无毒 煎炼成
绿矾治喉痹 牙口疮及恶疮疥癣酿鲫鱼烧灰和服疗肠风泻血（名医所录）【地】（图经
曰）
生隰州温泉县池州铜陵县并煎矾处出焉初生皆石也采得碎之煎炼乃成今染家亦多用之【时】
（采）无时【用】明净者佳【色】绿【味】酸【性】寒【气】气薄味浓阴也【臭】腥【主】
喉
痹口疮【治】（疗）（经验方）治小儿疳气不可疗神效丹丸用火 通赤取出用酽醋淬过复 如
此
三度细研用枣肉和丸如绿豆大温水下日进两三服今医家用治痰壅及心肺烦热甚佳
无毒 煎炼成
柳絮矾消痰治渴润心肺（名医所录）【地】（图经曰）生河西山谷及陇西武都石门及隰州
温
泉县池州铜陵县并出矾处有之初生皆石也采得碎之煎炼乃成凡有五种其色各异此矾惟轻虚如
绵絮故以名之【时】（采）无时【用】轻虚者佳【色】灰白【味】酸【性】寒收【气】气薄
味
浓阴也【臭】腥【主】消痰止嗽【治】（疗）（图经曰）治痰壅及心肺烦热
无毒 土生
硝石（出神农本经）主五脏积热胃胀闭涤去蓄结饮食推陈致新除邪气炼之如膏久服轻身
（以上朱字神农本经）疗五脏十二经脉中百二十疾暴伤寒腹中大热止烦满消渴利小便及 蚀
疮
天地至神之物能化七十二种石（以上黑字名医所录）【地】（图经曰）南北皆有之以西川者为
佳
此即地霜也扫得煎炼而成如解盐烧之成焰都尽能化金石其性畏火而能制诸石使拒火亦天地之
神物也今之入药多以朴硝中来在上者为芒硝其在下凝结如石者即硝石也盖诸硝同体本经各载
所出州土者乃方俗冶炼之法有精粗疗疾之功有缓急故须分别如芎 之与蘼芜大戟之与泽漆俱
是一物本经亦各着州土者盖根与苗土地各有所宜非别是一物也其朴硝硝石辈亦此义欤今济南
肥城县有洞深二三里曰娄敬洞亦产硝石人尝采得煎炼而成方家用之珍于他硝也【收】瓷器盛
贮【用】莹澈者佳【质】类晋矾而轻脆【色】白【味】苦辛微咸（扁鹊云）甘【性】大寒泄
【气】
气薄味浓阴中之阳【臭】朽【主】润燥软坚【助】大黄及火为之使【反】恶苦参苦菜曾青畏
女菀杏仁竹叶硫黄并粥【制】（雷公云）凡使先研硝石如粉以瓷瓶子于五斤火中锻令通赤用
鸡
肠菜柏子仁和作一处分丸如小帝珠子许待瓶赤投硝石于瓶子内其硝石自然伏火每四两硝石用
鸡肠菜柏子仁共十五个帝珠子尽为度 如常用研令极细以瓷瓶盛炭火中锻令通赤【治】（疗）
（
药性论云）治项下瘰 泻根出破血破积散坚结及腹胀（日华子云）含之治喉闭（别录云）五
种淋
疾又头痛欲死鼻内吹硝末即愈并服丹石人有热疮疼不可忍用纸环围肿处中心填硝令满用匙抄
水淋之觉甚不热疼即止又血淋小便不出时下血疼痛满急热淋小便赤色淋沥不快脐下急痛每服
二钱并用冷水调下如石淋茎内痛尿不能出引小腹膨胀急痛尿下砂石令人闷绝将硝石末先入铫
子内隔纸炒至焦为度研细温水下【合治】取硝石研令极细每夜临卧以铜箸取如黍米大点目
头至明早以盐浆水洗之治眼赤痛○取硝石三两以暖水一升和匀待冷取故青布折三重可似赤
处方圆湿布塌之热即换频易疗恶寒啬啬似欲发背或已生疮肿瘾疹立瘥○合葵子末煎汤调下二
钱
合小麦汤调下二钱治小便不通【禁】妊娠不可服
【绿矾】
无毒。经煎炼而成。
治疗喉痹（咽喉肿痛闭塞）、牙疳（牙龈溃烂）及恶疮、疥癣。将鲫鱼酿入药后烧成灰，混合服用，可治疗肠风泻血（由名医记录）。
【产地】《图经本草》记载：产于隰州温泉县、池州铜陵县以及煎炼矾石的地方。初生时皆为矿石，采集后捣碎，经过煎炼才制成成品。如今染坊也多用此物。
【采收】随时可采。
【选用】以明净者为佳。
【色泽】绿色。
【味道】酸味。
【性质】寒性。
【气味属性】气薄味浓，属阴。
【气味】腥味。
【主治】喉痹、口疮。
【疗效】《经验方》记载：治疗小儿疳气重症，神效丹丸的制作方法是：用火煅烧至通红，取出后用浓醋淬炼，再如此反复三次，细研后与枣肉混合，制成如绿豆大小的丸剂，温水送服，每日进二三服。现今医生常用它治疗痰壅及心肺烦热，效果极佳。
