\r沉香\ph319.bmp\r、青桂香、鸡骨香、马蹄香、栈香，同是一本，旧不着所出州土，
今惟海南诸国及交、
广、崖州有之。其木类椿、榉，多节，叶似橘，花白，子似槟榔，大如桑椹，紫色而味辛，
交州人谓之蜜香。欲取之，先断其积年老木根，经年其外皮干俱朽烂，其木心与枝节不坏者
，即香也；细枝紧实未烂者，为青桂；坚黑而沉水为沉香；半浮半沉与水面平者，为鸡骨；
最粗者为栈香；又云栈香中形如鸡骨者为鸡骨香。形如马蹄者为马蹄香。然今人有得沉香奇
好者，往往亦作鸡骨形，不必独是栈香也；其又粗不堪药用者，为生结黄熟香；其实一种，
有精粗之异耳。并采无时。《岭表录异》云∶广管罗州多栈香，如柜柳，其花白而繁，皮堪
作纸，名为香皮纸，灰白色，有纹如鱼子，笺其理慢而弱，沾水即烂，不及楮纸，亦无香气
。又云与沉香、鸡骨、黄熟虽同是一木，而根、干、枝、节各有分别者是也。然此香之奇
异最多品。故相丁谓在海南作《天香传》言之尽矣。云四香凡四名十二状皆出于一本，木体
如
白杨，叶如冬青而小。又叙所出之地，云窦、化、高、雷，中国出香之地也，比海南者优劣
不侔甚矣。既所禀不同，复售者多，而取者速，是以黄熟不待其稍成，栈沉不待似是，盖趋
利戕贼之深也。非同琼管黎人，非时不妄翦伐，故木无夭札之患，得必异香，皆其事也。又
薰陆香形似白胶，出天竺、单于二国。《南方草木状》如薰陆出大秦国，其木生于海边沙上
，盛夏木胶出沙上，夷人取得卖与贾客。乳香亦其类也。《广志》云∶南波斯国松木脂，有
紫赤如樱桃者，名乳香，盖薰陆之类也。今人无复别薰陆者，通谓乳香为薰陆耳。治肾气，
补
腰膝，霍乱吐下，冲恶中邪气，五疰。治血，止痛等药及膏煎多用之，然至粘，难研。用时
以缯袋挂于窗隙间良久，取研之，乃不粘。又鸡舌香，出昆仑及交爱以南，枝叶及皮并似栗
，
花如梅花，子似枣核，此雌者也；雄者着花不实，采花酿之，以成香。按诸书传或云是沉香
木花，或云草花，蔓生，实熟贯之。其说无定。今医家又一说云∶按《三省故事》，尚书郎
口含鸡舌香，以其奏事答对，欲使气芬芳也。而方家用鸡舌香，疗口臭者，亦缘此义耳。今
人皆于乳香中时时得木实似枣核者，以为鸡舌香，坚顽枯燥，绝无气味，烧亦无香，不知缘
何得香名，无复有芬芳也。又葛稚川《百一方》，有治暴气刺心切痛者，研鸡舌香酒服，当
瘥。今治气药，借鸡舌香名，方者至多，亦以鸡舌香善疗气也。或取以疗气及口臭，则甚乖
疏，又何谓也。其言有采花酿成香者，今不复见。果有此香，海商亦当见之，不应都绝，京
下老医或有谓鸡舌香，与丁香同种，花实丛生。其中心最大者为鸡舌香，击破有解理如鸡舌
，此乃是母丁香，疗口臭最良，治气亦效，盖出陈氏拾遗，亦未知的否？《千金》疗疮痈，
连翘五香汤方，用丁香，一方用鸡舌香，以此似近之。《抱朴子》云∶以鸡舌、黄连、乳汁
煎注之，诸有百疹之在目，愈而更加精明倍常。又有詹糖香，出交广以南，木似橘，煎枝叶
以为香，往往以其皮及蠹屑和之，难得淳好者，唐方多用，今亦稀见。又下苏合香条云∶生
中台川谷。苏恭云∶此香从西域及昆仑来，紫色，与真紫檀相似，而坚实，极芬香；其香如
石，烧之灰白者好，今不复见此等，广南虽有此，而类苏木，无香气，药中但用如膏油者，
极芬烈耳。陶隐居以为是师子矢，亦是指此膏油者言之耳。然师子矢，今内帑亦有之，其臭
极
甚，烧之可以辟邪恶，固知非此也。《梁书》云∶天竺出苏合香，是诸香汁煎之，非自然
一物也。又云∶大秦国采得苏合香，先煎其汁，以为香膏，乃卖其滓与诸人，是以辗转来
达中
师子
矢
风
热肿毒，主心腹痛，霍乱，中恶鬼气，杀虫。有数种，黄、白、紫之异，今人盛用之。真紫
檀
，旧在下品，亦主风毒。苏恭云∶出昆仑盘盘国，虽不生中华，人间遍有之。檀木生江淮
及河朔山中，其木作斧柯者，亦檀香类，但不香耳。至夏有不生者，忽然叶开，当有大水。
农人候之，以测水旱，号为水檀。又有一种，叶亦相类；高五、六尺，生高原地；四月开花
，正紫，亦名檀。根如葛，主疮疥，杀虫，有小毒也。
沉香、青桂香、鸡骨香、马蹄香、栈香，原本都出自同一种树木，过去没有记载它们出产的州郡土地，现在只有海南各国以及交州、广州、崖州有出产。这种树的木材类似椿树、榉树，节疤很多，叶子像橘子叶，花是白色的，果实像槟榔，大小如桑葚，呈紫色且味道辛辣，交州人称之为蜜香。想要获取它，先砍断生长多年的老木根，经过一年时间，其外皮和干枯部分全部腐朽烂掉，而木质的心材与枝节没有损坏的，就是香；细枝紧密结实未腐烂的，称为青桂香；坚硬黑色且能沉入水中的，称为沉香；半浮半沉与水面平齐的，称为鸡骨香；最粗大的称为栈香；又说栈香中形状像鸡骨的称为鸡骨香。形状像马蹄的称为马蹄香。然而现在有人得到的沉香品质极好的，往往也做成鸡骨的形状，不一定只是栈香；其中又粗大不堪药用的，称为生结黄熟香；其实都是同一种东西，只是有精细和粗糙的区别罢了。采集没有时间限制。《岭表录异》说：广管罗州多产栈香，像柜柳树，花白而繁茂，皮可以造纸，名叫香皮纸，灰白色，纹理像鱼子，纸的质地缓慢而脆弱，沾水就烂，不如楮纸，也没有香气。又说它与沉香、鸡骨、黄熟虽然同出一木，但根、干、枝、节各有分别，就是这个意思。然而这种香的奇异之处最多品种。所以相丁在海南写了《天香传》，说得非常详尽。说四种香共有四个名字、十二种形态，都出于同一棵树，木体像白杨，叶子像冬青但较小。又叙述出产的地方，说窦州、化州、高州、雷州，是中国出产香的地方，比起海南产的优劣相差甚远。既然禀受的自然条件不同，加上贩卖的人多，而索取的人急，所以黄熟香不等它稍微长成，栈香和沉香不等似是而非（即不辨真伪），这都是趋利而深深伤害树木啊。