。
【主治】主青盲，明目，杀疥虫，止寒泄，辟恶鬼，走虎野狼，止惊悸。久服安心，益气，
轻
【核】曰∶ 本夏羊，生河西，色青黑，头小身大，毛长而柔，可以为 ，一名绵羊，
其角为用最大。诗云∶繇醉之言，俾在童 ，盖 之美在角也。 为角音，又为古音，诗以
古与语，叶韵是矣。而音通于牯，故本草 羊条，注称为羊之牯，犹兕音通于 ，称为犀之
也。 ， 也。 色黑，为黑羝，为黑 ； 色白，为白羝，为白 。各有牝牡，但当以
色为别。盖羊之有 ，亦犹木之有 榆也。 亦白，榆不能白。色白有辨之义，故皆从分，
色黑有不辨之义，故皆从俞。又今榆者，北方有之，故古称榆塞，而江南有刺榆，无大榆，
是南方于羊也，则有 而无 ，于木也，则无榆而有 ，色相类，义相同也。羝，抵也。羝
性好抵，故从羝，省字从抵，省音从低者，以羝先低其角，然后能抵突故也。羊，总名。羔，
羊子。四月而乳，一岁三生，母既生子，子复生孙，孙又生子，易繁速计，莫捷于羊。其别
有四，曰 者，五月生羔也；曰 者，六月生羔也；曰 者，七月生羔也；曰 者，羊未卒
岁也。释畜但载未成羊者为 。郭氏云∶俗呼五月羔为 ，盖谓羔已生及五月者尔。而说文
称五月生羔，则似谓仲夏所生者矣。按齐民要术。称正月生羔为上种，十一月、十二月生者，
次之。母视含重，肤躯充满，草虽枯，亦不羸瘦；母乳适尽，即得春草，是以极佳。八月、
九月、十月生者，虽值秋肥，然比至冬暮，母乳已竭，春草未生，是故不佳。三月、四月生
者，草虽茂美，而羔小未食，尝饮热乳，所以亦恶。五月、六月、七月生者，两热相仍，恶
中之甚，然则五月生者乃是不美，故古称肥 ，以速诸父，当是生及五月者尔。繁露云∶凡
贽卿用羔，羔有角而不用。类仁者，执之不鸣，杀之不嗥，类死义者。饮乳必跪其母，类
知礼者，故以为贽。礼云∶饰羔雁者，以馈以言，其德足以衣被，而又有文章也。字说云∶
羔从羊，从火。羊，火畜也。羔火在下，若火始然，可进而大也，故羔大曰羊，三岁曰 。
，小狠也。 以乘而不随为臧， 以乘而不逆为刚。盖牛之性顺， 虽牡，而犹有顺性，
故为乘而不逆也。羊之性狠， 虽牝，而犹有狠性，故为乘而不随也。羊前逆，牛前顺，故
羊宜驱，而牛宜牵；羊善群，每成群，必以一群为主，举群听之，谓之压群；羊善斗，斗羊
表
战罔顾死，虽为微物，志不可锉，效奇灵囿，角力天场，却鼓怒以作气，前踯躅以奋击，趺
若奔云之交触，碎如转石之相叩，裂骨赌胜，溅血争雄，敢毅见而冲冠，鸷狠闻而击节，冀
将少助明主，市骏骨，揖怒蛙之意也。若使羊能言，必将曰，若斗不解，立有死者。所赖至
仁无残，量力取劝焉。羊畏露，牧之者，宜晚出而早归也。羊恶湿喜燥，食钩吻而肥，食仙
茅而肪，食仙灵脾而淫，食羊踯躅而死。羊宜黍，黍火谷。羊火畜，故羊宜黍也。其目无神，
其肠九萦，其力在尾，其角下蹄，角之不齐者曰 （音轨）。角有三 （音卷）者曰 （音
敛）。绝有健力者曰奋。种类甚多，入药只以青色 羊为胜，次则乌羊，其 羊，及虏中
无角羊，止可啖食乳髓，则肥好也。 羊，亦有褐色、黑色、白色者，毛长尺余，亦谓之
羊。北人驱引大羊，则以此羊为首，名曰羊头。河东亦有 羊，性尤狠健，毛长而浓，
入药亦佳。如 驱至南方，则筋力自劳损，安能补益于人。今南方诸羊，多食野草、毒草，
故味薄而易发疾，惟淮南州郡，或有佳者。可亚北羊，北羊至南日久，尚不中食，水土使然
