理石，文具长石条下。
\r铁\ph36.bmp\r，《本经》云∶铁落出牧羊平泽及 （音 ）城，或析城。诸铁不着
所出州郡，亦当同处
耳。今江南、西蜀有炉冶处皆有之。铁落者，锻家烧铁赤沸，砧上打落细皮屑，俗呼为铁花
是也。初炼去矿，用以铸 器物者，为生铁。再三销拍，可以作 者，为 铁，亦谓之熟铁。
以生柔相杂和，用以作刀剑锋刃者，为钢铁。锻灶中飞出如尘，紫色而轻虚，可以莹磨铜器
者，为铁精。作针家磨 细末，谓之针砂。取诸铁于器中水浸之，经久色青，沫出，可以染
皂者，为铁浆。以铁拍作片段，置醋糟中积久衣生，刮取之，为铁华粉。入火飞炼者，为铁
粉。作铁华粉，自有法，文多不载。诸铁无正入丸散者，惟煮汁用之。华粉则研治极细，合
和诸药。又马衔、秤锤、车辖、及杵、锯等，皆烧以淬酒用之。刀斧刃磨水作药使，并俗用
有效，故载之。
\r生铁\ph37.bmp\r，文具铁条下。
\r钢铁\ph38.bmp\r，文具铁条下。
铁精，文具铁条下。
铁浆，文具铁条下。
铁落，文具铁条下。
铁粉，文具铁条下。
铁华粉，文具铁条下。
秤锤，文具铁条下。
马衔，文具铁条下。
车辖，文具铁条下。
食盐，旧不着所出州郡。陶隐居云∶有东海、北海盐及河东盐池，梁、益有盐井，交广
有南
海盐，西羌有山盐，胡中有木盐，而色类不同，以河东者为胜。河东盐，今解州、安邑两池
所种盐，最为精好是也。又有并州两监末盐。乃刮碱（音减）煎炼，不甚佳。其碱盖下品所
着卤碱，生河东盐池者，谓此也。下品又有大盐，生邯郸及河东池泽。苏恭云∶大盐即河东
印盐，人之常食者，形粗于末盐，乃似今解盐也。解人取盐，于池旁耕地，沃以池水，每临
南风急，则宿昔成盐满畦，彼人谓之种盐。东海、北海、南海盐者，今沧、密、楚、秀、
温、台、明、泉、福、广、琼、化诸州，官场煮海水作之，以给民食者，又谓之泽盐，医方
所谓海盐是也。其煮盐之器，汉谓之牢盆，今或鼓铁为之，或编竹为之，上下周以蜃灰，广
丈深尺，平底，置于灶背，谓之盐盘。《南越志》所谓织篾为鼎，和以牡蛎是也。然后于海
滨掘地为坑，上布竹木，覆以蓬茅，又积沙于其上。每潮汐冲沙，卤碱淋于坑中。水退则以
火炬照之，卤气冲火皆灭。因取海卤注盘中煎之，顷刻而就。管子曰∶齐有渠展之盐，伐菹
薪煮海水征积之，十月始生，至于正月成三万是也。菹薪谓以茅菹然火也。梁、益盐井者，
今归州及西川诸郡，皆有盐井，汲其水以煎作盐，如煮海之法，但以食彼方之民耳。西羌山
盐，胡中木盐者，即下条云光明盐，生盐州。下品有戎盐，生胡盐山及西羌北地，酒泉福禄
城东南角。北海青，南海赤者是也。然羌胡之盐，种类自多。陶注又云∶虏中盐有九种，白
盐、食盐常食者。黑盐、柔盐、赤盐、驳盐、臭盐、马齿盐之类，今人不能遍识。医家治眼
及补下药多用青盐，疑此即戎盐。而《本经》云∶北海青，南海赤。今青盐从西羌来者，形
块方棱，明莹而青黑色，最奇。北胡来者，作大块，而不光莹，又多孔窍，若蜂窠状，色亦
浅于西盐，彼人谓之盐枕，入药差劣。北胡又有一种盐，作片屑，如碎白石，彼人亦谓之青
盐，缄封于匣中，与盐枕并作礼贽，不知是何色类。又阶州出一种石盐，生山石中，不由煎
炼，自然成盐，色甚明莹，彼人甚贵之，云即光明盐也。医方所不用，故不能尽分别也。又
通、泰、海州，并有停户刮碱煎盐输官，如并州末盐之类，以供给江湖，极为饶衍，其味
乃优于并州末盐也。滨州亦有人户煎炼草土盐，其色最粗黑，不堪入药，但可啖马耳。又下
有绿盐条云∶以光明盐、 砂、赤铜屑酿之为块，绿色，真者出焉耆国水中石下取之，状若
扁青、空青，今不闻识此者，医方亦不用。唐柳柳州纂救三死治霍乱盐汤方云∶元和十一年
十月，得干霍乱，上不可吐，下不可利，出冷汗三大斗许，气即绝。河南房伟传此汤，入口
即吐，绝气复通。其法用盐一大匙，熬令黄，童子小便一升，二物温和服之，少顷吐下即愈
。刘禹锡《传信方》，着崔中丞炼盐黑丸方∶盐一升，捣末，内粗瓷瓶中实，筑泥头讫，初
以火烧，渐渐加炭火，勿令瓶破，候赤彻，盐如水汁，即去火，其盐冷即凝，破瓶取之。
豉一升熬焦，桃仁一大两，和麸熬令熟，巴豆二大两，去心膜，纸中熬令油出，须生熟得所
