气味苦平，无毒。炼服保中不饥，忍风寒。（《别录》附。）
（桃茂盛时，以刀割树皮，久则胶溢出，采收以桑灰汤浸过晒干用。）
气味酸温平涩，无毒。主治下气，除热，烦满，安心，止肢体痛，偏枯不仁，死肌，
去青黑志，蚀恶肉。（志痣同。）
（梅实将熟时，采微黄者，篮盛于突上熏黑，若以稻灰淋汁，润湿蒸过，则肥泽不蛀。）
梅花放于冬，而实熟于夏，独得先春之气，故其味酸，其气温平而涩，涩附于酸也。主
下气
者，得春生肝木之味，生气上升，则逆气自下矣。除热烦满者，禀冬令水阴之精，水精上滋
，则烦热除而胸膈不满矣。安心者，谓烦热除而胸膈不满，则心气亦安。肢体痛，偏枯不仁
，死肌，皆阳气虚微，不能熏肤充身泽毛，若雾露之溉。梅实结于春而熟于夏，主敷布阳气
于肌腠，故止肢体痛，及偏枯不仁之死肌。阳气充达，则其颜光，其色鲜，故去面上之青黑
痣，及身体虫蚀之恶肉。
愚按∶乌梅味酸，得东方之木味，放花于冬，成熟于夏，是禀冬令之水精而得春生之上
达也
物理，但以乌梅为酸敛收涩之药，而春生上达之义未之讲也，惜哉
气味苦寒，无毒。主治大风在皮肤中，如麻豆苦痒，除寒热结，止痢，长肌肉，利五
脏，益气，轻身。
（枳实出河内洛西及江湖州郡皆有。近时出于江西者为多，其木如橘而小，高五七尺，
叶如
橙，多刺，春开白花结实，至秋始成。《周礼》云∶橘逾淮而北为枳，今江南枳橘皆有，江
北有枳无橘，此是种类各别，非逾淮而变也。七八月采者为枳实，九十月采者为枳壳。愚按
∶实者乃果实之通称，言实壳亦在其中矣。）
枳实气味苦寒，冬不落叶，禀少阴标本之气化，臭香形圆，花白多刺，穣肉黄白。又得
阳明
金土之气化，主治大风在皮肤中。如麻豆苦痒者，得阳明金气而制风，禀少阴水气而清热也
。除寒热结者，禀少阴本热之气而除寒，标阴之气而除热也。止痢，长肌肉者，得阳明中土
之气也。五脏发原于先天之少阴，生长于后天之阳明，故主利五脏，得少阴之阴，故益气，
得阳明之气，故轻身。
仲祖本论，有大承气汤，用炙浓朴，炙枳实。小承气汤，用生浓朴，生枳实，生熟之间，
有意存焉。学人不可不参。
【桃胶】
气味：苦，平，无毒。
功效：经炼制后服用可固护中焦而不感饥饿，并能抵御风寒。（出自《名医别录》，作为附录。）
（采集方法：在桃树茂盛时，用刀割破树皮，时间久了胶质便会溢出，采收后用桑灰水浸泡，再晒干使用。）
【乌梅】
气味：酸、温、平、涩，无毒。
主治：下气，清热，消除烦闷胀满，安定心神，停止肢体疼痛，治疗半身不遂及麻木不仁，治愈死肌（肌肉坏死），去除面部的青黑色痣，腐蚀恶肉。（“志”与“痣”同义。）
（采集与炮制方法：在梅子即将成熟时，采摘颜色微黄的果实，用篮子盛放放在灶膛口熏黑；如果用稻壳灰淋出的汁液润湿后蒸过，则果实肥润光泽且不易生虫蛀。）
梅花在冬季开放，果实却在夏季成熟，唯独禀受了早春的生发之气，所以它的味道是酸的，气温是平和而带涩性的，涩性依附于酸性之中。
所谓“主下气”，是因为它获得了春季生发肝木的味道，生气上升，那么上逆的气自然就会下降。
所谓“除热烦满”，是因为它禀受了冬季水阴的精华，水精向上滋润，那么烦热就消除了，胸膈部也不会感到胀满。
所谓“安心”，是指烦热消除、胸膈不胀满之后，心气也就安定了。
肢体痛、半身不遂及麻木不仁、死肌，都是因为阳气虚弱微小，不能温煦皮肤、充盈身体、润泽毫毛，就像雾露灌溉一样。梅实结于春季而在夏季成熟，主要功能是敷布阳气于肌肤腠理之间，所以能停止肢体疼痛，以及治疗半身不遂、麻木不仁和死肌。阳气充盛通达，那么面色就会光亮，气色就会鲜艳，所以能去除面部的青黑色痣，以及身体被虫蚀般的恶肉。
我按语道：乌梅味酸，得东方木之味，冬季开花，夏季成熟，这是禀受了冬季水的精华而获得春季生发向上的道理。世人只是把乌梅当作酸敛收涩的药物，而没有探讨其春生上达的含义，可惜啊！
【枳实】
气味：苦，寒，无毒。
