气味苦酸，微寒，无毒。主治风痹、淋痹，通利关节，劳气咳嗽，背膊闷倦，散
留结胸膈痰滞，逐水，消胀满，大胁风，安胃，止风痛。（《开宝本草》附。）
上世本草只有枳实，至宋《开宝本草》，始分枳之小者为枳实，大者为枳壳。愚谓∶小
者其
性藏密而气全，大者其性宣发而气散，或云∶大者气足而力虚，小者气不足而力薄。不知气
之足也，在于旺时，若过其时，则反薄矣。又，李东垣云∶枳壳缓而枳实速。王好古云∶枳
壳主高，枳实主下，高者主气，下者主血，未免臆说不经。后学遵而信之，宁无萸乎。须
知实与壳，其种未始有殊也。种既无殊，则缓速气血之说，何可分乎。
气味酸平，无毒。主治心下邪气寒热，温中，逐寒湿痹，去三虫，久服轻身。
（山茱萸今海州，兖州，江浙近道诸山中皆有。木高丈余，叶似榆有刺，二月开花白色，
四月结实如酸枣，色紫赤，
九月十日采实，阴干去核用肉。）
山茱萸色紫赤而味酸平，禀厥阴少阳木火之气化。手厥阴属心包，故主治心下之邪气寒
热。
心下乃厥阴心包之部也。手少阳属三焦，故温中。中，中焦也。中焦取汁，奉心化赤而为血
，血生于心，藏于肝。足厥阴肝主之血，充肤热肉，故逐周身之寒湿痹。木火气盛，则三焦
通畅，故去三虫。血充肌腠，故久服轻身。
愚按∶仲祖八味丸用山茱萸，后人去桂附，改为六味丸，以山茱萸为固精补肾之药。此
外并
无他用，皆因安于苟简，不深探讨故也。今详观《本经》山茱萸之功能主治如此，学人能于
《本经》之内会悟，而广其用，庶无拘隘之弊。
气味苦、酸，微寒，无毒。主治风痹、淋痹，通利关节，劳气咳嗽，背膊闷倦，散留结胸膈痰滞，逐水，消胀满，大胁风，安胃，止风痛。（出自《开宝本草》附录。）
上古时期的本草著作中只有枳实，到了宋代《开宝本草》，才开始将小的枳子称为枳实，大的称为枳壳。我认为：小的枳实其性质藏密而气机完整；大的枳壳其性质宣发而气机散漫。有人说：大的枳壳气足但力虚，小的枳实力气不足且药力薄弱。这并不了解“气之足”在于旺盛之时，如果过了那个时期，反而就薄弱了。另外，李东垣说：枳壳作用缓慢而枳实作用迅速。王好古说：枳壳主治上部（高），枳实主治下部（下），上部主气，下部主血，这些未免是主观臆断而不合经典。后学者遵循并相信这些说法，难道不感到疑惑吗？必须知道枳实与枳壳，它们的品种原本没有区别。既然品种没有区别，那么关于缓速、气血的说法，怎么可以区分呢？
气味酸平，无毒。主治心下邪气引起的寒热，温中，驱逐寒湿痹，去除三虫，久服可使身体轻健。
（山茱萸现在海州、兖州、江浙邻近地区的山中都有生长。树木高一丈多，叶子像榆树但有刺，二月开白色花，四月结出像酸枣一样的果实，颜色紫红，九月十日采集果实，阴干后去核只用果肉。）
山茱萸颜色紫红而味道酸平，禀受了厥阴和少阳木火之气化。手厥阴经属于心包，所以主治心下的邪气寒热。心下是厥阴心包的部位。手少阳经属于三焦，所以能温中。中，指的是中焦。中焦摄取水谷精微，奉送于心化为赤色血液，血液生于心，藏于肝。足厥阴肝所主的血液，充盈皮肤肌肉，所以能驱逐周身寒湿痹。木火之气旺盛，则三焦通畅，所以能去除三虫。血液充盈肌腠，所以久服身体轻健。
我认为：张仲景的八味丸中使用山茱萸，后人去掉桂枝、附子，改为六味丸，把山茱萸当作固精补肾的药物。除此之外并没有其他用途，这都是因为满足于苟且简便，不深入探讨的缘故。现在详细考察《神农本草经》中山茱萸的功能主治如此，学习的人能在《本经》之内领悟，并推广其用途，才不会有拘泥狭隘的弊病。
Taste: bitter, sour; Nature: slightly cold; Toxicity: non-toxic. Indications: wind-bi (Wind-Damp Bi syndrome), lin-bi (painful urinary obstruction), unblocking and benefiting the joints, cough due to labor qi, stuffiness and fatigue in the back and shoulders, dispersing phlegm stagnation retained in the chest and diaphragm, driving out water retention, reducing distension and fullness, treating great flank wind, calming the stomach, and stopping wind-pain. (From *Kaibao Bencao* Appendix.)