耳。生江南者为吴羊，头身相等，毛短肉瘦，供馔犹易发疾，入药更无效矣。 羊之角，可
以占灼，契丹谓之羊卜，其皮极薄，南番以书字，吴人以画彩为灯，毛可制笔，角作琉璃，
蹄骨须涎，咸成药用，独美在角。专精者，牝 之角也。盖兑为羊，兑，少女也，以柔包刚，
物
【 】曰∶羊性好抵，羊力在尾，此交任于闾，会督于巅，是以抵突用角，精专之美在
角也。离为火，为羊，为目，在天为热，在藏为心，心脏血脉之气也，故羊为火畜，功主青
盲。诸脉属目，目得血而能视也。寒泄为对待，惊悸为体虚，痛痒疮疡，咸归心火耳。辟恶
鬼，为生阳死死阴。走虎野狼，为火行烁金兽。久服者体用俱备，绝有力奋矣。
【《神农本草经》中品】
【气味】味咸，性寒，有毒。
【主治】主要治疗心腹部的寒冷与发热感（如冷水浇身般的战栗），瘀血积聚形成的症瘕痞块，破除坚积，通下闭结的经血。
【考证】曰：土鳖虫生长于河川沼泽及沙地中，也见于人家墙壁下、土壤中潮湿的地方。大的有一寸多长，没有甲壳而有鳞片。采收加工，在十月采集。
【按语】曰：土鳖虫，又名地鳖，形态类似鳖。又名过街，遇到申日便穿过街道，因为立建之日对应冲日破日。大概这类虫子种类繁多，掌管清除毒蛊，也是根据其功效来命名的。它主治寒热战栗，导致血液积聚形成症瘕的病症，是因为它能冲击并破除这些病邪所在的部位，所以得名。
【《神农本草经》中品】
【气味】味咸，性温，无毒。
【主治】主要治疗青盲（视力减退或失明），使眼睛明亮，杀灭疥虫，止住寒性泄泻，驱避恶鬼，使虎狼野兽退避，止住惊悸。长期服用能使心神安宁，补益元气，身体轻健。
【考证】曰：羱羊本是夏代的一种羊，产于河西地区，毛色青黑，头小身子大，毛发长而柔软，可以用来制作裘皮，又名绵羊，其中它的角药用价值最大。《诗经》说：“从醉话中可以看出，让童仆去放牧。”大概羱羊的美在于角。羱字通“权”音，又通古音，《诗经》中以古和语押韵，这是合理的。而且羱音通于牯，所以《本草》羱羊条目下，注释称为公羊，就像兕音通于犀，称为犀牛一样。羱，就是羱羊。毛色黑的，叫黑羝，叫黑羱；毛色白的，叫白羝，叫白羱。各有雌雄，但应当以颜色来区分。大概羊中有羱，也如同树木中有榆树一样。羱也是白色的，榆树不能变白。白色有辨别之义，所以都从“分”旁；黑色有不辨别之义，所以都从“俞”旁。另外现在的榆树，北方有，所以古称榆塞，而江南有刺榆，没有大榆，所以在南方对于羊来说，只有羱而没有榆，对于树木来说，没有榆而有羱，颜色和性质相似，含义相同。羝，是抵的意思。羱羊性情喜欢抵触，所以从羝字，省略字形取“抵”，省略读音取“低”，因为羱羊先低下它的角，然后才能抵触冲撞的缘故。羊，是总称。羔，是羊的子代。四月哺乳，一年生三次，母亲生了孩子，孩子又生孙子，孙子再生孩子，计算繁衍速度，没有比羊更快的了。它的区别有四种：叫“犊”的是五月生的羔羊；叫“特”的是六月生的羔羊；叫“牡”的是七月生的羔羊；叫“未成”的是未满一年的羊。《尔雅·释畜》只记载未长成羊的为“未成”。郭氏说：俗呼五月生的羔为“犊”，大概是说羔羊已经出生满五个月罢了。而《说文解字》称五月生的羔，则似乎是指仲夏所生的。查考《齐民要术》，称正月生的羔为上等品种，十一月、十二月生的次之。母羊看着胎儿沉重，躯体丰满，即使草枯了，也不会瘦弱；母乳刚吃完，就能吃到春草，所以特别好。