，熟即少力，生又损人，四物各用研捣成熟药，秤量蜜和丸如梧子，每服三丸，皆平旦时服
。天行时气，豉汁及茶下并得。服后多吃茶汁行药力。心痛，酒下，入口便止。血痢，饮下
，初变水痢，后便止。鬼疟，茶饮下。骨热，白蜜汤下。忌冷浆水。合药久，则丸稍加令大
。凡服药后吐痢，勿怪。服药一日，忌口两日。吐痢若多，即煎黄连汁服止之。平旦服药，
至小食时以来，不吐痢者，或遇杀药人，即更服一、两丸投之。其药，冬中合，腊月尤佳。
瓷合子中盛贮，以腊纸封之，勿令泄气。清河崔能云∶合得一剂，可救百人。天行时气，卒
急觅诸药不得，又恐过时，或在道途，或在村落，无诸药可求，但将此药一刀圭，即敌大黄
、朴硝数两，曾试有效。宜行于闾里间，及所使辈。
小儿、女子不可服，多被搅作耳。唐方又有药盐法，出于张文仲。唐之大夫多作之。
理石，详细记载在文具长石条下。
铁落，《神农本草经》记载：铁落出产于牧羊平泽以及（音同“阴”）城，或者析城。各种铁不注明出产州郡的，也应该与上述地方相同。如今江南、西蜀有冶炼炉的地方都有铁落。所谓铁落，是铁匠烧红铁块至沸腾，在砧板上敲打落下细碎的铁皮屑，俗称“铁花”。初次冶炼去除矿石杂质，用来铸造器物的是生铁。经过反复销熔锻打，可以用来制作器具的是熟铁，也称为柔铁。将生铁和熟铁混合掺杂，用来制作刀剑锋刃的是钢铁。锻造灶中飞出的像灰尘一样、紫色且轻虚的物质，可以用来打磨铜器的是铁精。制针工匠磨成的细末，称为针砂。将各种铁放入器皿中用水浸泡，时间久了表面生出青色锈沫，可以用来染黑布匹的是铁浆。将铁拍打成片段，放置在醋糟中堆积久了表面生成一层物质，刮取下来的是铁华粉。用火煅烧炼制的称为铁粉。制作铁华粉自有其方法，文字太多不再赘述。各种铁类没有直接入丸散剂的，只有煮汁使用。铁华粉则研磨得极细，与其他药物配合使用。另外马嚼子、秤锤、车轴头以及杵、锯等，都烧红后浸入酒中使用。刀斧刃口磨下的水作为药用，虽然只是民间用法但有效，所以记录下来。
生铁，详细记载在铁条下。
钢铁，详细记载在铁条下。
铁精，详细记载在铁条下。
铁浆，详细记载在铁条下。
铁落，详细记载在铁条下。
铁粉，详细记载在铁条下。
铁华粉，详细记载在铁条下。
秤锤，详细记载在铁条下。
马衔，详细记载在铁条下。
车辖，详细记载在铁条下。
食盐，旧版本草未注明出产州郡。陶弘景说：有东海盐、北海盐和河东盐池盐，梁州、益州有盐井，交州、广州有南海盐，西羌有山盐，胡地有木盐，颜色种类不同，以河东盐为最佳。河东盐，就是如今解州、安邑两个盐池所产的盐，最为精细好。又有并州两监生产的末盐。那是刮取碱土煎炼而成，品质不太佳。这种碱大概是下品中记载的卤碱，产于河东盐池的，说的就是这个。下品中还有大盐，产于邯郸及河东池泽。苏恭说：大盐就是河东印盐，是人们常吃的盐，形状比末盐粗糙，就像现在的解盐。解州人取盐，在池边耕地，浇灌池水，每当南风急吹时，过一夜就能长出满畦的盐，当地人称之为种盐。东海、北海、南海盐，就是如今沧州、密州、楚州、秀州、温州、台州、明州、泉州、福州、广州、琼州、化州等各州，官府煮海水制成，供给百姓食用，又叫做泽盐，医方中所说的海盐就是这类。煮盐的器具，汉代叫牢盆，现在有的用铁鼓铸，有的用竹子编织，上下周围涂满贝壳灰，宽一丈深一尺，平底，放在灶背，叫做盐盘。《南越志》所说的用篾片编织成鼎状，混合牡蛎壳就是这类。然后在海边挖坑，上面铺设竹木，覆盖蓬草茅叶，又在上面堆积沙子。每次潮汐冲刷沙子，卤水淋入坑中。水退后用火炬照看，卤气冲灭火焰。于是取海水卤注入盘中煎煮，片刻即可完成。管子说：齐国有渠展的盐，砍伐水草燃料煮海水积聚起来，十月开始生产，到正月形成三万（单位），就是这样。水草燃料指用茅草燃烧。梁州、益州的盐井，就是如今归州及西川各郡，都有盐井，汲取卤水煎制盐，如同煮海的方法，只是供当地百姓食用罢了。西羌山盐、胡地木盐，就是下条所说光明盐，产于盐州。下品中有戎盐，产于胡盐山及西羌北地、酒泉福禄城东南角。北海青盐、南海赤盐就是这类。然而羌胡的盐，种类自然很多。陶弘景注又说：虏中盐有九种，白盐、食盐是常吃的。黑盐、柔盐、赤盐、驳盐、臭盐、马齿盐之类，如今的人不能全部识别。