此乃芝麻外壳也。纲目载其苗曰青 ，又有麻枯饼、麻花、麻秸，无麻壳，因补之。
汤火伤 杨春涯验方∶芝麻壳烧存性，研细，遇火伤者，用麻油调搽即愈；倘湿烂，干
掺之
半身不遂 千金不易方∶芝麻壳五钱，酒煎服，出汗即愈。
（四十种 附十八种）
粳粉 甘储酒
一作甘薯，又名朱薯，以其皮有红者也。一名金薯，今俗通呼为番薯、或作番茹，有红
皮、
白皮二色，红皮者，心黄而味甜；白皮者，心白而味淡。南方各省俱植之，沿海及岛中居民
以此代谷。其入药之功用亦广，而诸家本草皆未载，李濒湖特补列纲目中。惜其所言者，惟
补虚乏、益气力、健脾胃、强肾阴而已，他皆未之及焉。乾隆五十一年冬，今上特允阁学侍
郎张若 之请，敕直省广劝栽植甘薯，以为救荒之备。陆中丞耀有甘薯录之辑，所载卫生一
门，实足补李氏所未及，因择录之，以补其遗。陆公原序云∶甘薯，即薯蓣之属，见于陈祈
畅异物志、嵇含南方草木状。中土之有此物，其来旧矣。第不甚贵重，栽植者少。明季有闽
人陈经纶，复自吕宋移其种归，巡抚金公学曾劝民树艺，闽人德之，号为金薯；然自是长乐
谢肇浙、黄州李时珍、新城王象晋，各有论述，皆不及经纶事。而其裔孙世元父子，复为金
薯传习录盛侈其先世传自吕宋之功，一似中国素非所产者，此考证之疏也。夫以一物之微，
足以备荒疗疾，而又不费功力，其为功于民食，实不浅鲜。前任布政使李公渭，尝举以教山
东之民。其性又喜沙土高地，于山海之区，尤属相宜。五杂俎∶百谷之外，有可以当谷者，
芋也、薯蓣也。而闽中有番薯，似山药，而肥白过之，种沙地易生而极蕃衍，饥馑之民，多
赖全活，此物北方亦可种也。群芳谱∶朱薯，一名番薯，大者名玉枕薯，形圆而长，本末皆
锐，皮紫肉白，质理腻润，与芋及薯蓣自有各种气香，生时似桂花，熟者似蔷薇露。扑地缠
生，一茎蔓延数十百茎，节节生根，一亩种数十石，胜种谷二十倍。闽广人以当米谷，有谓
性冷者，非。二、三月及七、八月俱可种，但卵有大小耳。卵八、九月始生，冬至乃止，生
便可食。若未大者，勿顿掘，令居土中，日渐大，到冬至须尽掘出，不则败烂。金氏学曾曰
∶薯传外番，因名番薯。形如王瓜藕臂，如拳如指，如卵如枣，大小不一，实同种别，皮有
紫有白，有深浅红，有浓淡黄，肉亦如之。蒸熟匀腻如脂，甘平益胃，性同薯蓣，海隅人以
供饔飧。蔓延极速，节节有根入地即结，每亩可得数千斤，胜种五谷几倍。徐氏元扈曰∶昔
人谓蔓菁有六利、柿有七绝，予谓甘薯有十二胜，收入多，一也；白色味甘，诸土种中特为
绝，二也；益人与薯蓣同功，三也；遍地传生，剪茎作种，今岁一茎，次年便可种数十亩
，四也；枝叶附地，随节生根，风雨不能侵损，五也；可当米，凶岁不能灾，六也；可充笾
实，七也；可酿酒，八也；干久收藏，屑之旋作饼饵，胜用饧蜜，九也；生熟皆可食，十也
；用地少，易于灌溉，十一也；春夏下种，初冬收入，枝叶极盛，草秽不容，但须壅培，不
用锄耘，不妨农，十二也。陆公薯录有溉、种、藏、制诸法，虽无关于药病，而有济于备荒