不像琼管黎人，不到时候不随意砍伐，所以树木没有早夭之患，得到的必定是异香，这些都是事实。还有薰陆香，形状像白胶，出产自天竺、单于两国。《南方草木状》说薰陆出自大秦国，这种树生长在海岸沙地上，盛夏时节树胶渗出到沙面上，夷人取得后卖给商人。乳香也是这一类。《广志》说：南波斯国松木脂，有紫红色像樱桃的，名叫乳香，大概是薰陆之类。现在的人不再区分薰陆，通称乳香为薰陆。治疗肾气，补腰膝，霍乱吐泻，冲恶中邪气，五疰。治疗血病，止痛等药及膏煎多用它，但它非常粘，难研磨。使用时用丝袋挂在窗缝间很久，取出来研磨，就不粘了。还有鸡舌香，出产自昆仑及交爱以南，枝叶和树皮都像栗子，花像梅花，果实像枣核，这是雌树；雄树只开花不结果，采集花朵酿造而成香。查考各种书籍传记，有的说是沉香木的花，有的说是草花，蔓生，果实成熟后穿起来。说法不定。现在医家又有另一种说法：查考《三省故事》，尚书郎口含鸡舌香，因为奏事应答，希望气息芬芳。而方家用鸡舌香，治疗口臭，也是因为这个道理。现在的人都在乳香中时常得到像枣核一样的木实，认为是鸡舌香，坚硬顽固枯燥，完全没有气味，烧起来也没有香味，不知道为何得香名，再也没有芬芳了。另外葛稚川《百一方》，有治疗突发气刺心切痛的，研碎鸡舌香用酒送服，应当痊愈。现在治疗气的药，借用鸡舌香名字的，方剂非常多，也是因为鸡舌香善于治疗气病。或者用来治疗气病及口臭，那就很荒疏了，这又是为什么呢？那些说采集花朵酿造成香的，现在再也看不到了。如果真有这种香，海商也应该见过，不至于完全绝迹，京城的老医生有的说鸡舌香，与丁香同种，花实丛生。其中中心最大的称为鸡舌香，击破后有纹理像鸡舌，这其实是母丁香，治疗口臭最好，治气也有效，大概出自陈氏拾遗，也不知道是否确切？《千金方》治疗疮痈，连翘五香汤方，用丁香，一方用鸡舌香，以此看来似乎接近。《抱朴子》说：用鸡舌、黄连、乳汁煎煮滴注，眼睛有任何百疹，治愈后更加精明倍常。还有詹糖香，出产自交广以南，树像橘子，煎煮枝叶作为香，往往用它的皮和蛀屑混合，难得纯正好的，唐代方剂多用，现在也很少见。又在苏合香条下说：生于中台川谷。苏恭说：这种香从西域及昆仑来，紫色，与真紫檀相似，但坚实，极芳香；这种香像石头，烧后灰烬白色的好，现在不再见到这些，广南虽然有这种，但类似苏木，没有香气，药中只用像膏油的，极芬烈而已。陶隐居认为是师子矢，也是指这种膏油说的。然而师子矢，现在内库也有，臭味极重，烧它可以辟邪恶，固知不是这个。《梁书》说：天竺出产苏合香，是各种香汁煎制的，不是自然的一物。又说：大秦国采得苏合香，先煎其汁，制成香膏，然后卖渣滓给别人，所以辗转来到中国。
风热肿毒，主治心腹痛，霍乱，中恶鬼气，杀虫。有好几种，有黄、白、紫色的区别，现在人盛用。
真紫檀，过去在下品，也主治风毒。苏恭说：出产自昆仑盘盘国，虽然不在中华生长，人间到处都有。檀木生长在江淮及河朔山中，那种木头做斧柄的，也是檀香类，只是不香罢了。到了夏天有不生长的，忽然叶子开放，应当有大水。农民观察它，以预测水旱，号称水檀。又有一种，叶子也相似；高五六尺，生长在高原地；四月开花，正紫色，也叫檀。根像葛，主治疮疥，杀虫，有小毒。
Agarwood (Chenxiang), Qinggui Xiang, Jigu Xiang, Matixiang, and Zhanxiang all originate from the same tree. Previously, the specific provinces and regions of their origin were not recorded. Currently, they are only found in various countries south of the Hainan Sea, as well as in Jiaozhou, Guangzhou, and Yazhou. The wood resembles that of Toona sinensis (Chun) or Zelkova schneideriana (Ju), has many knots, leaves resemble those of citrus, flowers are white, fruits resemble Areca nut (Binglang), are as large as mulberry berries, purple in color, and have a pungent taste. People in Jiaozhou call it Mixiang (Honey Fragrance). To harvest it, one first cuts off the roots of old trees aged several years. After a year, the outer bark and dried parts rot away completely. The heartwood and branches/joints that remain unspoiled constitute the fragrant wood; fine branches that are dense and solid without rotting are called Qinggui Xiang; hard, black wood that sinks in water is called Agarwood (Chenxiang); wood that floats