【气味】
甘微苦无毒。空而轻。阳中之阴。升也浮也。
【主治】
目疾。退翳膜。益肝胆。解肌止泪。与麻黄同形同性。亦能散火郁风湿而发汗。
【气味】
甘平无毒。
【主治】
益气轻身。补虚续绝。养肝明目。阴痿能令坚长。女子食之有子。其补益与桑椹同
功。
【气味】
苦酸平无毒。乃足厥阴少阴所主之药。
【主治】
寒湿痿痹。四肢拘挛膝痛不可屈伸。堕胎。男子阴消。老人失溺。妇人月水不通。
补肾填精。逐恶血留结。助十二经脉。壮阳道。大抵得酒则能补肾肝。生用则能去恶血。最
能引诸药下至于足。又云春夏用茎叶。秋冬用根。而叶汁之效尤速。
【气味】
甘平无毒。阳中之阴。入手足少阴厥阴经。
【主治】
益肾镇惊。止阴疟。收湿气。疗多寐泄精。小便自泄。生肌敛疮。盖涩可去脱。龙
骨能收敛浮越之正气。固大肠而镇惊。又主带脉为病。
【气味】
甘微寒无毒。浮而升阳也。入手太阴经而能补阴火。用本脏药相佐使。随所引而相
补一脏入脾亦归其所喜。
【主治】
止渴生津液。安精神。定魂魄。止惊悸。安胃和中。除邪气霍乱吐逆。止消渴。通
血脉。得升麻为引。用补上焦之元气。泻肺中之火。得茯苓为引用。补下焦之元气。泻肾中
之火。得麦门冬则生脉。得干姜则补气。凡人面白面黄面青黧悴者。皆脾肺肾气不足可用也
。面赤面黑者。为气壮神强。不可用也。脉之浮而芤濡虚大迟缓无力。沉而迟涩弱细结代无
力者。皆虚而不足可用也。脉弦长紧实滑数有力者。皆火郁内实不可用也。喘嗽勿用者。谓
痰实气壅。不可用之以益其实也。若肾虚气短而促者急用之。肺寒而咳。则寒束热邪。壅滞
在肺。固宜禁用。若自汗恶寒而咳。中气不调急用之。久病而郁热在肺。则火抑于内。宜发
不宜补。忌用之。若肺虚火旺。气短自汗。非人参为之君。何以补肺之阳。泻肺之阴。诸痛
不可骤用者。乃邪气方锐。宜散而不宜补也。若里虚吐利。及久病胃弱虚痛喜按者。非人参
为之君。何以升中气之阳。降中气之阴。故古人治肺寒以温肺汤。治肺热以清肺汤。治中满
以分消汤。合血虚以养荣汤。皆有人参在焉。所谓邪之所辏。其气必虚。养正则邪自除。阳
旺则阴血生。至理所在。贵于配合得宜。
反（漏芦） 恶（山楂 溲疏卤咸） 忌（铁器）
【气味】
味甘，微苦，无毒。质地中空而轻浮。属于阳中之阴。药性主升、主浮。
【主治】
治疗眼部疾病。消除眼翳膜。补益肝胆。解除肌表之邪并止泪。其形态和性质与麻黄相同，也能疏散火郁、风湿，并能发汗。
【气味】
味甘，平，无毒。
【主治】
益气，使身体轻便。补虚损，接续绝伤。滋养肝脏，明目。对于阳痿能使阴茎坚挺长大。女子服用有助于受孕。其补益功效与桑椹相同。
【气味】
味苦、酸，平，无毒。是足厥阴肝经和足少阴肾经所属的药物。
【主治】
治疗寒湿引起的痿证、痹证。四肢拘挛、膝痛无法屈伸。堕胎（注：此处指古方中用于堕胎或通经，现代需慎用）。男子消渴（阴虚内热导致的消瘦口渴）。老人遗尿。妇人月经不通。补肾填精。驱逐恶血及瘀血结块。助益十二经脉。壮阳道。大抵用酒炮制则能补肝肾，生用则能去除恶血。最能引导其他药物下行至足部。又有说法称春夏用茎叶，秋冬用根，而叶汁的效果尤其迅速。
【气味】
味甘，平，无毒。属于阳中之阴。归入手经和足经的少阴经和厥阴经。
【主治】
益肾，镇惊。治疗阴疟（一种以寒战为主的疟疾）。收摄湿气。治疗多睡、遗精、小便自遗。生肌敛疮。因为涩味可以固脱，龙骨能收敛浮越的正气，固摄大肠并镇惊。又主治带脉相关的疾病。
【气味】
味甘，微寒，无毒。药性浮而升阳。归入手太阴肺经，能补阴火。使用本脏的药物作为辅助和引经药，随着引导而补益一脏，进入脾经也归于其所喜。
【主治】
止渴生津液。安定精神。定魂魄。止惊悸。安胃和中。祛除邪气引起的霍乱、呕吐逆气。止消渴。通血脉。得到升麻作为引经药，可补上焦元气，泻肺中火。得到茯苓作为引用，可补下焦元气，泻肾中火。得到麦门冬则能生脉。得到干姜则能补气。凡是面色白、面黄、面青且憔悴的人，都是脾肺肾气不足，可以使用。面色赤、面黑的人，是气壮神强，不可使用。脉象浮而芤、濡、虚、大、迟缓、无力，沉而迟、涩、弱、细、结代、无力的，都是虚而不足，可以使用。脉象弦长、紧、实、滑、数、有力的，都是火郁内实，不可使用。喘嗽者勿用，是指痰实气壅，不可用它来增加其实邪。如果是肾虚气短而急促者，应急用。肺寒而咳，则是寒束热邪，壅滞在肺，固然应当禁用。如果是自汗、恶寒而咳，中气不调，应急用。久病而郁热在肺，则是火抑于内，宜发散不宜补益，忌用。如果是肺虚火旺，气短自汗，非用人参做君药，怎么能补肺之阳，泻肺之阴？各种疼痛不可骤然使用者，是因为邪气正锐利，宜散不宜补。如果是里虚吐利，以及久病胃弱、虚痛喜按者，非用人参做君药，怎么能升中气之阳，降中气之阴？所以古人治肺寒用温肺汤，治肺热用清肺汤，治中满用分消汤，合血虚用养荣汤，都有人参在其中。所谓邪气聚集之处，正气必然虚弱。养护正气则邪气自然除去。阳气旺盛则阴血生成。这是至理所在，贵在配合得当。