医家治疗眼疾及补下药多用青盐，怀疑这就是戎盐。而《神农本草经》说：北海青盐，南海赤盐。如今从西羌来的青盐，形状呈方块棱角，明亮晶莹且青黑色，最奇特。从北胡来的，做成大块，但不光亮晶莹，又多孔窍，像蜂巢状，颜色也比西盐浅，当地人称之为盐枕，入药效果较差。北胡又有一种盐，成片屑状，像碎白石，当地人也称其为青盐，密封在匣中，与盐枕一起作为礼物，不知是什么颜色种类。另外阶州出产一种石盐，生于山石中，不由煎炼，自然结成盐，颜色非常明亮晶莹，当地人很珍视它，说这就是光明盐。医方中不使用，所以不能完全分辨清楚。另外通州、泰州、海州，也有停户刮取碱土煎盐上缴官府，像并州末盐一类，用来供给江湖地区，极为丰富充裕，味道甚至比并州末盐还好。滨州也有人户煎炼草土盐，颜色最粗黑，不堪入药，只能喂马吃。另外下条绿盐条记载：用光明盐、硇砂、赤铜屑酿造成块，绿色，真正的产自焉耆国水中石头下，形状像扁青、空青，如今听说不认识这东西，医方也不用。唐代柳宗元编纂救治三死治霍乱盐汤方记载：元和十一年十月，患干霍乱，上不能吐，下不能泻，出冷汗约三大斗，气息即断绝。河南房伟传授此汤，入口即吐，断绝的气息随即恢复通畅。其法用盐一大匙，炒至黄色，童子小便一升，两物温服，不久吐泻后即痊愈。刘禹锡《传信方》，记载崔中丞炼盐黑丸方：盐一升，捣成末，放入粗瓷瓶中装满，封好瓶口泥头，起初用火烤，渐渐增加炭火，不要让瓶子破裂，等到通红透彻，盐化成如水汁状，就撤去火，盐冷却即凝固，打破瓶子取出。豆豉一升炒焦，桃仁一大两，和麸皮炒熟，巴豆二大两，去掉心膜，用纸包着炒出油，必须生熟适度，太熟则药效减弱，太生又伤人身，四样物品分别研捣成熟药，称量蜂蜜调和做成梧桐子大小的丸药，每次服三丸，都在清晨服用。流行性时气病，用豆豉汁及茶送服都可以。服药后多吃茶汁以行药力。心痛，用酒送服，入口便停止。血痢，用饮水送服，初变为水痢，随后便止住。鬼疟，用茶饮送服。骨热，用白蜜汤送服。忌冷浆水。合药时间长，则丸药稍加大些。凡服药后出现吐痢，不要奇怪。服药一天，忌口两天。如果吐痢过多，就煎黄连汁服用以止之。清晨服药，到小食时间以后，如果不吐痢，或者遇到杀药人（中毒者），就再服一两丸投喂。这药，冬天配制，腊月尤其好。盛装在瓷盒中，用腊纸封口，不要让气体泄漏。清河崔能说：配得一剂，可以救百人。流行性时气病，突然急需寻找诸药不得，又恐怕过时，或在路途，或在村落，无诸药可求，只要将此药一刀圭，就抵得上大黄、朴硝数两，曾经试验有效。适宜在民间流传，以及使节人员携带。小儿、女子不可服用，多会被搅动扰乱身体。唐代方剂中又有药盐法，出于张文仲。唐代的士大夫多制作此药。
Li Shi (Calcite), detailed under the entry for Wen Ju Chang Shi (Stationery Long Stone).
Tie Luo (Iron Scale), *Shennong Bencao Jing* states: Tie Luo is produced in Muyang Pingze and Yin City, or Xicheng. For various irons not specifying their production provinces, they should be considered the same as these places. Currently, Tie Luo is found wherever there are smelting furnaces in Jiangnan and Western Shu. Tie Luo refers to the fine iron scale flakes beaten off onto an anvil when blacksmiths heat iron until red-hot and boiling; it is commonly called "Iron Flower" (Tie Hua). The primary refined iron, with ore impurities