，故并录之。种薯宜高地、沙地，起脊尺余，种在脊上，遇旱可汲井浇灌；即遇涝年，若水
退在七月中，气候既不及艺五谷，即可剪藤种薯。至于蝗蝻为害，草禾荡尽，惟薯根在地，
荐食不及，纵令茎叶皆尽，尚能发生。若蝗信到时，急令人发土遍壅，蝗去之后，滋生更易
，是天灾物害皆不能为之损。人家凡有隙地，但只数尺，仰见天日，便可种得石许，此救荒
第一义也。岁前深耕，以大粪壅之，春分后下种。若地非沙土，先用柴灰或牛马粪和土中，
使土脉散缓与沙土同，可行根，重耕起要极深。将薯根每段截三、四寸长，覆土深半寸许，
每株相去纵七、八尺，横二、三尺；俟蔓生既盛，苗长一丈，留二尺作老根，余剪三叶为一
段，插入土中，每栽苗相去一尺，大约二分入土，一分在外，即又生薯，随长随剪随种随生
，蔓延与原种者不异。凡栽薯须顺栽，若倒栽则不生。节在土上则生枝，在土下则生卵。约
各节生根，即从其连缀处断之，令各成根苗，每节可得卵三、五枚。凡藤蔓已遍地不能容者
，即为游藤，宜剪去之，及掘根时卷去藤蔓，俱可饲牛羊豕，或晒干冬月喂，皆能令肥脂。
二、三月种者，每株用地方二步有半，而卵遍焉，每官亩约用薯三十六株；四、五月种者，
地方二步，而卵遍焉，亩约六十株；六月种者，地方一步有半，而卵遍焉，约一百六株有奇
；七月种者，地方三尺以内，得卵细细小矣，亩约九百六十株，种种疏密，略以此准之；九
月畦种，生卵如箸如枣，拟作种，此松江法也。金氏曰∶薯苗入地即活，东西南北，无地不
宜，得沙土高地，结尤多；天时旱涝，俱能有秋。养苗地宜松，耕过须起町，高四、五寸。
春分后，取薯种科置町内，发土薄盖，纵横相去尺许。半月即发芽，日渐蔓延，长一丈或五
、六尺，割七、八寸为一茎，勿割尽，留半寸许，当割处复发，生生不息。若养蔓作苗，须
用稍长尺许，密密栽竖，如养葱蒜法。栽茎使牛耕町，宽二尺许，高五、六寸，将茎斜插町
心，约以七分在町内，三分在町外，町内者结实，町外者滋蔓，每茎相去一尺余，十余日，
町两旁使牛耕开令晒；又七、八日，以粪壅之，乃使牛培土，每町可得薯三、四斤。若雨多
，须将蔓掇町上，毋令浮根匝地，然实结地内。虫不能灾，叶如食尽，亦能复发。早栽宜稀
，晚栽宜密。三、四月栽者，实粗大；七、八月栽者，实细小。秋末实始加大，冬至前当掘
尽，不掘尽，亦不能大。熟时须先割蔓置町下，俟干卷起，冬月锉喂牲畜。若北地早寒，则
迟一个月栽，早一个月掘，宜迟宜早，亦看天气寒暖耳。甘薯疏云∶江南田污下者不宜薯，
若高仰之地，平时种蓝、种豆者，易以种薯，有数倍之获。大江以北，土更高，地更广，即
其利百倍不啻矣。倘虑天旱，则此种亩收十石，数口之家，止种一亩，纵旱甚而汲井灌溉，
一至成熟，终岁足食，又何不可。取种之法，群芳谱云∶九月、十月间掘薯卵近根先生者，
勿令损伤，用软草包裹，挂通风处阴干；一法，于八月中拣近根老藤，剪七、八寸长，每七
、八根作一小束，耕地作畦，将藤束栽如栽韭法，过月余，每条下生小卵如蒜头状，冬月畏