[Flavor and Nature]
Sweet, slightly bitter, non-toxic. Hollow and light in texture. Yin within Yang. Ascending and floating in action.
[Indications]
Treats eye diseases. Eliminates corneal opacity (pterygium). Tonifies the Liver and Gallbladder. Releases the muscle layer and stops tearing. Shares similar morphology and nature with Ephedrae Herba (Mahuang, 麻黄); it can also disperse fire stagnation and wind-dampness, and induce sweating.
[Flavor and Nature]
Sweet, neutral, non-toxic.
[Indications]
Tonifies Qi and lightens the body. Tonifies deficiency and restores severance. Nourishes the Liver and improves vision. For impotence, it promotes firmness and elongation. Women who consume it may conceive. Its tonifying efficacy is equivalent to that of Morus alba Fruit (Sangshen, 桑椹).
[Flavor and Nature]
Bitter, sour, neutral, non-toxic. It is a herb governing the Foot Jueyin Liver Meridian and Foot Shaoyin Kidney Meridian.
[Indications]
Treats flaccidity and bi-syndrome caused by cold-dampness. Limb spasms and knee pain with inability to flex or extend. Induces abortion. Treats male xiaoke (wasting-thirst syndrome). Treats urinary incontinence in the elderly. Treats amenorrhea in women. Tonifies the Kidney and fills essence. Expels evil blood and stagnant clots. Assists the twelve meridians. Strengthens the yang pathway. Generally, processed with wine, it tonifies the Liver and Kidney; raw, it removes evil blood. It is best at guiding other herbs downward to the feet. Another view states that stems and leaves are used in spring and summer, roots in autumn and winter, and the juice of leaves acts especially quickly.
[Flavor and Nature]
Sweet, neutral, non-toxic. Yin within Yang. Enters the Hand and Foot Shaoyin and Jueyin meridians.
