\r麝香\ph399.bmp\r，出中台山谷及益州、雍州山中，今陕西、益、利、河东诸路山
中皆有之，而秦州、文
州诸蛮中尤多。形似獐而小，其香正在阴前皮内，别有膜裹之，春分取之，生者益良。此物
极难得真，蛮人采得，以一子香刮取皮膜，杂内余物，裹以四足膝皮，共作五子，而土人买
得，又复分糅一为二、三，其伪可知。惟生得之，乃当全真耳。蕲光山中或时亦有，然其香
绝小，一子才若弹丸，往往是真香，盖彼人不甚能作伪耳。一说香有三种∶第一生香，麝子
夏食蛇虫多，至寒则香满，入春急痛，自以爪剔出之，落处远近草木皆焦黄，此极难得。今
人带真香过园中，瓜果皆不实，此其验也；其次脐香，乃捕得杀取者；又其次心结香，麝被
大兽捕逐，惊畏失心狂走巅，坠崖谷而毙，人有得之，破心，见血流出作块者是也，此香干
燥不可用。又有一种水麝，其香更奇好，脐中皆水，沥一滴于斗水中，用濯衣，其衣至弊而
香不歇。唐天宝初，虞人常获一水麝，诏养于囿中，每取以针刺其脐，捻以真雄黄，则其创
复合，其香气倍于肉麝，今岁不复闻有之。《尔雅》谓麝为麝父。
麝香，产于中台山谷以及益州、雍州的山区，如今陕西、益州、利州、河东各路的山中都有出产，其中秦州、文州等地的少数民族聚居区尤其多。麝的体型像獐子但较小，其香气位于阴部前的皮肤内，另有薄膜包裹。春分时采集，新鲜的品质更佳。这种药材极难获得真品，蛮人采集后，取一颗香囊刮下皮膜，掺杂其他物质，再用四只脚的膝盖皮包裹，凑成五颗；而当地百姓买得后，又再次分割混合，将一颗分成两到三颗，其伪劣情况由此可见。只有活体获取的，才是完全真实的。蕲光山中有时也有出产，但那里的麝香非常小，一颗仅如弹丸大小，往往是真香，大概是因为那里的人不太擅长造假。另一种说法认为麝香有三种：第一种是生香，麝鹿夏季食用蛇虫较多，到了寒冷时节香气充盈，入春后感到剧烈疼痛，便用爪子自行剔出，掉落处远近的草木都会焦黄，这种极难获得。现在人携带真香经过果园，瓜果都不能结果，这就是验证；第二种是脐香，即捕捉杀死后取得的；第三种是心结香，麝鹿被大型野兽追逐，惊恐失心狂奔至悬崖山谷摔死，有人得到它，剖开心脏，见血液流出凝结成块的，就是这种香，但这种香干燥后不可使用。还有一种水麝，其香气更加奇特优良，脐中充满液体，滴一滴于斗水中，用来洗涤衣物，即使衣物破旧不堪，香气仍不消散。唐天宝初年，猎户常捕获一只水麝，皇帝下诏将其饲养在皇家园林中，每次用针刺其脐部，捻入真雄黄，伤口便会愈合，其香气比肉麝加倍，如今已不再听说有此类情况了。《尔雅》称麝为“麝父”。
Biyega (Olibanum/Costus root mixture, specific ancient formulation), detailed under the entry for Niuhuang (Calculus Bovis).
Niujiao (Bovis Cornu), detailed under the entry for Niuhuang (Calculus Bovis).
Niu ru (Bovis Lac), detailed under the entry for Niuhuang (Calculus Bovis).
Su (Butyrum / Ghee), detailed under the entry for Niuhuang (Calculus Bovis).
Lao (Caseus / Fermented Milk Product), detailed under the entry for Niuhuang (Calculus Bovis).
Tihu (Butyrum Refinatum / The most refined essence extracted from ghee), detailed under the entry for Niuhuang (Calculus Bovis).
Baigupi (Corium Tymi Fractum / Old Drum Skin), detailed under the entry for Niuhuang (Calculus Bovis).
Shexiang (Moschus), produced in Zhongtai Valley and the mountains of Yizhou and Yongzhou. Currently, it is found in the mountains of Shaanxi, Yizhou, Lizhou, and Hedong circuits, with particularly abundant supplies among the ethnic minorities in Qinzhou and Wenzhou. Its shape resembles that of a muntjac deer but is smaller. The musk is located within the skin anterior to the genitalia, wrapped in a separate membrane. It is harvested around the Spring Equinox; fresh specimens are superior. Authentic Shexiang is extremely difficult to obtain. Local collectors scrape the membrane from one musk pod, mix it with other substances, wrap it in the skin from the knees of four legs, and combine them to form five fake pods. Buyers then further divide and adulterate these, splitting one into two or three, revealing the extent of forgery. Only those obtained from live animals are truly authentic. In Qiguang Mountain, they occasionally appear, but the scent is very weak, with each pod no larger than a bullet. These are often genuine because the locals are not skilled at counterfeiting. Another theory states there are three types of musk: First, "raw musk" (Shengxiang): Muntjacs consume many snakes and insects in summer; when cold sets in, their scent glands fill up. In spring, suffering acute pain, they scratch it out with their claws. Wherever it falls, grass and trees turn yellow and wither. This type is extremely rare. A verification method is that if one carries authentic musk through an orchard, fruits and vegetables will fail to set fruit. Second, "navel musk" (Qixiang): Obtained from captured and killed animals. Third, "heart-knot musk" (Xinjieg): When a muntjac is chased by large beasts, it panics, runs wildly, falls off cliffs or into valleys, and dies. If someone finds it and剖s open the heart, seeing blood flowing out and coagulating into clumps, this is the source. However, this type is dried and unusable. There is also a type called "water musk" (Shuixie), whose scent is even more exquisite. Its navel cavity is filled with liquid. Adding one drop to a bucket of water and using it to wash clothes leaves the fabric worn out but the fragrance lingering. In the early Tianbao era of the Tang Dynasty, hunters frequently caught a water musk, which was ordered to be kept in the imperial park. Every time its navel was pricked with a needle and true Xionghuang (Realgar) was rubbed in, the wound would heal, and the aroma would double that of regular musk. Such occurrences are no longer heard of today. *Erya* refers to the muntjac as "Shefu".