寒，稍用草盖覆，至来春分种；一法，霜降前取近根卵稍坚实者，阴干，以软草作衬，另以
软草裹之，置无风和暖、不近霜雪、不受冰冻处；一法，霜降前收取根藤，晒令干，于灶下
掘窖，约深一尺五、六寸，先用稻糠三、四寸，次置种其上，更加稻糠三、四寸，以土盖之
；一法，七、八月取老藤，种入木筒或磁瓦器中，至霜降前，置草 中，以稻糠衬置向阳近
火处，至春分后，依前法种。金氏曰∶存薯之法不一，在人变通，或存木斛、草囤、瓷瓮、
竹笼中俱可，但性畏寒又畏热，置避风和暖处，用草浮盖，俾通气；若封固，则发热坏烂。
敏∶前在东瓯玉环，见其岛民少谷食，多以茹为粮。彼土有地，率多种茹，土人云，其利十
倍于谷，以茹粮多者为富。其收茹之法，多曝干切条，以竹席围如囤储之，久亦不蛀，用则
以水煮代饭。云食之多力鲜病，盖其味甘，能补脾土故也。金氏曰∶薯初结即可食，味淡多
汁，及时则甜，煨食、煮食、爆食、蒸食、亦可生食，切片晒干，碾作 粥，磨作粉饵
，滚
水灼，可作丸；拌面，可作酒。舂细，水滤去渣，澄晒成粉，其叶可作蔬。范咸台湾府志∶
长而色白者是旧种，圆而黄赤者出自文来国，金姓者携回，故名金薯。 诸罗县志∶他物不
种，必用子、用仁，或原物根芽，独薯不然，取一条片片切之，只留皮一面，种之发根生苗
，亦一异也。
气味甘平无毒，主治补中活血，暖胃肥五脏。白皮白肉者，益肺气生津，中满者不宜多
食，
能壅气。煮时加生姜一片，调中，与姜枣同功。红花煮食，可理脾血，使不外泄。（敏按∶
甘储俗传能发诸病，患痔漏者，愈后食之复发，亦以性能下行而滞气故也。）
痢疾下血 传习录云∶痢疾之起，多因脾胃先虚，而后积滞成痢。其有脾气虚甚，欲健
中焦
者，必宜甘温之药；其有命门不暖，欲实下焦者，必宜纯热之药；至若湿热所致，烦热口燥
，腹痛纯红、小水黄赤以及下血者，用此薯蒸熟，以芍药汤频频嚼服，或薯粉调冬蜜服，亦
愈。
酒积热泻 传习录云∶泄泻之症不一，或水土相乱，并归大肠而泻；或土不制水，清浊
不分
而泻；或小肠受伤，气化无权而泻；或真阴亏损，元阳枯涸而泻者，此皆各从其类治之。若
酒湿入脾，因而飧泄者，用此薯煨热食。
湿热黄胆 黄胆之症有四∶一曰阴黄，由气血败也；一曰表邪发黄，即伤寒症也；一曰
胆黄
，惊恐所致也；更有阳黄一症，或风湿外感，或酒食内伤，因湿成热，因热成黄者，用此薯
煮食，其黄自退。
遗精淋浊 遗精之与淋浊，症有不同，故治亦不同。然大要责在心、脾、肾，故凡遇此
症，
无论有梦无梦，有火无火，或气淋、血淋、膏淋、劳淋，总宜调养心脾，每早晚用此粉调服
，大有奇功。
血虚经乱 妇人血虚，或迟或早，经多不定，故阳虚补其阳，阴虚补其阴，气滞顺其气。
其
有不宜辛燥寒凉而宜于清和者，用此薯饔飧频服，调养其脾，使脾健生化，经期自定。
小儿疳积 疳者，干也。在小儿为五疳，在大人为五劳。其病由于哺食干燥之品，嗜啖
肥浓之物，妄服峻利之药以致津液干涸，延而成疳。此薯最能润燥生津，安神养胃，使常服