half-submerged level with the water surface is called Jigu Xiang (Chicken Bone Fragrance); the coarsest variety is called Zhanxiang; it is also said that within Zhanxiang, pieces shaped like chicken bones are referred to as Jigu Xiang. Pieces shaped like horse hooves are called Matixiang. However, some people today obtain high-quality Agarwood that often takes the shape of chicken bones, so it is not necessarily exclusively Zhanxiang. The coarsest varieties, unsuitable for medicinal use, are called Shengjie Huangshu Xiang (Raw Knot Yellow-Ripened Fragrance). Essentially, they are the same substance, differing only in refinement and coarseness. They can be harvested at any time. *Lingbiao Luyi* states: Luozhou in the Guang administration area produces much Zhanxiang, resembling Guiliu trees, with abundant white flowers. The bark can be used to make paper, known as "Xiangpi Paper" (Fragrant Skin Paper). It is grayish-white with patterns resembling fish roe. Its texture is slow and weak; it disintegrates upon contact with water, inferior to Zhuzhi paper, and lacks fragrance. It further states that although this fragrant wood shares the same source as Agarwood, Jigu Xiang, and Huangshu Xiang, the roots, trunks, branches, and joints are distinct, which explains the differentiation. Indeed, this fragrant wood exhibits the greatest variety of strange forms. Therefore, Xiang Ding wrote *Tianxiang Zhuan* (Record of Heavenly Fragrance) while in Hainan, describing them exhaustively. He noted that the four types of fragrances share four names and twelve forms, all originating from one tree. The wood body resembles Populus alba (White Poplar), and the leaves resemble Ilex cornuta (Holly) but are smaller. He described the origins as Douzhou, Huazhou, Gaozhou, and Leizhou, which are places in China where fragrant wood is produced. Their quality differs significantly from those produced in Hainan. Since the natural endowments differ, and there are many sellers but urgent buyers, Huangshu Xiang is harvested before it matures, and Zhanxiang/Chenxiang are taken without careful distinction. This reflects deep harm caused by the pursuit of profit. In contrast, the Li people of Qiongguan do not arbitrarily cut down trees out of season. Thus, the trees suffer no premature death, and the obtained wood is invariably rare fragrance. These are facts.
