泻，破气，行痰。枳实小，枳壳大
苦酸微寒。其功皆能破气。气行则痰行喘止，痞胀消（脾无积血；心下不痞；浊气在上
，则生腹胀。东垣曰∶枳实治下而主血，枳壳治上而主气），痛刺息，后重除。
治胸痹结胸，食积五膈，痰癖症结，呕逆咳嗽，水肿胁胀（肝郁），泻痢淋闭，痔肿肠
风。除风去痹（辛散风），开胃健脾。所主略同，但枳实利胸膈，枳壳宽肠胃。枳实力猛（大、
小承气汤皆用之。丹溪曰∶枳实泻痰，能冲墙倒壁），枳壳力缓为少异。孕妇及气虚人忌用
（按∶《本草》壳、实皆云明目。思之不得其解，然目疾方中多用之，岂以其破浊气？即能
升清气乎？《本经》又言枳实益气，想亦同此理也。故浓朴调中，亦有益气明目之文。王好
古曰∶枳实佐以参、术、干姜则益气，佐以硝、黄、牵牛则破气，此本经所以言益气，而复
言消痞也。张元素曰∶枳壳泄肺、走大肠，多用损胸中至高之气。昔湖阳公主难产，方士进
瘦胎饮，用枳壳四两，甘草三两，五月后日服一钱。张洁古改以枳术名束胎丸。寇宗 明其
不然，盖孕妇全赖血气以养胎，血气充实，胎乃易生。彼公主奉养太过，气实有余，故可服
之，若概施则误矣。时珍曰∶八九月胎，气盛壅滞，用枳壳、苏梗以顺气，胎前无滞，则产
后无虚也。气弱者，大非所宜矣）。
皮浓而小为枳实，壳薄虚大为枳壳。陈者良。麸炒用（时珍曰∶壳、实上世未分，魏、
晋始分用。洁古、东垣，始分壳治上，实治下。海藏始分壳主气，实主血。然仲景治上焦胸
痹、痞满用枳实；诸方治下血、痢、痔、肠秘、后重用枳壳，则实不独治下，而壳不独治高
也。盖自飞门至魄门，皆肺主之，三焦相通，一气而已。飞门，口也。魄门，即肛门）。
泻下，破气，行痰。枳实果实较小，枳壳果实较大。
味苦、酸，性微寒。它们的作用都能破气。气机运行则痰液随之而行，喘息停止，痞满胀气消除（脾脏没有积血；心下部就不会痞塞；浊气停留在上部，就会产生腹胀。李东垣说：枳实治疗下部且主理血分，枳壳治疗上部且主理气分），疼痛缓解，呼吸顺畅，里急后重消除。
治疗胸痹结胸，食积五膈，痰癖症结，呕吐逆气咳嗽，水肿胁肋胀满（肝气郁结），泻痢淋证闭阻，痔疮肿痛肠风。祛除风邪去除痹痛（辛散风邪），开胃健脾。两者主治功效大致相同，但枳实利导胸膈，枳壳宽舒肠胃。枳实力道猛烈（大承气汤、小承气汤都使用它。朱丹溪说：枳实泻除痰饮，能冲墙倒壁），枳壳力道缓和，这是微小的差异。孕妇及气虚之人忌用（按：《本草》书中枳壳、枳实都说能明目。思考其道理不得其解，然而治疗眼疾的方剂中多用它们，难道是因为它能破除浊气？从而能够升发清气吗？《本经》又说枳实益气，想来也是同样的道理。所以厚朴调理中焦，也有益气和明目的记载。王好古说：枳实配合人参、白术、干姜就能益气，配合芒硝、大黄、牵牛子就能破气，这就是《本经》既说益气，又说消痞的原因。张元素说：枳壳泄肺，走大肠，多用会损伤胸中至高之气。从前湖阳公主难产，方士进献瘦胎饮，使用枳壳四两，甘草三两，怀孕五月后每天服用一钱。张洁古将其改为枳术丸名为束胎丸。寇宗奭阐明这不对，大概孕妇完全依赖血气来滋养胎儿，血气充实，胎儿才容易出生。那位公主奉养太过，气实有余，所以可以服用，如果普遍施用就错了。李时珍说：怀孕八九月时，气盛壅滞，使用枳壳、苏梗来顺气，产前无滞塞，则产后无虚弱。气弱的人，非常不适宜）。
皮厚而小的是枳实，壳薄而虚大的是枳壳。陈久的质量好。麸炒后使用（李时珍说：枳壳、枳实在上古时代未加区分，魏、晋时期开始分别使用。张洁古、李东垣，开始区分枳壳治疗上部，枳实治疗下部。王海藏开始区分枳壳主理气，枳实主理血。然而张仲景治疗上焦胸痹、痞满使用枳实；各方治疗下血、痢疾、痔疮、肠秘、里急后重用枳壳，那么枳实并不只治疗下部，而枳壳也不只治疗上部。大概从飞门到魄门，都由肺所主，三焦相通，只是一股气而已。飞门，指口。魄门，即肛门）。
Purgative, breaks Qi, moves phlegm. Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange) is small, Zhi Ke (Mature Bitter Orange) is large.
