\r京三棱\ph211.bmp\r，旧不着所出地土。今河陕、江淮、荆襄间皆有之。春生苗，
高三、四尺，似茭蒲；
叶皆三棱；五、六月开花，似莎草，黄紫色。霜降后采根，削去皮须，黄色，微苦，以如小
鲫鱼状，体重者佳。多生浅水旁或陂泽中。其根初生成块如附子大，或有扁者，旁生一根，
又成块，亦出苗；其不出苗，只生细根者，谓之鸡爪三棱。又不生细根者，谓之黑三棱，大
小不常，其色黑，去皮即白。河中府又有石三棱，根黄白色，形如钗股；叶绿色，如蒲苗高
及尺，叶上亦有三棱；四月开花、白色，如红蓼花；五月采根，亦消积气。下品别有草三棱
条，云生蜀地，即鸡爪三棱也。其实一类，故附见于此。一说三棱生荆楚，字当作荆，以着
其地。《本经》作京，非也。今世都不复有三棱，所用皆淮南红蒲根也。泰州尤多，举世皆
用之。虽太医不以为谬，盖流习既久，用根者不识其苗，采药者莫究其用，因缘差失，不复
更辨。今三棱荆、湘、江淮水泽之间皆有。叶如莎草，极长，茎三棱如削，大如人指，高五
、六尺，茎端开花，大体皆如莎草而大，生水际及浅水中。苗下即魁，其旁有根横贯，一根
则连数魁，魁上发苗；采时断其苗及横根，形扁长如鲫鱼者，三棱也。根末将尽，一魁末发
苗，小圆如乌梅者，黑三棱也。又根之端钩屈如爪者，为鸡爪三棱，皆皮黑肌白而至轻。三
者本一物，但力有刚柔，各适其用。因其形为名，如乌头、乌喙，云母、云华之类，本非两
物也。今人乃妄以凫茨、香附子为之。又本草谓京三棱，形如鲫鱼；黑三棱如乌梅而轻。今
红蒲根至坚，重刻削而成，莫知形体。又叶扁茎圆，不复有三棱处，不知何缘名三棱也。今
三棱皆独旁引二根，无直下根。其形大体多，亦如鲫鱼。
京三棱，旧籍中未记载其产地。如今在河陕、江淮、荆襄等地都有生长。春天生苗，高三四尺，形状像茭蒲；叶子都是三棱形的；五六月开花，像莎草，呈黄紫色。霜降后采挖根部，削去皮须，颜色黄色，味道微苦，以形状像小鲫鱼、质地沉重的为佳。多生长在浅水边或池塘沼泽中。它的根初生成块状，大小如附子，有的呈扁平状，旁边长出一根，又结成块，也能出苗；那些不出苗、只长细根的，叫做鸡爪三棱。又不长细根的，叫做黑三棱，大小不固定，颜色黑色，去皮后变白。河中府又有石三棱，根呈黄白色，形状像发钗的股部；叶子绿色，像蒲苗，高及一尺，叶上也有三棱；四月开花，白色，像红蓼花；五月采根，也能消除积气。下品另有草三棱条，说生于蜀地，就是鸡爪三棱。其实是一类东西，所以附记在这里。另一种说法是三棱生于荆楚之地，字应当作“荆”，以标明其产地。《本经》写作“京”，是不对的。如今世上已不再有三棱，所用的都是淮南的红蒲根。泰州尤其多，举世都在使用。虽然太医也不认为这是错误，大概是因为流习已久，用根的人不认识它的苗，采药的人不探究它的用途，因缘差错失误，不再辨别。如今三棱在荆、湘、江淮水泽之间都有。叶子像莎草，极长，茎三棱形如削过，大如人手指，高五六尺，茎端开花，大体都像莎草但更大，生长在水边及浅水中。苗下即有魁（主块），旁边有根横贯，一根则连接数个魁，魁上发出苗；采时切断苗及横根，形状扁长像鲫鱼的，是三棱。根末将尽，一个魁末不发苗，小圆像乌梅的，是黑三棱。又根之端钩曲像爪的，为鸡爪三棱，都是皮黑肉白而质地轻。这三者本是同一物，只是药力有刚柔之分，各适合其用途。因其形状命名，如同乌头、乌喙，云母、云华之类，本来不是两种东西。如今人们却妄以凫茨、香附子来代替它。又本草说京三棱，形状像鲫鱼；黑三棱像乌梅而轻。如今红蒲根非常坚硬，沉重，刻削而成，不知其形体。又叶扁茎圆，不再有棱的地方，不知为什么叫三棱。如今三棱都独自旁引两根，没有直下的根。其形状大体多，也像鲫鱼。
Jingsanleng (Burreed Rhizome), ancient texts do not specify its place of origin. Today, it is found in He-Shaan, Jiang-Huai, and Jing-Xiang regions. In spring, shoots emerge, three to four chi high, resembling Jiaopu (Zizania latifolia); the leaves are all triangular; flowers bloom in May and June, resembling Cyperaceae (Sedge), yellowish-purple. Roots are harvested after Frost's Descent, skin and fine roots removed; the color is yellow, taste slightly bitter; those resembling small crucian carp and heavy in weight are considered superior. It mostly grows beside shallow waters or in marshes. Its rhizomes initially form clumps as large as Fuzi (Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata), some being flat; a side root may grow out and form another clump, also producing shoots; those that do not produce shoots but only fine roots are called Jizhao Sanleng (Chicken-claw Burreed). Those without fine roots are called Heisanleng (Black Burreed), varying in size, black in color, turning white when peeled. In Hezhong Prefecture, there is also Shisanleng (Stone Burreed), with yellowish-white roots shaped like hairpin