之，
甘薯粳 群芳谱云∶造粳，将糯米水浸五七日，以米酸为度，淘净晒干，捣成细粉；看
晴天
，将糯米粉入生水，和作团子如杯口大；即将薯根拭去皮，洗净沙石土，徐徐磨作浆，要极
细，勿搀水；将糯团煮熟，捞入瓶中，用木杖尽力搅作糜，候热得所，大约以可入手为度，
将薯浆倾入，每糯粉三斗，入薯浆一斤，搅极匀；先将干小粉筛平板上，次将糜置粉上，又
着干粉捍薄，晒半干，切如骰子样，晒极干，收藏。用时慢火烧锅令热，下二合许，慢火炒
，少刻渐软，渐发成圆球子，次下白糖、芝麻，或更加香料炒匀，候冷极浮脆。每粳二升，
可炒一斗，芋浆、山药浆俱可作。按此物食之，浓肠胃，健脚力，缩痰涎，解毒活血，甚妙
。
甘薯粉 功同甘薯。造法∶用薯根，粗布拭去皮，水洗净，和水磨细，入水中，淘去浮
渣，
取澄下细粉晒干，同豆粉用。此粉水作丸，与珍珠沙谷米无异。按∶此粉余前在闽中及玉环
俱有，土人造以售客，贩行远方。近日宁波及乍浦多有贩客市粉，价贱于面粉。近日饼饵铺
中，率多买此搀和麦面中，作果饵以售。其粉亦高低不同，有曰净粉，则依前法所造者，滚
水冲之，俨如藕粉，故藕粉店中亦多买此搀和，非有识者莫辨；有曰行粉，则连浮渣一切皆
磨
细和入，只可作饼饵用，其色亦黄而不白。然其又有甜苦二种，沙土细洁者，则其茹作粉甜
；倘先一年种烟，其地次年种茹，则苦涩，人不售之，惟堪作粉，味亦苦矣。但以味甘有清
香，化开色如玉者佳。
甘薯酒 和脾暖胃，止泻益精。造法∶用薯根不拘多少，寸截断，晒干，甑炊熟，取出
揉烂
，入瓶中，用酒药研细搜和按实，中作小坎，候浆到看老，如法下水，用绢袋滤过，或生或
煮熟任用。其入甑寒暖，酒药分两，下水升斗，或用曲 ，或加药物，悉与米酒同法。若造
烧酒，即用薯酒入锅如法滴糟成；头子烧酒即用薯糟造，当用烧酒，亦与酒糟造烧酒同。此
酒福建最多，土人名土瓜酒，烧酒曰土瓜烧，其酒味微带苦，峻烈不醇，不善饮者，食之头
目微有昏眩，亦无大害，闽中绍酒价贵，此酒值廉，土人相率饮此，亦以饷客。
这是芝麻的外壳。《本草纲目》中记载了它的苗叫“青”，还有麻枯饼、麻花、麻秸，但没有记载麻壳，因此在此补充。
烫伤与烧伤：杨春涯的经验方——将芝麻壳烧至存性（保留药性），研成细粉。遇到火伤者，用麻油调和涂抹即可痊愈；如果患处湿烂，则直接干撒粉末。
半身不遂：千金不易方——取芝麻壳五钱，用酒煎煮后服用，出汗后即可痊愈。
（第四十种 附十八种）
粳粉 甘储酒
甘薯，一作甘薯，又名朱薯，因为其皮有红色的缘故。又称金薯，现在民间通常称为番薯，或写作番茹，有红皮和白皮两种颜色。红皮的，芯是黄色的，味道甜；白皮的，芯是白色的，味道淡。南方各省都种植它，沿海及岛屿居民用它代替粮食。它在药用方面的功效也很广泛，但各家本草著作都没有记载，李濒湖（李时珍）特别在《本草纲目》中补列了它。可惜他所论述的，仅限于补虚乏、益气力、健脾胃、强肾阴而已，其他方面都没有涉及。