【柳絮矾】
无毒。能消痰、治渴、润心肺（由名医记录）。
【产地】《图经本草》记载：产于河西山谷及陇西武都石门和隰州温泉县、池州铜陵县等产矾之地。初生时皆为矿石，采集后捣碎，经过煎炼才制成成品。凡有五种，颜色各异。这种矾质地轻虚如棉絮，因此得名。
【采收】随时可采。
【选用】以轻虚者为佳。
【色泽】灰白色。
【味道】酸味。
【性质】寒性，具收敛作用。
【气味属性】气薄味浓，属阴。
【气味】腥味。
【主治】消痰止嗽。
【疗效】《图经本草》记载：治疗痰壅及心肺烦热。
【硝石】
无毒。土生。
出自《神农本草经》。主治五脏积热、胃胀闭结，涤除体内蓄积的结滞饮食，推陈出新，去除邪气。炼制后呈膏状，久服可轻身（以上朱字部分引自《神农本草经》）。治疗五脏及十二经脉中一百二十种疾病，突发伤寒引起的腹中大热，消除烦闷胀满、消渴症，通利小便，并腐蚀疮疡（以下黑字部分引自《名医别录》）。这是天地间的灵物，能化去七十二种石头（以上黑字部分引自《名医别录》）。
【产地】《图经本草》记载：南北各地都有，以西川出产的为佳。这就是地霜，扫集后煎炼而成。像解盐一样，烧之火焰燃尽，能熔化金石。其本性畏火，却能制约其他石头使其拒火，也是天地间的灵物。现今入药多从朴硝中提取，在上层的称为芒硝，在下层凝结如石的即为硝石。大概各种硝同源，《本经》分别记载其出产地，是因为各地风俗冶炼方法不同，药物精粗有别，治疗疾病的功效有缓急之分，所以必须区分。如同芎藭与蘼芜、大戟与泽漆，本是同一物种，《本经》也分别标注产地，是因为根与苗、土地各有所宜，并非另是一物。那些朴硝、硝石之类也是这个道理吧。现今济南肥城县有一个深二三里的洞穴叫娄敬洞，也出产硝石，人们曾采集并煎炼成功，医家使用它，视其为比其它硝更珍贵的药材。
【收藏】用瓷器盛放贮存。
【选用】以晶莹清澈者为佳。
【质地】类似晋矾但更轻脆。
【色泽】白色。
【味道】苦、辛、微咸（扁鹊认为甘味）。
【性质】大寒，具泄下作用。
【气味属性】气薄味浓，属阴中之阳。
【气味】腐朽味。
【主治】润燥软坚。
【辅助/使药】大黄及火为其使药。
【相反/禁忌】厌恶苦参、苦菜、曾青；畏惧女菀、杏仁、竹叶、硫黄及粥。
【炮制】雷公云：凡是使用，先研磨硝石如粉状，用瓷瓶在五斤炭火中锻烧至通红，用鸡肠草、柏子仁混合做成一处，搓成如小帝珠子大小的丸剂。待瓶子变红，投入硝石于瓶内，硝石自然伏火。每四两硝石，配合鸡肠草、柏子仁共十五个“帝珠子”为度。如果按常规用法，研磨至极细，用瓷瓶盛放，在炭火中锻烧至通红。
【疗效】《药性论》云：治疗颈下瘰疬（淋巴结结核），泻根破血，破除积聚，消散坚硬结块及腹胀。《日华子本草》云：含漱治疗喉闭（急性咽喉阻塞）。《名医别录》云：治疗五种淋疾（排尿困难或疼痛的疾病），以及头痛欲死，将硝末吹入鼻中即愈。另外，服用丹石类药物的人若有热疮疼痛难忍，用纸环围住肿处，中心填满硝石，用勺子舀水淋在上面，感觉不热不痛即可停止。还有血淋，小便不出，时下血且疼痛满急；热淋，小便赤色，淋沥不畅，脐下急痛。每次服用二钱，用冷水调下。如果是石淋，尿道内痛，尿不能出，牵引小腹膨胀急痛，尿出砂石令人昏厥，先将硝石末放入铫子内，隔纸炒至焦黑为度，研细，温水送下。
【合治法】取硝石研极细，每晚临睡前，用铜筷取如黍米大小点涂眼头，至次日早晨用盐浆水洗之，治疗眼赤痛。○取硝石三两，以暖水一升调和均匀，待冷，取旧青布折叠三层，浸湿后敷贴患处，热即更换，频繁易位，治疗恶寒瑟瑟似欲发背痈或已生疮肿、瘾疹，立即痊愈。○配合葵子末，煎汤调下二钱；配合小麦汤调下二钱，治疗小便不通。
【禁忌】孕妇不可服用。
[Luofan / Green Vitriol]
Non-toxic. Produced through decoction and refining.