八月、九月、十月生的，虽然正值秋天肥美，但等到冬末，母乳已尽，春草未生，所以不好。三月、四月生的，草虽然茂盛美好，但羔羊太小还没吃草，常喝热奶，所以也不好。五月、六月、七月生的，两个热季相连，是恶劣中的极甚，然而五月生的却是不美的，所以古称“肥羱”，用来宴请各位父老，应该是说出生满五个月的羔羊罢了。《春秋繁露》说：凡是卿大夫相见用的礼物用羔羊，羔羊有角但不使用。像仁爱的人，抓住它不叫，杀它不嚎，像懂死义的人。喝奶时必须跪拜母亲，像懂礼仪的人，所以用它作为礼物。《礼记》说：装饰羔雁，是用来馈赠和言志的，它的德行足以覆盖众人，而且有文采。《字说》说：羔从羊，从火。羊，是火畜。羔火在下，像火刚开始燃烧，可以进而壮大，所以羔长大叫羊，三岁叫羱。羱，是小狠。乘马而不跟随叫臧，乘马而不违逆叫刚。大概牛的性情顺，羱虽然是公的，还有顺性，所以叫乘而不逆。羊的性情狠，羱虽然是母的，还有狠性，所以叫乘而不随。羊前面逆，牛前面顺，所以羊适合驱赶，牛适合牵引；羊善于成群，每成群，必以一群为主，全群听它指挥，叫做压群；羊善于争斗，斗羊表现战斗不顾生死，虽然是微小生物，意志不可挫败，效仿奇灵囿中的情景，在天场角力，击鼓怒以壮气，前踯躅以奋击，跌倒像奔云相交触，碎裂像转石相叩，裂骨赌胜，溅血争雄，敢毅见而冲冠，鸷狠闻而击节，希望将稍微帮助明主，买骏骨，揖怒蛙的心意。如果羊能说话，必将说，如果争斗不解开，立刻会有死者。依赖至仁无残，量力取劝罢了。羊畏露水，放牧的人，应该晚出早归。羊厌恶潮湿喜欢干燥，吃钩吻而肥，吃仙茅而脂肪厚，吃仙灵脾而淫欲盛，吃羊踯躅而死。羊宜吃黍，黍是火谷。羊是火畜，所以羊宜吃黍。它的眼睛没有神，肠子九回，力气在尾巴，角下蹄，角不齐的叫轨（音轨）。角有三卷的叫敛（音敛）。绝有健力的叫奋。种类很多，入药只以青色羱羊为优，其次是乌羊，那些羱羊，以及虏中无角羊，只可吃肉喝乳髓，那就肥好。羱羊，也有褐色、黑色、白色的，毛长一尺多，也叫羊。北方人驱引大羊，就以这种羊为首，名叫羊头。河东也有羱羊，性情尤其狠健，毛长而浓，入药也好。如果把羱羊驱赶到南方，那么筋力自然劳损，怎么能补益于人。现在南方的诸羊，多吃野草、毒草，所以味道淡且容易引发疾病，只有淮南州郡，或许有好的。可以亚于北羊，北羊到南方久了，还不能吃，是水土造成的。生在江南的叫吴羊，头身相等，毛短肉瘦，供食用还容易发病，入药更没有效了。羱羊的角，可以用来占卜灼烧，契丹叫它羊卜，它的皮极薄，南番用来写字，吴人用来画彩灯，毛可制笔，角作琉璃，蹄骨须涎，都成药用，唯独美在角。专精的，是母羱的角。大概兑卦为羊，兑，是少女，以柔包刚，物……
【按语】曰：羊性情喜欢抵触，羊力气在尾巴，这是在交任脉于阴部，会督脉于头顶，所以抵触冲撞用角，精专的美在于角。离卦为火，为羊，为目，在天为热，在脏为心，是心脏血脉之气，所以羊为火畜，功效主治青盲。诸脉属于目，目得血而能视。寒泄是对待证，惊悸是体虚，痛痒疮疡，都归属于心火。辟恶鬼，是生阳死阴。走虎野狼，是火行烁金兽。长期服用者体用俱备，绝有力奋矣。
[Shennong Bencao Jing, Middle Category]
【Flavor and Nature】 Salty, cold, toxic.