乾隆五十一年冬天，当今皇上特别批准阁学侍郎张若霭的请求，下令各直省广泛劝导种植甘薯，作为救灾备荒的准备。陆中丞耀编纂了《甘薯录》，其中所载的卫生一门，确实足以弥补李氏所未涉及的方面，因此择录其内容，以补充遗漏。陆公的原序说：甘薯，属于薯蓣一类，见于陈祈畅的《异物志》、嵇含的《南方草木状》。中原地区有此物由来已久了。只是它不太贵重，种植的人少。明朝末年，有个福建人陈经纶，又从吕宋引进了品种回来，巡抚金学曾劝告百姓种植，福建人感激他，称之为金薯；然而从此以后长乐谢肇淛、黄州李时珍、新城王象晋，各有论述，都没有提到陈经纶的事迹。而他的裔孙世元父子，又撰写《金薯传习录》极力夸大其祖先从吕宋引进之功，好像中国原本不产此物一样，这是考证上的疏漏。虽然是一种微小的植物，却足以备荒疗疾，而且不费功力，它对民众饮食的贡献，实在不小。前任布政使李渭，曾以此教导山东百姓。这种作物喜欢沙土高地，在海边山区尤其适宜。《五杂俎》说：百谷之外，有可以当粮食的，就是芋头和薯蓣。而福建有一种番薯，形状像山药，但比山药肥白，种在沙地里容易生长且极其繁茂，饥荒年份的百姓，多靠它保全性命，这种作物北方也可以种植。《群芳谱》说：朱薯，一名番薯，大的叫玉枕薯，形状圆而长，两端皆尖，皮紫肉白，质地细腻润滑，与芋头及薯蓣自有各种香气，生时气味像桂花，熟时像蔷薇露。它贴地缠绕生长，一根茎蔓延出数十上百根茎，节节生根，一亩地可种几十石，产量胜过种谷物二十倍。闽广人把它当作米粮，有人说它性冷，这是不对的。二、三月以及七、八月都可以种植，只是薯种有大小之分。薯种八、九月开始生长，到冬至停止生长，生下来就可以吃。如果还没长大的，不要一次性挖出来，让它留在土里，日渐长大，到冬至必须全部挖出，否则就会腐烂变质。金学曾说：薯传入外邦，因此名叫番薯。形状像王瓜、藕臂，有的像拳头，有的像手指，有的像蛋，有的像枣，大小不一，实际上是同一种类不同变种，皮有紫色、白色，有深红、浅红，有浓黄、淡黄，肉质也如此。蒸熟后均匀细腻如脂，味甘性平益胃，性质同薯蓣，海边人用它来做饭。蔓延极快，节节有根入地即结，每亩可得数千斤，胜过种五谷好几倍。徐元扈说：前人认为蔓菁有六利、柿子有七绝，我认为甘薯有十二胜：收入多，这是一；白色味甘，在各种土壤中特别出色，这是二；对人有益与薯蓣功效相同，这是三；遍地传播生长，剪茎做种，今年一株，明年便可种几十亩，这是四；枝叶贴地，随节生根，风雨不能侵损，这是五；可以当米饭，荒年不会受灾，这是六；可以做祭祀供品，这是七；可以酿酒，这是八；干燥长久收藏，磨碎随即做成饼饵，胜过用饴糖蜂蜜，这是九；生熟都可以吃，这是十；占地少，易于灌溉，这是十一；春夏下种，初冬收获，枝叶极茂盛，杂草不容生长，只需培土，不用锄草，不妨碍农事，这是十二。陆公的《薯录》有灌溉、种植、储藏、制作等方法，虽然与治病无关，但对备荒有帮助，所以一并录下。