removed, used for casting vessels, is called Sheng Tie (Pig Iron). Iron that has been repeatedly smelted and hammered, suitable for making tools, is Shu Tie (Wrought Iron), also known as Rou Tie (Soft Iron). A mixture of Sheng Tie and Rou Tie used to make sword and knife blades is Gang Tie (Steel). The dust-like, purple, light, and porous substance flying out of the forge, used for polishing copper vessels, is Tie Jing (Iron Essence). The fine powder ground by needle makers is called Zhen Sha (Needle Sand). Various irons soaked in water in a vessel for a long time, developing green rust foam that can dye cloth black, are Tie Jiang (Iron Lye). Iron pieces placed in vinegar lees for a long time, forming a surface layer that is scraped off, are Tie Hua Fen (Iron Flower Powder). Substances calcined by fire are Tie Fen (Iron Powder). There are specific methods for making Tie Hua Fen, but due to length, they are not recorded here. None of the various irons are directly used in pills or powders; only decoctions are used. Tie Hua Fen is ground extremely fine and mixed with other medicines. Additionally, horse bits, hammer weights, wheel hubs, pestles, saws, etc., are heated red-hot and quenched in wine for use. Water from grinding knife and axe edges is used medicinally; although folk usage, it is effective, so it is recorded.
Sheng Tie (Pig Iron), detailed under the entry for Tie (Iron).
Gang Tie (Steel), detailed under the entry for Tie (Iron).
Tie Jing (Iron Essence), detailed under the entry for Tie (Iron).
Tie Jiang (Iron Lye), detailed under the entry for Tie (Iron).
Tie Luo (Iron Scale), detailed under the entry for Tie (Iron).
Tie Fen (Iron Powder), detailed under the entry for Tie (Iron).