主治：大风邪在皮肤中，像麻豆一样痛苦瘙痒，消除寒热互结，止住痢疾，促进肌肉生长，通利五脏，益气，使身体轻健。
（产地：枳实出产于河内洛西以及江湖各州郡都有。近来以江西出产的为多。这种树像橘子但较小，高五七尺，叶子像橙子，多刺，春天开白花结果，到秋天才成熟。《周礼》说：“橘树越过淮河以北就变成了枳”，现在江南既有枳也有橘，江北只有枳没有橘，这说明它们是种类不同，并不是越过淮河就变了。七月八月采摘的是枳实，九月十月采摘的是枳壳。我按语道：“实”是果实的通称，说“实”也包含了“壳”的意思在内。）
枳实的气味苦寒，冬天不落叶，禀受了少阴经标本的气化特性，气味香，形状圆，花白多刺，瓤肉黄白色。又得阳明金土的气化特性，主治大风邪在皮肤中。
像麻豆一样痛苦瘙痒的，是因为得阳明金气而制约风邪，禀受少阴水气而清除热邪。
消除寒热互结的，是因为禀受少阴本热之气而消除寒邪，禀受标阴之气而消除热邪。
止住痢疾，促进肌肉生长的，是因为得阳明中土之气。
五脏发源于先天的少阴，生长于后天的阳明，所以能通利五脏；得少阴之阴，所以能益气；得阳明之气，所以能使身体轻健。
张仲景的本论中，有大承气汤，使用炙过的厚朴和炙过的枳实。小承气汤，使用生的厚朴和生的枳实，生与熟之间，是有深意存在的。学习的人不可不加以参考。
[Prunus Persica Gum]
Odor and Flavor: Bitter, neutral, non-toxic.
Efficacy: Taken after refining, it protects the Middle Jiao (Middle Burner) preventing hunger and enables endurance against wind and cold. (From *Bie Lu*, appended.)
(Collection method: When the peach tree is lush, cut the bark with a knife; gum will overflow after a long time. Collect it, soak it in ash water from mulberry branches, and dry it in the sun for use.)
[Wumei / Smoked Plum Fruit]
Odor and Flavor: Sour, warm, neutral, astringent, non-toxic.
Indications: Directs Qi downward, eliminates heat, relieves irritability and fullness, calms the mind, stops limb pain, treats hemiplegia and numbness, cures dead flesh (necrotic tissue), removes blue-black moles on the face, and erodes foul flesh. ("Zhi" is synonymous with "Zhi" meaning mole.)
(Processing method: When plums are nearly ripe, pick those that are slightly yellow, place them in baskets to smoke black over the stove flue. If rinsed with juice leached from rice husk ashes and steamed while moist, they become plump, lustrous, and resistant to insect damage.)
