（别录中品）
【气味】甘寒，无毒。
【主治】主阴痿，水肿，益气，充肌，明目。久服不饥，不老轻身。
【核】曰∶生少室山，所在亦有之。雌雄两种，雄者皮有斑文，叶无叉桠，三月开花成
穗，若柳絮状，遂谢不实；雌者皮无斑点，叶有桠叉，四月开花成穗，若杨梅半熟时状，
夏色青绿，六七月渐深红乃
熟也，水澡去子，蜜煎充果，叶茁花蕤，并堪作茹。皮
也。修事，水浸三日，搅旋
投水，浮者即拣去之。漉出
晒干，酒润一伏时，蒸之，从巳至亥，焙燥用。
【 】曰∶恶木之中，有名曰楮、曰谷、曰构。叶无瓣者构，有瓣者楮。皮白者谷，皮
斑者楮也。相感志云∶楮浆可以团丹砂。语云楮胶作金石之漆者是也。江南人绩其皮为布，
捣其皮为纸，楮则专精于皮于浆矣。故营卫阴阳咸相宜耳。何则，阳者卫外而为固，阴者营
精而起亟。阴阳者，营卫外内之体用，故主阴痿水肿者，起亟之功用尔。不饥不老轻身者，
卫固之休征尔。明目者，亦卫从目出，协营上注，识精根识尔。实则包酝全体，叶唯偏向于
卫，故专司身热，若食不生肌，肥肌充腠，亦属卫所司尔。
（别录中品）
【气味】苦大寒，无毒。
【主治】主时气头痛，大热，口疮。
【核】曰∶出东境边道，及江东州郡，今荆南、眉、蜀、濠州，所在亦有之矣
。春生青紫茎，高二三尺，对节作叶，长三四寸，面青背淡，放花如蓼，色红紫，亦似芫花
状。结实青碧，大若椒粒，霜降则红。三四月，采茎叶阴干用。
【 】曰∶东方生风，入通于肝，其主木也，其色青也；言能宣大风木之用，因名大青。
味大苦，气大寒，虽待阳为标，热为本，亦非阴凝走下之比；力使自外而内者，仍从自内而
外也。读仲景先生大青龙汤两法，一主标阳本风之从化，一发标阳本寒之将陷，则得之矣。
（《名医别录》列为中品）
【气味】味甘，性寒，无毒。
【主治】主要治疗阳痿、水肿，具有益气、充实肌肉、明目的功效。长期服用可以使人不感到饥饿，延缓衰老，身体轻健。
【考证】曰：楮实生长在少室山，其他地方也有生长。分为雌雄两种，雄株的树皮有斑纹，叶子没有分叉，三月开花结成穗状，像柳絮一样，随后凋谢而不结果；雌株的树皮没有斑点，叶子有分叉，四月开花结成穗状，形状像半熟的杨梅，夏季颜色青绿，六七月逐渐变成深红色才成熟。用水漂洗去掉种子，用蜜煎制作为果品食用，嫩叶和花穗都可以当作蔬菜吃。这是指楮皮。加工处理时，用水浸泡三天，搅拌旋转后投入水中，浮起来的拣去扔掉。捞出晒干，用酒润湿一个时辰（约两小时），蒸制，从巳时到亥时（约12小时），焙干后使用。
【考证】曰：在恶木之中，有一种叫楮，也叫谷，也叫构。叶子没有瓣状的是构，有瓣状的是楮。树皮白色的是谷，树皮有斑纹的是楮。《相感志》记载：楮树的汁液可以用来包裹丹砂。俗语说“楮胶可以做金石表面的漆”就是这个道理。江南人绩织它的皮做成布，捣碎它的皮做成纸，楮树则专门在皮和浆方面有所专长。所以营气、卫气和阴阳都适宜它。为什么呢？阳气护卫体表而保持坚固，阴气滋养精气而随时响应。阴阳是营卫内外体用的关系，所以治疗阳痿和水肿，是起亟（随时响应/激发功能）的作用。不饥、不老、轻身，是卫气固护的吉兆。明目，也是卫气从目而出，协同营气上注，识别精微根本的作用。实际上包蕴全身，叶子偏向于卫气，所以专门主管身体发热，如果食用不能生肌，反而肥厚肌肉充实腠理，也属于卫气所主管的范围。
（《名医别录》列为中品）
【气味】味大苦，性大寒，无毒。
【主治】主要治疗时行感冒引起的头痛、大热、口疮。
【考证】曰：出产于东方边境道路，以及江东各州郡，现在荆南、眉州、蜀地、濠州等地也有生长。春天生出青紫色的茎，高二三尺，对节长出叶子，长三四寸，叶面青绿叶背淡，开花像蓼花，颜色红紫，也像芫花的形状。结出的果实青碧色，大小像花椒粒，霜降时节变红。三四月间，采集茎叶阴干备用。
【考证】曰：东方生风，风气内通于肝，肝主木，其色为青；所以说它能宣发大风木的功能，因此命名为大青。味道大苦，气性大寒，虽然以阳热为标，热为本，但也不同于阴凝下沉的性质；药力作用是从外向内的，但仍是从内向外发散。研读张仲景先生大青龙汤的两条用法，一条主治标阳本风证的从化，一条发散标阳本寒证即将下陷的病势，就能理解其中的道理了。
(Bie Lu, Middle Grade)
[Flavor and Nature] Sweet, cold, non-toxic.