Tie Hua Fen (Iron Flower Powder), detailed under the entry for Tie (Iron).
Cheng Chui (Hammer Weight), detailed under the entry for Tie (Iron).
Ma Xian (Horse Bit), detailed under the entry for Tie (Iron).
Che Xia (Wheel Hub), detailed under the entry for Tie (Iron).
Yan Yan (Salt), old texts do not specify production provinces. Tao Hongjing says: There are Donghai Salt, Beihai Salt, and Hedong Salt Pool Salt; Liang and Yi provinces have salt wells; Jiao and Guang provinces have Nanhai Salt; Xiqiang has Mountain Salt; Hu regions have Wood Salt. Colors and types differ, with Hedong Salt being superior. Hedong Salt refers to the finest salt produced in the two pools of Jiezhou and Anyi. There is also Mo Yan (Powder Salt) from the two supervision offices in Bingzhou, made by scraping alkaline soil and refining; its quality is not very good. This alkaline soil is likely the Lu Jian (Alkaline Salt) mentioned in the lower grade, produced in the Hedong Salt Pool. The lower grade also includes Da Yan (Large Salt), produced in Handan and the pool marshes of Hedong. Su Gong says: Da Yan is the Yin Yan (Stamped Salt) of Hedong, commonly eaten by people; it is coarser than Mo Yan, resembling current Jie Yan (Jiezhou Salt). People in Jiezhou take salt by plowing fields beside the pool, irrigating them with pool water. When strong south winds blow, salt crystals form overnight covering the ridges, locally called "Planting Salt." Donghai, Beihai, and Nanhai salts are produced today in Cang, Mi, Chu, Xiu, Wen, Tai, Ming, Quan, Fu, Guang, Qiong, and Hua prefectures by official boiling of seawater for public consumption; they are also called Ze Yan (Marsh Salt), which is the Hai Yan (Sea Salt) referred to in medical formulas. The utensils for boiling salt were called Lao Pen (Solid Basin) in the Han dynasty; now they are sometimes made of cast iron or woven bamboo, coated with shell ash on all sides, one zhang wide and one chi deep, with a flat bottom, placed behind the stove, called Yan Pan (Salt Pan). This corresponds to what *Nanyue Zhi* describes as weaving reeds into a cauldron shape mixed with oyster shells. Then, pits are dug by the sea, lined with bamboo and wood, covered with rushes and thatch, and piled with sand on top. During tidal surges, brine washes into the pit. After the water recedes, torches are used to observe; the brine vapor extinguishes the flame. Seawater brine is then poured into the pan and boiled, completing in moments. Guan Zhong said: Qi had salt from Quzhan; cutting reed fuel to boil seawater and accumulate it, production started in October and reached thirty thousand units by January. Reed fuel refers to burning reeds. Salt wells in Liang and Yi refer to those in Guizhou and various western Sichuan commanderies, where brine is drawn and boiled like seawater, merely for local consumption. Xiqiang Mountain Salt and Hu Wood Salt refer to Guangming Yan (Bright Salt) mentioned in the next entry, produced in Yanzhou. The lower grade includes Rong Yan (Rong Salt), produced at Huyan Mountain, Xiqiang Beidi, and the southeast corner of Fu Lu City in Jiuquan. Beihai Qing Yan (Blue/Green Salt) and Nanhai Chi Yan (Red Salt) are examples. However, Qiang and Hu salts have many varieties. Tao's annotation adds: There are nine types of salt among the barbarians: Bai Yan (White Salt) and Shi Yan (Edible Salt) are common. Hei Yan (Black Salt), Rou Yan (Soft Salt), Chi Yan (Red Salt), Bo Yan (Mottled Salt), Chou Yan (Stinking Salt), Ma Chi Yan (Horse-tooth Salt), etc., cannot be fully identified by modern people. Medical practitioners often use Qing Yan (Green/Blue Salt) for treating eye diseases and tonifying prescriptions, suspecting this is Rong Yan. *Shennong Bencao Jing* states: Beihai Qing Yan, Nanhai Chi Yan. Current Qing Yan from Xiqiang forms square blocks, bright and translucent with blue-black color, most unique. That from Northern Hu forms large blocks, not bright, porous like honeycombs, lighter in color than Western salt, called Yan Zhen (Salt Pillow) by locals, inferior for