Plum blossoms open in winter, while the fruit ripens in summer; it alone receives the Qi of early spring growth. Therefore, its flavor is sour, its temperature is neutral and astringent, with astringency attached to sourness.
Regarding "directing Qi downward": It obtains the flavor of Liver Wood associated with spring growth. As the generating Qi ascends, rebellious Qi naturally descends.
Regarding "eliminating heat, irritability, and fullness": It inherits the essence of Winter Water Yin. As the Water essence nourishes upward, heat and irritability are eliminated, and chest/diaphragm fullness resolves.
Regarding "calming the mind": Once heat/irritability resolve and chest fullness clears, the Heart Qi becomes tranquil.
Limb pain, hemiplegia with numbness, and dead flesh are all due to deficiency and weakness of Yang Qi, which fails to warm the skin, fill the body, and moisten the hair, akin to mist or dew irrigation. Plum fruit forms in spring and ripens in summer; its main function is to distribute Yang Qi into the muscle layers and interstices. Thus, it stops limb pain and treats hemiplegia, numbness, and dead flesh. When Yang Qi is abundant and unobstructed, the complexion becomes radiant and fresh, thus removing facial blue-black moles and foul flesh resembling insect erosion.
My Commentary: Wumei is sour, obtaining the Wood flavor of the East. It flowers in winter and matures in summer, embodying the principle of inheriting Winter Water's essence to achieve Spring growth and upward movement. People merely regard Wumei as an astringent and收敛 (consolidating) herb, neglecting its meaning of spring generation and upward ascent. What a pity!
[Zhishi / Immature Bitter Orange Fruit]
Odor and Flavor: Bitter, cold, non-toxic.
Indications: Treats severe wind pathogens in the skin, causing itching and discomfort like hemp seeds or beans; eliminates cold-heat nodules; stops dysentery; promotes muscle growth; benefits the Five Zang Organs; tonifies Qi; makes the body light.
(Source: Zhishi is produced in Henei Luoxi and various prefectures along the rivers and lakes. Recently, those from Jiangxi are most common. The tree resembles a citrus but is smaller, 5-7 chi high, leaves resemble orange leaves, thorny, blooms white flowers in spring bearing fruit, maturing in autumn. *Zhou Li* states: "Oranges crossing north of the Huai River turn into Zhi." Currently, both Zhi and Ju exist in Jiangnan, while only Zhi exists in Jiangbei without Ju. This indicates distinct species, not transformation across the river. Harvested in July-August is Zhishi; harvested in September-October is Zhike. My Commentary: 'Shi' is a general term for fruit; stating 'Shi' implies 'Qiao' (shell) is included within it.)
Zhishi has a bitter-cold odor and flavor, does not shed leaves in winter, inheriting the Qi transformation of Shaoyin (Lesser Yin) Biaoben (Root and Branch). Its odor is fragrant, shape round, flowers white and thorny, pulp yellowish-white. It also obtains the Qi transformation of Yangming (Bright Yang) Metal and Earth.
It treats severe wind pathogens in the skin. The itching/discomfort like hemp seeds/beans results from Yangming Metal Qi controlling Wind and Shaoyin Water Qi clearing Heat.
Eliminating cold-heat nodules results from inheriting Shaoyin Root Heat Qi to eliminate Cold, and Branch Yin Qi to eliminate Heat.
Stopping dysentery and promoting muscle growth results from obtaining Yangming Central Earth Qi.
The Five Zang Organs originate from congenital Shaoyin and grow via postnatal Yangming; thus, it benefits the Five Zang Organs. Obtaining Shaoyin Yin, it tonifies Qi; obtaining Yangming Qi, it makes the body light.
In Zhang Zhongjing's *Shanghan Lun* (Treatise on Cold Damage), Da Chengqi Tang uses roasted Houpo (Magnolia Bark) and roasted Zhishi. Xiao Chengqi Tang uses raw Houpo and raw Zhishi. There is profound intent between raw and roasted preparations. Students must carefully consider this.