【Indications】 Primarily treats coldness and heat sensations in the heart and abdomen (shivering as if washed by cold water), blood stasis accumulation forming masses (zheng jia), breaks down hard accumulations, and promotes the discharge of amenorrhea.
【Verification】 It is stated: The earth beetle (Tubiechong) grows in river marshes and sandy areas, also found under house walls and in damp places in soil. Large specimens are over one cun long, lacking a shell but having scales. For processing, harvest in the tenth lunar month.
【Commentary】 It is said: The earth beetle, also known as Dibie, resembles a turtle in form. Also known as Guojie ("Street Crosser"), it crosses streets on Shen days because the Li Jian day corresponds to the Chong Po day. Generally, there are many such insects; they manage the removal of venomous gu poison, and their names are derived from their functions. They treat chills and fever causing blood stasis and zheng jia masses because they attack and break down these pathological deposits, hence the name.
[Shennong Bencao Jing, Middle Category]
【Flavor and Nature】 Salty, warm, non-toxic.
【Indications】 Primarily treats Qingmang (blindness or dim vision), brightens the eyes, kills scabies mites, stops cold-type diarrhea, repels evil spirits, drives away tigers and wild wolves, and stops palpitations. Long-term use calms the mind, tonifies Qi, and lightens the body.
【Verification】 It is stated: The Yuan sheep (Yuanyang) was originally a breed from the Xia dynasty, produced in the Hexi region. It has blackish-green fur, a small head, a large body, and long, soft hair, which can be used for making furs. It is also called Mianyang (Sheep), with its horns being the most medicinally valuable part. The *Classic of Poetry* states: "From drunken words, one sees [the behavior], sending children to herd." Essentially, the beauty of the Yuan sheep lies in its horns. The character Yuan resonates with the sound of "Quan" (authority/balance) and ancient sounds; in the *Poetry*, "Gu" and "Yu" rhyme, which is correct. Furthermore, Yuan resonates with Gu (bull/male cattle), so in the *Bencao* entry for Yuan sheep, the annotation calls it the male sheep, just as Si resonates with Xi (rhinoceros), calling it the rhino. Yuan refers to the Yuan sheep. Black-furred ones are called Heidi (Black Ram) and Heiyuan; white-furred ones are called Baidi and Baiyuan. Both have males and females, but should be distinguished by color. The presence of Yuan sheep among sheep is like the presence of Elm trees among woods. Yuan is also white, whereas Elms cannot turn white. White implies distinction, hence the radical "Fen" (divide); black implies indistinction, hence the radical "Yu". Additionally, modern Elms exist in the North, hence the ancient term "Yusei" (Elm Pass), while the Jiangnan region has thorny Elms but no large Elms. Thus, in the South regarding sheep, there is Yuan but no Yu; regarding trees, there is no Yu but there is Yuan. Colors and meanings are similar. Di means to butt. Yuan sheep have a nature of butting, hence the character Di. The shape is simplified to take "Di", and the pronunciation simplified to "Di" (low), because the ram lowers its horn first before it can butt. Sheep is the general term. Lamb is the offspring. Nursing begins at four months; they reproduce rapidly—mother bears child, child bears grandchild, grandchild bears great-grandchild. No animal reproduces faster than sheep. There are four distinctions: "Du" refers to lambs born in the fifth month; "Te" refers to those in the sixth month; "Mu" refers to those in the seventh month; "Weicheng" refers to those not yet a year old. *Erya · Shichu* only records immature sheep as "Weicheng". Mr. Guo says: Commonly, lambs born in the fifth month are called "Du", implying lambs that have lived five months. However, *Shuowen Jiezi* says lambs born in the fifth month, seemingly referring to mid-summer births. Checking *Qimin Yaoshu*: Lambs born in the first month are superior; November and December births are secondary. If the ewe's womb is full and her body robust, she remains strong even on dry grass; once milk dries up, spring grass appears, yielding excellent quality. August, September, October births are good due to autumn fat, but by winter end, milk is gone and spring grass hasn't grown, so quality is poor. March, April births: grass is lush, but lambs are too small to eat, drinking hot milk, so quality is poor. May, June, July births: two hot seasons follow, worst of the bad. Yet, May-born are considered