Furthermore, Olibanum (Xunlu Xiang) resembles white gum resin and originates from Tianzhu (India) and Chanyu countries. *Nanfang Caomu Zhuang* states that Xunlu Xiang comes from Daqin (Rome). The tree grows on sandy shores by the sea. In midsummer, tree gum exudes onto the sand. Local people collect it and sell it to merchants. Rushang Xiang (Frankincense) is of the same category. *Guangzhi* states: Pine resin from the Southern Persian Kingdom, which is purple-red like cherries, is named Rushang Xiang, likely a type of Xunlu Xiang. Nowadays, people no longer distinguish Xunlu Xiang, generally referring to Rushang Xiang as Xunlu Xiang. It treats Kidney Qi, tonifies the waist and knees, manages Huoluan (cholera-like syndrome with vomiting and diarrhea), expels malicious evil qi, and treats Wuzhu (five fixed pathogens). It is widely used in blood-regulating, pain-relieving medicines, and ointments. However, it is extremely sticky and difficult to grind. When using it, hang it in a silk bag in a window crevice for a long time, then take it out to grind; it will no longer stick.
Jishe Xiang (Chicken Tongue Fragrance) originates from Kunlun and areas south of Jiaoai. Its branches, leaves, and bark resemble chestnut trees. Flowers resemble plum blossoms, and seeds resemble jujube pits. This is the female tree; the male tree bears flowers but no fruit. Flowers are collected and fermented to produce fragrance. According to various historical texts, some say it is the flower of the Agarwood tree, others say it is a herbaceous flower that grows as a vine, with mature fruits strung together. The theories are inconsistent. Modern physicians offer another explanation: citing *Sansheng Gushi* (Stories of the Three Departments), Secretaries of the Department of State Affairs held Jishe Xiang in their mouths because when presenting memorials and responding to inquiries, they wished their breath to be fragrant. Consequently, medical formulas use Jishe Xiang to treat halitosis (bad breath), based on this rationale. Today, people often find woody seeds resembling jujube pits within Rushang Xiang and mistake them for Jishe Xiang. These are hard, stubborn, dry, devoid of scent, and emit no fragrance when burned. It is unclear how they acquired the name "fragrance," as they lack any aromatic quality.