[Indications]
Tonifies the Kidney and calms the spirit. Treats yin malaria (malaria characterized mainly by chills). Astringes dampness. Treats hypersomnia, seminal emission, and spontaneous urination. Promotes tissue regeneration and heals sores. Since astringent flavors can treat collapse, Longgu (Dragon Bone) can converge floating and hyperactive Zheng Qi (Upright Qi), secure the Large Intestine, and calm fright. It also treats diseases of the Dai Mai (Girdle Vessel).
[Flavor and Nature]
Sweet, slightly cold, non-toxic. Floating and ascending in action. Enters the Hand Taiyin Lung Meridian and can tonify Yin fire. When used with herbs of the same organ as assistants and guides, it supplements one organ according to its guidance; entering the Spleen meridian, it returns to what it favors.
[Indications]
Stops thirst and generates fluids. Calms the spirit. Stabilizes the Hun and Po. Stops palpitations due to fright. Harmonizes the Stomach and Middle Jiao. Disperses pathogenic factors causing cholera-like vomiting and regurgitation. Stops wasting-thirst syndrome. Unblocks blood vessels. When guided by Cimicifugae Rhizoma (Shengma, 升麻), it tonifies Yuan Qi (Original Qi) of the Upper Jiao and clears Fire from the Lungs. When guided by Poria (Fuling, 茯苓), it tonifies Yuan Qi of the Lower Jiao and clears Fire from the Kidneys. Combined with Ophiopogonis Radix (Maidong, 麦门冬), it generates the pulse. Combined with Zingiberis Rhizoma (Ganjiang, 干姜), it tonifies Qi. Persons with white, yellow, or blue-green complexions appearing haggard have insufficient Qi of the Spleen, Lungs, and Kidneys and can use this herb. Persons with red or black complexions have strong Qi and robust Spirit and should not use it. Pulses that are floating and knotted, wiry, deficient, large, slow, weak, or deep, slow, choppy, thin, intermittent, and forceless indicate deficiency and insufficiency, making them suitable for use. Pulses that are wiry, long, tight, solid, slippery, rapid, and forceful indicate internal Fire stagnation and excess, making them unsuitable for use. Do not use for wheezing and coughing when there is phlegm-heat and Qi obstruction, as it would increase the excess. If there is Kidney deficiency with shortness of breath and urgency, use it urgently. If there is Lung cold with cough, it indicates cold binding heat pathogens obstructing the Lungs, which must be contraindicated. If there is spontaneous sweating, aversion to cold, and cough due to disharmony of Middle Qi, use it urgently. If there is prolonged illness with stagnant Heat in the Lungs, Fire is suppressed internally; dispersal is preferred over tonification, so it is contraindicated. If there is Lung deficiency with Hyperactive Fire, shortness of breath, and spontaneous sweating, without Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma (Renshen, 人参) as the sovereign herb, how can one tonify Lung Yang and clear Lung Yin? For various pains, do not use abruptly when pathogenic factors are acute; dispersal is preferred over tonification. For interior deficiency with vomiting and diarrhea, or prolonged illness with weak Stomach, deficiency-pain relieved by pressure, without Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma (Renshen, 人参) as the sovereign herb, how can one ascend Middle Qi Yang and descend Middle Qi Yin? Therefore, ancients treated Lung cold with Wen Fei Tang (Warm the Lungs Decoction), Lung heat with Qing Fei Tang (Clear the Lungs Decoction), middle fullness with Fen Xiao Tang (Divide and Eliminate Decoction), and blood deficiency with Yang Rong Tang (Nourish the Nutritive Decoction), all containing Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma (Renshen, 人参). Wherever pathogenic factors gather, Zheng Qi (Upright Qi) must be deficient. Nourishing the righteous causes the evil to eliminate naturally. When Yang is vigorous, Yin Blood is generated. This is a fundamental principle, relying on appropriate combination.
Incompatible with: Euphorbiae Humifusae Herba (Loulou, 漏芦)
Averse to: Crataegi Fructus (Shanzha, 山楂), Daphne Genkwa Flower (Sushe, 溲疏), Salty substances (Luxian, 卤咸)
Avoid: Iron utensils