inferior, hence the ancient phrase "Fei Yuan" (Fat Yuan) offered to elders, likely referring to lambs reaching five months old. *Chunqiu Fanlu* states: When ministers meet, they use lambs. Lambs have horns but do not use them. Like benevolent people, they do not cry when caught, nor howl when killed, resembling those who understand righteous death. They kneel to nurse, resembling those who know propriety, thus used as gifts. *Book of Rites* states: Decorating lambs and geese is for offering and expressing intent; their virtue covers all, and they have patterns. *Zishuo* states: Lamb consists of Sheep and Fire. Sheep is a Fire animal. Fire below the lamb signifies fire just starting, capable of growing; thus, a grown lamb is called Sheep, three years old is called Yuan. Yuan means slight ferocity. A horse that rides without following is Zang; a horse that rides without resisting is Gang. Oxen are gentle; even male Yuan sheep retain gentleness, hence riding without resistance. Sheep are fierce; even female Yuan sheep retain fierceness, hence riding without compliance. Sheep face forward against the flow, oxen with it; thus sheep are driven, oxen led. Sheep flock well, obeying a leader, called "Ya Qun" (Suppressing the Flock). Sheep fight well, fighting to the death. Though small creatures, their will cannot be broken. Mimicking the spirit of the Lingyou park, wrestling in the heavenly field, beating drums to raise morale, hesitating then striking, falling like colliding clouds, shattering like rolling stones, breaking bones for victory, splashing blood for heroism, courage raises caps, fierceness beats time, hoping to slightly assist the wise ruler, buying horse bones, saluting the angry frog. If sheep could speak, they would say: If the fight doesn't stop, death is imminent. Relying on supreme benevolence without cruelty, taking measures according to strength. Sheep fear dew; herders should let them out late and bring them back early. Sheep dislike dampness and prefer dryness. Eating Gouwen makes them fat; eating Xianmao increases fat; eating Xianlingpi increases libido; eating Yangzhizhu causes death. Sheep suit Millet (Shu), a Fire grain. Sheep are Fire animals, so they suit Millet. Their eyes lack spirit, intestines coil nine times, strength lies in the tail, hooves under horns. Uneven horns are called Gui (sound gui). Horns with three curls are called Lian (sound lian). Those with vigorous power are called Fen. Many species; for medicine, green Yuan sheep are best, followed by black sheep. Other Yuan sheep and hornless sheep from barbarian lands are only suitable for meat and marrow, making them fat. Yuan sheep also come in brown, black, and white, with hair over one chi long, also called Sheep. Northerners lead large sheep with this type as the head, named Yangtou. Hedong also has Yuan sheep, especially fierce and strong, with thick long hair, good for medicine. If driven south, their sinews and muscles weaken, unable to benefit humans. Southern sheep eat wild/toxic herbs, taste bland, and easily cause disease. Only Huainan prefectures have good ones, second only to Northern sheep. Northern sheep in the South lose edibility due to water and soil. Jiangnan sheep are Wu sheep, head and body equal, short hair, lean meat, prone to disease when eaten, ineffective for medicine. Yuan sheep horns are used for divination (burning), called Yangbu by Khitan. Skin is thin, used by southern tribes for writing, by Wu people for lantern painting. Hair makes brushes, horns make glass-like items. Hooves, bones, whiskers, and saliva are all medicinal. The excellence lies in the horn. The most potent are female Yuan sheep horns. Dui trigram represents Sheep; Dui is Young Girl, wrapping hardness with softness...
【Commentary】 It is said: Sheep have a nature of butting, strength in the tail. This intersects Ren Mai at the perineum and converges with Du Mai at the vertex. Thus, butting uses horns, and the essence lies in the horns. Li trigram is Fire, Sheep, Eyes; in Heaven it is Heat, in Organs it is Heart. It is the Qi of Heart blood vessels. Thus, Sheep is a Fire animal, treating Qingmang. All meridians connect to the eyes; eyes see when nourished by blood. Cold diarrhea is a contrasting syndrome, palpitations indicate deficiency. Pain, itching, sores, and ulcers all belong to Heart Fire. Repelling evil spirits generates Yang and destroys Yin. Driving away tigers and wolves relates to Fire melting Metal beasts. Long-term use ensures both substance and function are complete, achieving immense vigor.