Treats Hou Bi (throat obstruction/swelling), Ya Gan (gum ulcers), as well as malignant sores, scabies, and tinea. Grind the crucian carp stuffed with the medicine into ash and take mixed with it to treat Chang Feng Xie Xue (blood in stool due to wind in intestines) [Recorded by Famous Physicians].
【Origin】According to *Tu Jing Ben Cao* (*Illustrated Classic of Materia Medica*): Produced in Wenquan County of Xizhou, Tongling County of Chizhou, and places where vitriol is refined. Initially, it exists as stone; after collection, it is crushed and refined into the final product. Currently, dyers also use it extensively.
【Harvesting】Available at any time.
【Selection】The clear and pure ones are preferred.
【Color】Green.
【Taste】Sour.
【Nature】Cold.
【Qi and Flavor Attributes】Thin Qi, strong Flavor, Yin nature.
【Odor】Fishy.
【Main Indications】Hou Bi (throat obstruction), mouth ulcers.
【Efficacy】According to *Jing Yan Fang* (*Experienced Prescriptions*): For severe infantile malnutrition (Gan Qi), Shen Xiao Dan Wan (Miraculous Efficacy Pill) is prepared as follows: Calcine until red-hot, remove, and quench in strong vinegar. Repeat this process three times. Grind finely, mix with jujube paste, and form pills the size of mung beans. Take with warm water, two to three doses daily. Currently, physicians often use it to treat Phlegm Obstruction (Tan Yong) and Heart-Lung irritability with heat, yielding excellent results.
[Liu Xu Fan / Willow Catkin Alum]
Non-toxic. Eliminates phlegm, treats thirst, moistens Heart and Lungs [Recorded by Famous Physicians].
【Origin】According to *Tu Jing Ben Cao*: Produced in valleys of Hexi, Shimen of Wudu in Longxi, and Wenquan County of Xizhou, Tongling County of Chizhou, and other vitriol-producing areas. Initially, it exists as stone; after collection, it is crushed and refined into the final product. There are five types with different colors. This alum is light and void like cotton catkins, hence its name.
【Harvesting】Available at any time.
【Selection】The light and void ones are preferred.
【Color】Grayish-white.
【Taste】Sour.
【Nature】Cold, with astringent properties.
【Qi and Flavor Attributes】Thin Qi, strong Flavor, Yin nature.
【Odor】Fishy.
【Main Indications】Eliminates phlegm, stops cough.
【Efficacy】According to *Tu Jing Ben Cao*: Treats Phlegm Obstruction (Tan Yong) and Heart-Lung irritability with heat.
[Xiaoshi / Niter]
Non-toxic. Grows in soil.
From *Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing* (*Divine Farmer's Materia Medica*). Mainly treats accumulation-heat in the Five Zang organs, stomach distension and closure, purges accumulated stagnation and food retention, pushes out the old to bring forth the new, and eliminates pathogenic factors. Refined into a paste; long-term use lightens the body [Red text from *Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing*]. Treats one hundred and twenty diseases in the Five Zang organs and Twelve Meridians, sudden cold damage causing intense abdominal heat, relieves irritability and fullness, treats Xiao Ke (wasting-thirst syndrome), promotes urination, and corrodes sores [Black text from *Ming Yi Bie Lu* (*Additional Records by Famous Physicians*)]. It is a divine object of Heaven and Earth capable of dissolving seventy-two types of stones [Black text from *Ming Yi Bie Lu*].