In ancient pharmacopoeias, only Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange) existed. It was not until the Song Dynasty's *Kaibao Bencao* that the smaller fruits of Citrus were distinguished as Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange), while the larger ones were named Zhi Ke (Ripe Bitter Orange). I argue: The smaller ones have a dense nature with complete Qi; the larger ones have a disseminating nature with dispersed Qi. Some say: The larger ones have abundant Qi but weak force; the smaller ones have insufficient Qi and thin force. This fails to understand that the abundance of Qi lies in its peak time; if past that time, it becomes thin again. Furthermore, Li Dongyuan stated: Zhi Ke acts slowly, while Zhi Shi acts rapidly. Wang Haogu stated: Zhi Ke treats the upper (high), Zhi Shi treats the lower (low); the upper treats Qi, the lower treats Blood. These are merely subjective speculations lacking canonical basis. Later scholars followed and believed them; is this not confusing? One must know that Zhi Shi and Zhi Ke originate from the same species. Since the species is identical, how can distinctions regarding speed or Qi/Blood be made?
Taste: sour; Nature: neutral; Toxicity: non-toxic. Indications: evil qi causing cold and heat below the heart, warming the middle, driving out cold-damp bi, eliminating three types of parasites, and long-term use leads to a light body.
*(Shanzhuyu [Cornus Officinalis Fruit] is found in the mountains of Haizhou, Yanzhou, and Jiangsu/Zhejiang regions. The tree grows over one zhang tall, leaves resemble elm but have thorns, blooms white flowers in February, bears fruit resembling sour jujubes in April which are purple-red, harvested on the 9th-10th day of the 9th lunar month, dried in shade, pitted, using only the flesh.)*
Shanzhuyu is purple-red in color and sour-neutral in taste, inheriting the Qi transformation of Jueyin and Shaoyang Wood-Fire. The Hand-Jueyin meridian belongs to the Pericardium, thus it treats evil qi causing cold and heat below the heart. "Below the heart" is the region of the Jueyin Pericardium. The Hand-Shaoyang meridian belongs to the Sanjiao (Triple Burner), thus it warms the middle. "Middle" refers to the Middle Jiao. The Middle Jiao extracts essences, sends them to the Heart to transform into red blood; blood is born in the Heart and stored in the Liver. The Foot-Jueyin Liver governs blood, which fills the skin and muscles, thus it drives out whole-body cold-damp bi. When Wood-Fire Qi is prosperous, the Sanjiao is unobstructed, thus it eliminates parasites. When blood fills the muscle interstices, long-term use results in a light body.
I observe: Zhang Zhongjing used Shanzhuyu in Ba Wei Wan (Eight-Ingredient Pill with Rehmannia). Later generations removed Guizhi (Cinnamon Twig) and Fuzi (Aconite Root), changing it to Liu Wei Wan (Six-Ingredient Pill with Rehmannia Root), treating Shanzhuyu solely as an herb for securing essence and tonifying the kidney. Aside from this, no other uses were recognized, all due to complacency and lack of deep investigation. Now, examining the functions and indications of Shanzhuyu in *Ben Jing* (Shennong Ben Cao Jing) as described above, students who can comprehend within *Ben Jing* and expand its applications will avoid the drawback of narrow-mindedness.