shafts; green leaves resembling Pumu (Typha orientalis) up to one chi high, also with triangular edges; flowers bloom in April, white, resembling Polygonum orientale flowers; roots harvested in May, also effective for resolving stagnation. The Lower Grade section separately lists Caosanleng (Herbal Burreed), stating it grows in Shu, which is indeed Jizhao Sanleng. They are essentially the same category, hence attached here. Another theory suggests Sanleng originates from Jing-Chu, so the character should be "Jing" (Thorn), indicating its location. The "Benjing" writing "Jing" (Capital) is incorrect. Nowadays, true Sanleng is no longer available; what is used is Hongpu Gen (Rhizoma Sparganii) from Huainan. Taizhou has particularly abundant supplies, and the world uses it. Even Imperial Physicians do not consider this an error, likely due to long-standing custom; those using the root do not recognize its shoot, and herb collectors do not investigate its use, leading to errors through habituation, without further distinction. Today, Sanleng is found in Jing, Xiang, and Jiang-Huai water marshes. Leaves resemble Sedge, very long; stems are triangular as if shaved, thick as a human finger, five to six chi high, flowering at the stem tip, generally larger than Sedge, growing by water edges and in shallow water. Below the shoot is the main tuber (Kui), with horizontal roots connecting several tubers; shoots emerge from the tubers. When harvesting, cutting the shoot and horizontal root yields a flat, long shape resembling a crucian carp, which is Sanleng. Where the root ends, a single tuber does not sprout, small and round like a dried plum, is Heisanleng. Roots hooked and curved like claws are Jizhao Sanleng; all have black skin, white flesh, and are light in weight. These three are originally one substance, differing only in the strength of their action (rigid vs. gentle), each suitable for different uses. Named after their shapes, like Wutou (Aconiti Radix) and Wuwei (Aconiti Radix Cum Processu), Yunmu (Mica) and Yunhua (Mica), they are not two distinct substances. Nowadays, people wrongly substitute them with Fu Ci (Nymphaeae Fructus) and Xiangfuzi (Cyperi Rhizoma). Materia Medica states Jingsanleng resembles a crucian carp; Heisanleng resembles a dried plum and is light. However, Hongpu Gen is extremely hard and heavy, carved into shape, obscuring its natural form. Its leaves are flat and stems round, lacking triangular features, making the name "Sanleng" (Three-edged) puzzling. Current Sanleng typically has two lateral roots branching out, without straight downward roots. Its shape largely resembles a crucian carp.