medicinal use. Northern Hu has another salt, flaky like broken white stone, also called Qing Yan, sealed in boxes and given as gifts with Yan Zhen; its color type is unknown. Additionally, Jiezhou produces a kind of Shi Yan (Stone Salt) growing in mountain rocks, formed naturally without boiling, very bright and translucent, highly valued by locals as Guangming Yan. It is not used in medical formulas, so distinctions are incomplete. Tong, Tai, and Haizhou also have households scraping alkaline soil to boil salt for tax, similar to Bingzhou Mo Yan, supplied to the Jianghu region, abundant and tastier than Bingzhou Mo Yan. Binzhou has households boiling grass-earth salt, coarse and black, unfit for medicine, only fit for feeding horses. The lower entry for Lv Yan (Green Salt) states: Made from Guangming Yan, Nao Sha (Ammonium Chloride), and Chi Tong Xie (Red Copper Scrap) fermented into blocks, green in color; authentic ones come from stones in waters of Yanqi Kingdom, resembling Bian Qing (Flat Azurite) and Kong Qing (Hollow Azurite); currently unrecognized and unused in medicine. Liu Zongyuan of Tang compiled a formula for Salty Soup to treat Cholera after three deaths: In the 10th year of Yuanhe, October, suffering from Gan Huoluan (Dry Cholera), unable to vomit or purge, sweating cold sweat about three dou, breath ceased. Fang Wei from Henan transmitted this soup; upon ingestion, vomiting occurred, and breath resumed. Method: One large spoonful of salt, fried yellow, mixed with one sheng of urine from a young boy, taken warm; vomiting/purging ensues shortly, leading to recovery. Liu Yuxi's *Chuanxin Fang* records Cui Zhongcheng's Formula for Smelted Salt Black Pills: One sheng of salt, pounded to powder, packed tightly in a rough porcelain bottle, sealed with mud. Initially heated by fire, gradually adding charcoal fire, ensuring the bottle does not break. When thoroughly red-hot and salt melts like liquid, remove from fire. Upon cooling, the salt solidifies; break the bottle to retrieve it. One sheng of Dou Chi (Fermented Soybeans), fried scorched; one da liang of Tao Ren (Peach Kernel), fried熟 with bran; two da liang of Ba Dou (Croton Seed), removing heart and membrane, fried in paper until oil emerges. Must achieve proper raw/cooked balance; too cooked reduces efficacy, too raw harms the body. Each of the four ingredients is pounded into a mature powder, mixed with measured honey into pills the size of wu zi (wheat seeds). Take three pills each time, administered at dawn. For epidemic qi diseases, taken with Dou Chi juice or tea is acceptable. Drink more tea afterwards to promote drug action. For heart pain, taken with wine, stops immediately. For bloody dysentery, taken with water, initially turns to watery dysentery, then stops. For Gui Na (Ghost Malaria), taken with tea. For Gu Re (Bone Heat), taken with White Honey Soup. Avoid cold Jiang Shui (Cold Fermented Rice Water). If compounding takes long, slightly enlarge the pills. Do not be surprised if vomiting/dysentery occurs after taking medicine. Fast for two days after one day of medication. If vomiting/dysentery is excessive, decoct Huang Lian (Coptis Rhizome) juice to stop it. Taking medicine at dawn, if no vomiting/dysentery occurs by Xiao Shi (Small Meal Time), or if encountering poisoning, administer one or two more pills. This medicine is best compounded in winter, especially the twelfth lunar month. Store in porcelain containers, sealed with wax paper to prevent leakage. Cui Neng from Qinghe said: One dose can save a hundred people. For epidemics, if urgent need arises and other medicines are unavailable, or during travel/village stays without access to drugs, one Dao Gui (a small measure) of this drug equals several liang of Da Huang (Rhubarb Root) and Po Xiao (Mirabilite). Tested and effective. Suitable for circulation among commoners and envoys. Not for children or women, as it may cause disturbance. Tang medical formulas also include a Medicinal Salt method from Zhang Wenzhong, widely practiced by Tang officials.