[Indications] Primarily treats impotence (Yang痿), edema (Shui Zhong); benefits Qi (Qi), fills muscles (Chong Ji), and brightens the eyes (Ming Mu). Long-term consumption prevents hunger, delays aging, and lightens the body.
[Clinical Notes] Says: It grows in Mount Shaoshi and is also found elsewhere. There are male and female varieties. The male plant has spotted bark, leaves without forks, flowers in March forming catkins like willow catkins, then withers without fruiting; the female plant has unspotted bark, forked leaves, flowers in April forming catkins resembling half-ripe bayberries, green in summer, turning deep red in June-July when ripe. Wash with water to remove seeds, candied with honey as a fruit; young leaves and flower spikes can be eaten as vegetables. This refers to the bark of Broussonetia papyrifera. For processing, soak in water for three days, stir and rotate, discard floating materials. Drain, sun-dry, moisten with wine for one shi (approx. 2 hours), steam from Si hour to Hai hour (approx. 12 hours), bake dry for use.
[Clinical Notes] Says: Among "evil woods," there is one called Chu, also called Gu or Gou. Leaves without lobes are Gou; leaves with lobes are Chu. Bark that is white is Gu; bark with spots is Chu. Xiang Gan Zhi records: Juice of Chu can be used to encapsulate cinnabar. The saying "Chu gum acts as lacquer for metal and stone" refers to this. People in Jiangnan weave its bark into cloth and pound it into paper; Chu specializes in its bark and juice. Thus, Ying Qi (Nutritive Qi), Wei Qi (Defensive Qi), Yin, and Yang all suit it. Why? Yang guards the exterior and maintains solidity; Yin nourishes essence and responds promptly (Qi Ji). Yin and Yang are the substance and function of Ying and Wei inside and outside. Therefore, treating impotence and edema utilizes the function of prompt response. Preventing hunger, delaying aging, and lightening the body are auspicious signs of Wei Qi solidification. Brightening the eyes involves Wei Qi exiting through the eyes, coordinating with Ying Qi ascending to note the root of essence. In reality, it encompasses the whole body; leaves bias towards Wei Qi, thus specifically managing body heat. If ingestion does not generate flesh but rather thickens muscles and fills interstices (Cou Li), it also falls under the domain of Wei Qi.
(Bie Lu, Middle Grade)
[Flavor and Nature] Extremely bitter, extremely cold, non-toxic.
[Indications] Primarily treats headache due to epidemic febrile diseases (Shi Qi Tou Tong), high fever (Da Re), and mouth ulcers (Kou Chuang).
[Clinical Notes] Says: It originates from eastern border roads and Jiangdong prefectures; now also found in Jingnan, Meizhou, Shu, and Haozhou. In spring, it produces cyan-purple stems, two to three chi tall, with opposite leaves, three to four cun long, cyan on the upper surface and pale on the lower. Flowers resemble Polygonum, colored red-purple, similar to Genkwa Flos (Yuan Hua). Fruits are cyan-green, size of pepper grains, turning red at Frost Descent. Stems and leaves are harvested in March-April and dried in shade.
[Clinical Notes] Says: The East generates Wind, which communicates internally with the Liver (Gan); the Liver governs Wood, and its color is cyan; thus, it can promote the function of strong Wind and Wood, hence named Da Qing (Isatis Leaf). With an extremely bitter flavor and extremely cold nature, although it addresses Yang heat as the branch and Heat as the root, it is not comparable to Yin stagnation sinking downward; its force moves from outside to inside, yet still disperses from inside to outside. Reading Zhang Zhongjing's Da Qing Long Tang (Major Blue Dragon Decoction) methods: one addresses the transformation of Branch Yang and Root Wind; the other releases Branch Yang and Root Cold about to sink. Understanding these reveals the principle.