【Origin】According to *Tu Jing Ben Cao*: Found in both North and South China, with those from Western Sichuan being superior. This is "Earth Frost," collected and refined. Like Jieyan (salt), when burned, the flame consumes it entirely, capable of melting metals and stones. Its nature fears fire, yet it can restrain other stones from resisting fire, making it a divine object of Heaven and Earth. Currently, medicinal use mostly extracts it from Puxiao (Mirabilite). The upper layer is called Mangxiao (Niter/Mirabilite crystal), while the lower part condensed like stone is Xiaoshi (Niter). Generally, all Xiao substances share the same origin. *Ben Jing* records their respective origins because local smelting methods vary, and the refinement levels differ, leading to variations in therapeutic efficacy (slow vs. fast). Thus, distinction is necessary. Just as Xiongqiong and Miwu, or Daji and Zeqi, are essentially the same species but recorded separately with origins because roots/stems and land have specific suitability, not being distinct entities. The same logic applies to Puxiao and Xiaoshi. Currently, Loujing Cave in Feicheng County, Jinan, which is two to three li deep, also produces Xiaoshi. People have collected and refined it successfully. Physicians value it more highly than other Xiao substances.
【Storage】Store in porcelain vessels.
【Selection】The crystal-clear ones are preferred.
【Texture】Similar to Jin Fan (alum) but lighter and more brittle.
【Color】White.
【Taste】Bitter, pungent, slightly salty (Bian Que considered it sweet).
【Nature】Great Cold, with draining properties.
【Qi and Flavor Attributes】Thin Qi, strong Flavor, Yang within Yin.
【Odor】Decayed/Rotten.
【Main Indications】Moistens dryness, softens hardness.
【Assistant/Enabler】Da Huang (Rhubarb) and Fire act as its enablers.
【Incompatibility/Aversion】Averses Ku Shen (Sophora Root), Ku Cai (Bitter Vegetable), Zeng Qing (Azurite); Feared by Nu Wan (Polygala Tenuifolia), Xing Ren (Apricot Seed), Zhu Ye (Bamboo Leaf), Liu Huang (Sulfur), and congee.
【Processing】Lei Gong said: When using, first grind Xiaoshi into powder. Place in a porcelain bottle and calcine in five jin of charcoal fire until red-hot. Mix Ji Chang Cai (Purslane) and Bai Zi Ren (Biota Seed) together, form into small beads. When the bottle is red-hot, throw the Xiaoshi into the bottle. The Xiaoshi will naturally subdue the fire. For every four liang of Xiaoshi, use fifteen pieces of the mixture of Ji Chang Cai and Bai Zi Ren. If used commonly, grind extremely fine, place in a porcelain bottle, and calcine in charcoal fire until red-hot.
【Efficacy】According to *Yao Xing Lun* (*Discussion on Medicinal Properties*): Treats Luo Li (scrofula/lymph node tuberculosis) under the neck, breaks blood stasis, dissipates accumulations and hard masses, and treats abdominal distension. According to *Ri Hua Zi Ben Cao*: Gargle to treat Hou Bi (acute throat closure). According to *Ming Yi Bie Lu*: Treats five types of Lin disorders (dysuria/painful urination), and excruciating headache; blowing Xiaoshi powder into the nose provides immediate relief. Additionally, for those taking mineral pills who suffer from unbearable hot sores: surround the swelling with a paper ring, fill the center with Xiaoshi, and pour water over it with a spoon until the pain and heat cease. For Blood Lin (hematuria) with inability to urinate, intermittent bleeding, pain, and urgency; or Heat Lin with reddish urine, dribbling discomfort, and hypogastric urgency: take 2 qian each, mixed with cold water. For Stone Lin (urolithiasis) with urethral pain, inability to urinate, pulling sensation causing abdominal distension and acute pain, and passage of sand/stones causing fainting: fry Xiaoshi powder in a pot through paper until charred, grind fine, and take with warm water.
【Combined Therapies】Grind Xiaoshi extremely fine. Every night before sleep, use copper chopsticks to apply a amount the size of a millet seed to the corner of the eye. Wash with salt water the next morning to treat red and painful eyes. ○ Take 3 liang of Xiaoshi, mix with one sheng of warm water, let cool. Fold an old blue cloth three times, wet it, and apply as a compress to the affected area. Replace frequently when hot. Treats aversion to cold with shivering, resembling impending back carbuncles, or existing sores, swellings, and urticaria, leading to immediate recovery. ○ Mix with Kui Zi (Hibiscus Seed) powder, decoct in soup, take 2 qian mixed. Or mix with Wheat soup, take 2 qian mixed, to treat urinary retention.
【Contraindications】Not for pregnant women.