\r象牙\ph400.bmp\r，旧不着所出州郡。《尔雅》云∶南方之美者，有梁山之犀、象焉。
今多出交趾，潮、
循州亦有之。彼人捕得，争食其肉，云肥脆堪作炙。或曰∶象有十二种肉，配十二辰属，惟
鼻是其肉。又胆不附肝，随月在诸肉间。淳化中，上苑一驯象毙，太宗命取胆不获，使问徐
铉
，铉曰∶当在前左足，既而剖足，果得。又问其故，铉曰∶象胆随四时，今其毙在春，故知
左足也。世传荆蛮山中，亦有野象，盖左氏传所谓楚师燧象，以奔吴军，是其事也。然楚粤
之象皆青，惟西竺、弗林、大食诸国乃多白象。樊绰《云南记》、平居诲《于阗行程记》皆
言其事。象牙主诸物刺人肉，刮取屑细研，和水傅疮上，刺立出。咽中刺，则水调饮之。旧
牙梳屑尤佳。齿及肉、目睛等，医方亦或有用者。
\r熊脂\ph401.bmp\r并胆，出雍州山谷，今雍、洛、河东及怀卫山中皆有之。熊形类
犬、豕、而性轻捷，好
攀缘上高木，见人则颠倒自投地而下。冬多入穴而藏蛰，始春而出。脂谓之熊白，十一月取
之，须其背上者。寒月则有，夏月则无。其腹中肪及它处脂，煎炼亦可作药，而不中啖。胆
阴干用，然亦多伪，欲试之，取粟颗许，滴水中一道若线不散者为真。其足蹯，为食珍之贵
，古人最重之，然 之难熟，多食之，令人耐寒；脑髓作油摩头，可去白屑。有痼疾者不可
食熊，令人终身不愈。熊恶盐，食之则死。
象牙，旧籍中未记载其出产的州郡。《尔雅》说：南方的美物，有梁山的犀牛角和象牙。现在多产于交趾，潮州、循州也有出产。当地百姓捕获后，争着吃它的肉，说肉质肥嫩酥脆，适合烤食。有人说：象有十二种肉，对应十二时辰，只有鼻子是肉。又说象胆不依附于肝脏，而是随着月份变化存在于不同的肌肉组织中。淳化年间，皇家御苑中一头驯象死亡，宋太宗命人取象胆但未找到，于是询问徐铉，徐铉说：应该在前左足中，随后剖开前左足，果然找到了。又问其中的缘故，徐铉说：象胆随四季变化位置，当时这头象死于春季，所以知道在左足。世间传说荆蛮山中也有野象，大概就是《左传》中所说的楚军点燃象尾火把以冲击吴军的事例。然而楚国、粤地的象都是青色的，只有西竺（印度）、弗林、大食（阿拉伯）等国多有白象。樊绰的《云南记》、平居诲的《于阗行程记》都记载了此事。象牙主治各种异物刺入人体肌肉，刮取象牙屑细细研磨，用水调和敷在伤口上，刺状物会立刻排出。若刺卡在咽喉中，则用水调服象牙屑。旧象牙制成的梳子磨下的碎屑效果更佳。牙齿、肉、眼珠等，医方中也偶有使用。
熊脂并熊胆，出产于雍州的山谷，现在雍州、洛州、河东及怀卫山中的山谷都有出产。熊的外形类似狗、猪，但性情轻捷，喜欢攀援爬上高树，见到人就会倒立着从树上跳下。冬天多进入洞穴冬眠，初春时出来。脂肪称为“熊白”，十一月采集，必须选取背部的脂肪。寒冷月份才有，夏季没有。其腹中的脂肪及其他部位的脂肪，煎炼后也可作药用，但不宜食用。胆阴干后使用，但也多有伪造，想要检验真伪，取如粟米颗粒大小的胆粉滴入水中，若形成一条线状不散开者为真品。熊的脚掌，是珍贵的食物，古人最看重它，但很难煮熟，多吃可以让人耐寒；脑髓炼油涂抹头部，可去除头皮屑。患有顽固疾病的人不可食用熊肉，否则会导致终身不愈。熊厌恶盐，吃了盐就会死亡。
Ivory, the place of origin in prefectures and commanderies is not recorded in ancient texts. The *Erya* states: "Among the treasures of the South are the rhinoceros horn and ivory from Liang Mountain." Currently, it is mostly produced in Jiaozhi (modern-day northern Vietnam), and also found in Chaozhou and Xunzhou. Locals who capture elephants compete to eat their meat, claiming it is fat, crisp, and suitable for roasting. Some say that an elephant has twelve types of meat corresponding to the twelve Earthly Branches, with only the trunk being considered meat. It is also said that the gallbladder does not attach to the liver but resides among various muscles, changing position with the months. During the Chunhua era, a tamed elephant in the imperial garden died. Emperor Taizong ordered the removal of its gallbladder but failed to find it, so he asked Xu Xuan. Xu Xuan replied, "It should be in the front left foot." Subsequently, upon dissecting the front left foot, it was indeed found. When asked for the reason, Xu Xuan explained, "The elephant's gallbladder moves with the four seasons; since this elephant died in spring, I knew it would be in the left foot." Legends tell of wild elephants in the Jingman mountains, which likely refers to the incident recorded in the *Zuo Zhuan* where Chu soldiers set fire to elephant tails to charge against the Wu army. However, elephants in Chu and Yue regions are greenish, whereas white elephants are common in countries such as Xinzhu (India), Fulín (Byzantium/Rome), and Dasih (Arabia). Both Fan Chuo's *Yunnan Ji* and Ping Juhui's *Yu-tian Xingcheng Ji* record this phenomenon. Ivory mainly treats foreign objects piercing human flesh. Scraped into fine powder and mixed with water, it is applied to wounds, causing the splinter or thorn to emerge immediately. If a splinter is stuck in the throat, it is taken orally with water. Powder from old ivory combs is particularly effective. Teeth, meat, and eyeballs are also occasionally used in medical prescriptions.
Bear fat and bear gallbladder originate from the valleys of Yongzhou. Currently, they are found in the valleys of Yongzhou, Luozhou, Hedong, and Huaiwei mountains. Bears resemble dogs and pigs in shape but are agile and fond of climbing high trees. Upon seeing humans, they often hang upside down and jump down to the ground. In winter, they enter caves to hibernate and emerge in early spring. The fat is called "Xiong Bai" (White Bear Fat) and is harvested in November, specifically from the back. It exists only in cold months and not in summer. The fat in the abdomen and other parts can be refined for medicinal use but is not suitable for consumption. The gallbladder is dried in the shade for use, though counterfeits are common. To test authenticity, take a grain-sized amount and drop it into water; if it forms a thread-like line without dispersing, it is genuine. Bear paws are considered a delicacy and were highly valued by ancients, though difficult to cook thoroughly. Consuming them in excess helps the body resist cold. Oil rendered from brain marrow applied to the head can remove dandruff. Those suffering from chronic diseases should not consume bear meat, as it may cause the illness to persist for life. Bears detest salt; ingestion of salt leads to death.