Additionally, Ge Zhichuan's *Baibei Fang* contains a prescription for sudden Qi stagnation causing stabbing heart pain: grind Jishe Xiang and administer with wine, which should cure the condition. Many modern formulas for regulating Qi borrow the name Jishe Xiang, precisely because Jishe Xiang is effective in treating Qi disorders. Using it merely for Qi disorders or halitosis seems quite negligent. What is the reasoning? Those who claim it is made from fermented flowers are no longer seen. If such fragrance truly existed, maritime merchants would have encountered it; it should not be completely extinct. Some old doctors in the capital claim that Jishe Xiang and Dingxiang (Clove) are of the same species, with clustered flowers and fruits. The largest in the center is called Jishe Xiang. When broken, it has grain resembling a chicken tongue. This is actually Mother Clove (Mu Dingxiang), which is best for treating halitosis and effective for Qi disorders. This view likely stems from Chen Shi's *Shiyi*, though its accuracy is uncertain. *Qianjin Fang* treats carbuncles and sores with Lianqiao Wuxiang Tang, using Dingxiang; one variant uses Jishe Xiang, suggesting proximity between them. *Baopuzi* states: Decoct Jishe Xiang, Huanglian (Coptis Rhizome), and milk, then apply drops. Any hundred rashes in the eyes will heal, and vision will become exceptionally sharp.
Zhantang Xiang originates from areas south of Jiaozhou and Guangzhou. The tree resembles citrus. Leaves and branches are decocted to make fragrance. It is often mixed with bark and insect debris. Pure and good quality is rare. It was frequently used in Tang dynasty formulas but is rarely seen today.
Regarding Suhexiang (Styrax), the entry states it grows in valleys of Zhongtai. Su Gong says: This fragrance comes from the Western Regions and Kunlun. It is purple, similar to genuine Sandalwood (Zitan) but solid and extremely fragrant. The resin resembles stone; when burned, ash that is white indicates good quality. Such items are no longer seen. Although found in Guangnan, it resembles Sappanwood (Sumu) and lacks fragrance. Medicinally, only the paste/oil form is used, which is intensely aromatic. Tao Hongjing considered it Shizi Shi (Lion Dung), referring specifically to this paste/oil form. However, Shizi Shi exists in the imperial treasury today; it smells extremely foul. Burning it repels evil spirits. Thus, it is certainly not Suhexiang. *Liang Shu* states: Suhexiang from Tianzhu is a decoction of various fragrant juices, not a single natural product. It further states: Daqin collects Suhexiang, first decocts the juice to make an aromatic paste, then sells the dregs to others. Hence, it reaches China through intermediaries.
[Note: The original text contains fragmented sentences regarding "Wind-Heat Swelling Toxicity", "True Zitan", etc., which appear to be disjointed entries or commentary appended to the main text. I will translate them as they appear structurally.]
Wind-Heat swelling toxicity, primarily treating Heart-Abdominal Pain, Huoluan, Zhong'e Ghost Qi, and killing parasites. There are several varieties, differing in yellow, white, and purple colors. It is currently heavily used.
True Zitan (Sandalwood/Pterocarpus santalinus), previously listed in the Lower Grade, also primarily treats Wind-Toxicity. Su Gong states: It originates from Panpan Country in Kunlun. Although it does not grow in Central China, it is ubiquitous in the world. Sandalwood trees grow in mountains of Jianghuai and Heshuo. Wood used for axe handles is also a type of Sandalwood but lacks fragrance. In summer, some do not grow; suddenly leaves open, indicating heavy rain. Farmers observe this to predict droughts or floods, calling it Shuitan (Water Sandalwood). Another variety has similar leaves; it grows 5-6 chi tall in highland areas; blooms purple in April, also named Tan. Roots resemble Kudzu (Ge), primarily treating sores and scabies, killing parasites, with slight toxicity.