种植薯宜选高地、沙地，起垄高一尺多，种在垄上，遇旱可从井中汲水浇灌；即使遇到涝年，如果七月水退，气候已不适合种五谷，就可以剪藤种薯。至于蝗虫幼虫为害，草禾荡尽，只有薯根在地，荐食不及，纵使茎叶都被吃光，还能重新发芽。如果蝗灾消息传来，急忙让人翻土遍覆，蝗虫去后，滋生更容易，是天灾物害都不能损害它。人家只要有缝隙地，只要几尺见方，仰见天日，就可以种得石许，这是救荒的第一要义。年前深耕，用大粪壅土，春分后下种。如果地不是沙土，先用柴灰或牛马粪和土中，使土质松散缓和与沙土相同，利于根系生长，重耕起垄要极深。将薯根每段截成三、四寸长，覆土深半寸左右，每株相距纵向七、八尺，横向二、三尺；等到藤蔓生长旺盛，苗长一丈，留二尺作老根，其余剪成三叶一段，插入土中，每栽苗相距一尺，大约二分入土，一分在外，就又生薯，随长随剪随种随生，蔓延与原种者无异。凡栽薯须顺栽，如果倒栽则不生。节在土上则生枝，在土下则生薯块。约各节生根，就从其连缀处断开，令各成根苗，每节可得薯块三、五枚。凡藤蔓已遍地不能容纳的，即为游藤，应剪去之，以及掘根时卷去藤蔓，都可喂牛羊猪，或晒干冬天喂，都能使牲畜肥脂。二、三月种的，每株用地二步半，薯块遍布，每官亩约用薯三十六株；四、五月种的，用地二步，薯块遍布，亩约六十株；六月种的，用地一步半，薯块遍布，约一百零六株有余；七月种的，用地三尺以内，得薯细细小小，亩约九百六十株，种种疏密，大致以此为准；九月畦种，生薯如筷子如枣，拟作种，这是松江的方法。金氏说：薯苗入地即活，东西南北，无地不宜，得沙土高地，结薯更多；天时旱涝，俱能有收成。养苗地宜松，耕过须起町，高四、五寸。春分后，取薯种科置町内，发土薄盖，纵横相距尺许。半月即发芽，日渐蔓延，长一丈或五、六尺，割七、八寸为一茎，勿割尽，留半寸许，当割处复发，生生不息。若养蔓作苗，须用稍长尺许，密密栽竖，如养葱蒜法。栽茎使牛耕町，宽二尺许，高五、六寸，将茎斜插町心，约以七分在町内，三分在町外，町内者结实，町外者滋蔓，每茎相距一尺余，十余日，町两旁使牛耕开令晒；又七、八日，以粪壅之，乃使牛培土，每町可得薯三、四斤。若雨多，须将蔓掇町上，毋令浮根匝地，然实结地内。虫不能灾，叶如食尽，亦能复发。早栽宜稀，晚栽宜密。三、四月栽者，实粗大；七、八月栽者，实细小。秋末实始加大，冬至前当掘尽，不掘尽，亦不能大。熟时须先割蔓置町下，俟干卷起，冬月锉喂牲畜。若北地早寒，则迟一个月栽，早一个月掘，宜迟宜早，亦看天气寒暖耳。甘薯疏云：江南田污下者不宜薯，若高仰之地，平时种蓝、种豆者，易以种薯，有数倍之获。大江以北，土更高，地更广，即其利百倍不啻矣。倘虑天旱，则此种亩收十石，数口之家，止种一亩，纵旱甚而汲井灌溉，一至成熟，终岁足食，又何不可。