味甘、微苦，性平。入肝、胃二经。
舒气化痰，通络散结。可消阻滞，又能活血。
金御乘称之为橘丝，谓其专能宣通经络滞气。赵学敏谓其驱皮里膜外积痰，活血。
味苦，微寒，无毒。入肺、脾、胃、大肠四经。面炒。
破至高之气，除咳逆停痰。助传导之官，消水留胀满。枳实（即枳壳之小者）破积有雷
厉风行
之势，泻痰有冲墙倒壁之威。解伤寒结胸，除心下急痞。
枳壳、枳实，上世未尝分别。自东垣分枳壳治高、枳实治下。海藏分枳壳主气、枳实主
血，
然究其功用，皆利气也。又何必分上与下，气与血乎。但枳实则性急，枳壳则性缓，为确当
耳。
枳壳花∶《致富全书》云∶“花细而香、闻之破郁结。”急症关下喉痹，嗅其芳香之气有
益
。
味苦，性微温，无毒。入脾、胃二经。
开心腹之气，逐皮肤之水。
主用与槟榔相仿，但力少缓耳。鸩鸟多集大腹树上，宜以大豆汁多洗，令黑汁去尽，火
焙用
。
病涉虚者勿用。
一名金铃子。味苦，性寒，有毒。入脾、肺二经。
热厥心痛，腹疼疝气。可杀三虫，能利小便。根微寒。杀诸虫，通大肠。
与延胡索相伍，治心腹痛颇灵。性寒极苦，若脾胃虚寒者忌之。
味辛，性温，无毒。入胃、膀胱二经。
主膀胱冷气攻冲，疗胸腹积停为痛。天行疫瘴宜投，祟犯蛊伤莫废。
辛温芳馥，为下气温中要药。
气虚及血虚者勿用。
味甘、微苦，性平。入肝、胃二经。
舒气化痰，通络散结。可消阻滞，又能活血。
金御乘称之为橘丝，谓其专能宣通经络滞气。赵学敏谓其驱皮里膜外积痰，活血。
味苦，微寒，无毒。入肺、脾、胃、大肠四经。面炒。
破至高之气，除咳逆停痰。助传导之官，消水留胀满。枳实（即枳壳之小者）破积有雷厉风行之势，泻痰有冲墙倒壁之威。解伤寒结胸，除心下急痞。
枳壳、枳实，上世未尝分别。自东垣分枳壳治高、枳实治下。海藏分枳壳主气、枳实主血，然究其功用，皆利气也。又何必分上与下，气与血乎。但枳实则性急，枳壳则性缓，为确当耳。
枳壳花∶《致富全书》云∶“花细而香、闻之破郁结。”急症关下喉痹，嗅其芳香之气有益。
味苦，性微温，无毒。入脾、胃二经。
开心腹之气，逐皮肤之水。
主用与槟榔相仿，但力少缓耳。鸩鸟多集大腹树上，宜以大豆汁多洗，令黑汁去尽，火焙用。
病涉虚者勿用。
一名金铃子。味苦，性寒，有毒。入脾、肺二经。
热厥心痛，腹疼疝气。可杀三虫，能利小便。根微寒。杀诸虫，通大肠。
与延胡索相伍，治心腹痛颇灵。性寒极苦，若脾胃虚寒者忌之。
味辛，性温，无毒。入胃、膀胱二经。
主膀胱冷气攻冲，疗胸腹积停为痛。天行疫瘴宜投，祟犯蛊伤莫废。
辛温芳馥，为下气温中要药。
气虚及血虚者勿用。
Taste: sweet, slightly bitter; Nature: neutral. Meridian tropism: Liver, Stomach.
Regulates Qi and transforms phlegm, unblocks collaterals and dissipates nodules. It can eliminate stagnation and invigorate blood circulation.
Jin Yucheng referred to it as "Ju Si" (Citrus reticulata peel fibers), stating that it is specifically capable of promoting the free flow of stagnant Qi in the collaterals. Zhao Xuemin stated that it expels accumulated phlegm from the interior of the skin and membranes, and invigorates blood circulation.
Taste: bitter; Nature: slightly cold; Non-toxic. Meridian tropism: Lung, Spleen, Stomach, Large Intestine. Stir-fried with flour.
Breaks through the excessive upward-rebellious Qi, eliminates coughing with retained phlegm. Assists the official of transmission and transformation (Large Intestine), resolves water retention causing distension and fullness. Zhi Shi (Immature Bitter Orange, i.e., the smaller fruits of Aurantii Fructus) possesses a swift and vigorous momentum to break accumulations, and a powerful force like crashing walls to drain phlegm. It resolves Shanghan (Cold Damage) Jie Xiong (Chest Binding), and removes urgent epigastric stiffness and fullness.
In ancient times, Zhi Qiao (Aurantii Fructus) and Zhi Shi were not distinguished. Since Dong Yuan, Zhi Qiao was used for upper conditions, while Zhi Shi was used for lower conditions. Hai Zang divided them by function: Zhi Qiao governs Qi, while Zhi Shi governs Blood. However, upon examining their functions, both promote the movement of Qi. Why then must they be distinguished by upper/lower or Qi/Blood? It is accurate to say that Zhi Shi has an urgent nature, while Zhi Qiao has a mild nature.
Zhi Qiao Hua (Flower of Aurantii Fructus): According to "Zhi Fu Quan Shu", "The flowers are fine and fragrant; inhaling them breaks up depression and stagnation." For acute cases of Guan Xia Hou Bi (Guan Ge syndrome affecting the throat), inhaling their fragrant aroma is beneficial.
Taste: bitter; Nature: slightly warm; Non-toxic. Meridian tropism: Spleen, Stomach.
Opens up Qi in the chest and abdomen, drives out water from the skin.
Its main use is similar to Bing Lang (Areca Seed), but its action is slightly milder. Poisonous birds often gather on Da Fu Zi trees; it should be washed thoroughly with soybean juice until the black liquid is completely removed, then dried over fire before use.
It should not be used for conditions involving deficiency.
Also known as Jin Ling Zi. Taste: bitter; Nature: cold; Toxic. Meridian tropism: Spleen, Lung.
Treats heat-jue heart pain, abdominal pain, and hernia. It can kill three types of parasites and promotes urination. The root is slightly cold. It kills various parasites and unblocks the Large Intestine.
When combined with Yan Hu Suo (Corydalis Rhizome), it is very effective for treating heart and abdominal pain. Its nature is extremely cold and bitter; it is contraindicated for those with Spleen-Stomach deficiency-cold.
Taste: pungent; Nature: warm; Non-toxic. Meridian tropism: Stomach, Bladder.
Primarily treats attacking and rushing cold Qi in the Bladder, and alleviates pain caused by accumulation and stagnation in the chest and abdomen. It is suitable for epidemic pestilence, and should not be neglected for injuries caused by malevolent spirits or gu poison.
Pungent and warm with a rich fragrance, it is an essential herb for descending Qi and warming the Middle Jiao.
It should not be used for Qi deficiency or Blood deficiency.