Bitter, sour, slightly cold. Their function is to break Qi. When Qi moves, phlegm moves and wheezing stops; fullness and distension resolve [Spleen has no accumulated blood; the epigastrium is not obstructed; turbid Qi staying in the upper part causes abdominal distension. Li Dongyuan said: Zhi Shi treats the lower part and governs the Blood aspect, while Zhi Ke treats the upper part and governs the Qi aspect], pain is relieved, breathing becomes smooth, and tenesmus is removed.
Treats chest bi (Chest Bi), chest binding, food stagnation in the five diaphragms, phlegm retention and mass formation, vomiting, regurgitation, coughing, edema, and hypochondriac distension [Liver Qi stagnation], dysentery, strangury, obstruction, hemorrhoids, swelling, and intestinal wind. Dispels wind and removes bi [Acrid disperses wind], opens the stomach and strengthens the Spleen. Their indications are roughly the same, but Zhi Shi benefits the chest and diaphragm, while Zhi Ke expands the stomach and intestines. Zhi Shi has a strong force [Da Cheng Qi Tang (Major Order the Qi Decoction) and Xiao Cheng Qi Tang (Minor Order the Qi Decoction) both use it. Zhu Danxi said: Zhi Shi purges phlegm and can demolish walls], whereas Zhi Ke has a milder force, which is a slight difference. Pregnant women and those with Qi deficiency should avoid using it [Note: The Ben Cao texts state that both Zhi Ke and Zhi Shi brighten the eyes. I pondered this without finding an explanation, yet they are frequently used in formulas for eye diseases. Could it be that by breaking turbid Qi, they promote the ascent of clear Qi? The Ben Jing also states that Zhi Shi tonifies Qi, which likely shares this logic. Therefore, Hou Po (Magnolia Bark), which regulates the middle, also contains references to tonifying Qi and brightening the eyes. Wang Haogu said: Zhi Shi tonifies Qi when combined with Ren Shen (Ginseng), Bai Zhu (Atractylodes Macrocephala Rhizome), and Gan Jiang (Dried Ginger); it breaks Qi when combined with Mang Xiao (Mirabilite), Da Huang (Rhubarb Root and Rhizome), and Qian Niu Zi (Pharbitis Seed). This explains why the Ben Jing mentions both tonifying Qi and resolving masses. Zhang Yuansu said: Zhi Ke drains the Lung and travels to the Large Intestine; excessive use damages the highest Qi in the chest. In the past, Princess Huyang had difficult labor, and a physician prescribed Shou Tai Yin (Fetus-Thinning Decoction), using four liang of Zhi Ke and three liang of Gan Cao (Licorice Root), taken daily after the fifth month of pregnancy. Zhang Jiegu modified this into Zhi Zhu Wan (Immature Bitter Orange and Atractylodes Pill), naming it Shu Tai Wan (Fetus-Binding Pill). Kou Zongshi clarified that this was incorrect, as pregnant women rely entirely on Blood and Qi to nourish the fetus; only when Blood and Qi are sufficient is the fetus easy to deliver. That princess was over-nourished and had excess Qi, so she could take it, but applying it generally would be a mistake. Li Shizhen said: In the eighth and ninth months of pregnancy, Qi is abundant and stagnant; using Zhi Ke and Su Geng (Perilla Stem) to smooth Qi ensures no stagnation before birth, thus no deficiency after birth. For those with weak Qi, it is highly unsuitable].
The peel is thick and the fruit is small, hence Zhi Shi; the peel is thin and the fruit is hollow and large, hence Zhi Ke. Aged material is superior. Use after stir-frying with bran [Li Shizhen said: Zhi Ke and Zhi Shi were not distinguished in ancient times; differentiation began in the Wei and Jin dynasties. Jiegu and Dongyuan began distinguishing Zhi Ke for the upper part and Zhi Shi for the lower part. Haicang began distinguishing Zhi Ke for governing Qi and Zhi Shi for governing Blood. However, Zhang Zhongjing used Zhi Shi for upper jiao chest bi and fullness; various formulas used Zhi Ke for lower bleeding, dysentery, hemorrhoids, intestinal constipation, and tenesmus. Thus, Zhi Shi does not exclusively treat the lower, nor does Zhi Ke exclusively treat the upper. From Fei Men (the mouth) to Po Men (the anus), all are governed by the Lung; the San Jiao (Triple Burner) is interconnected, constituting one Qi. Fei Men refers to the mouth. Po Men refers to the anus].