取种之法，群芳谱云：九月、十月间掘薯卵近根先生者，勿令损伤，用软草包裹，挂通风处阴干；一法，于八月中拣近根老藤，剪七、八寸长，每七、八根作一小束，耕地作畦，将藤束栽如栽韭法，过月余，每条下生小卵如蒜头状，冬月畏寒，稍用草盖覆，至来春分种；一法，霜降前取近根卵稍坚实者，阴干，以软草作衬，另以软草裹之，置无风和暖、不近霜雪、不受冰冻处；一法，霜降前收取根藤，晒令干，于灶下掘窖，约深一尺五、六寸，先用稻糠三、四寸，次置种其上，更加稻糠三、四寸，以土盖之；一法，七、八月取老藤，种入木筒或磁瓦器中，至霜降前，置草 中，以稻糠衬置向阳近火处，至春分后，依前法种。金氏曰：存薯之法不一，在人变通，或存木斛、草囤、瓷瓮、竹笼中俱可，但性畏寒又畏热，置避风和暖处，用草浮盖，俾通气；若封固，则发热坏烂。敏：前在东瓯玉环，见其岛民少谷食，多以茹为粮。彼土有地，率多种茹，土人云，其利十倍于谷，以茹粮多者为富。其收茹之法，多曝干切条，以竹席围如囤储之，久亦不蛀，用则以水煮代饭。云食之多力鲜病，盖其味甘，能补脾土故也。金氏曰：薯初结即可食，味淡多汁，及时则甜，煨食、煮食、爆食、蒸食、亦可生食，切片晒干，碾作粥，磨作粉饵，滚水灼，可作丸；拌面，可作酒。舂细，水滤去渣，澄晒成粉，其叶可作蔬。范咸台湾府志：长而色白者是旧种，圆而黄赤者出自文来国，金姓者携回，故名金薯。诸罗县志：他物不种，必用子、用仁，或原物根芽，独薯不然，取一条片片切之，只留皮一面，种之发根生苗，亦一异也。
气味甘平无毒，主治补中活血，暖胃肥五脏。白皮白肉者，益肺气生津，中满者不宜多食，能壅气。煮时加生姜一片，调中，与姜枣同功。红花煮食，可理脾血，使不外泄。（敏按：甘薯俗传能发诸病，患痔漏者，愈后食之复发，亦以性能下行而滞气故也。）
痢疾下血：《传习录》说：痢疾的发生，多因脾胃先虚，而后积滞成痢。其中有脾气虚甚，欲健中焦者，必宜甘温之药；其中有命门不暖，欲实下焦者，必宜纯热之药；至于湿热所致，烦热口燥，腹痛纯红、小便黄赤以及下血者，用此薯蒸熟，以芍药汤频频嚼服，或薯粉调冬蜜服，也能痊愈。
酒积热泻：《传习录》说：泄泻的症状不一，或水土相乱，并归大肠而泻；或土不制水，清浊不分而泻；或小肠受伤，气化无权而泻；或真阴亏损，元阳枯涸而泻者，这些都要各从其类治之。若是酒湿入脾，因而飧泄者，用此薯煨热食。
湿热黄疸：黄疸的症状有四：一是阴黄，由气血败也；一是表邪发黄，即伤寒症也；一是胆黄，惊恐所致也；更有阳黄一症，或风湿外感，或酒食内伤，因湿成热，因热成黄者，用此薯煮食，其黄自退。
遗精淋浊：遗精与淋浊，症状不同，所以治疗也不同。但大体责在心、脾、肾，所以凡遇此症，无论有梦无梦，有火无火，或气淋、血淋、膏淋、劳淋，总宜调养心脾，每早晚用此粉调服，大有奇功。
血虚经乱：妇人血虚，或迟或早，经多不定，所以阳虚补其阳，阴虚补其阴，气滞顺其气。其中有不宜辛燥寒凉而宜于清和者，用此薯餐餐频服，调养其脾，使脾健生化，经期自定。
小儿疳积：疳者，干也。在小儿为五疳，在大人为五劳。其病由于哺食干燥之品，嗜啖肥浓之物，妄服峻利之药以致津液干涸，延而成疳。此薯最能润燥生津，安神养胃，使常服之。
甘薯粳：《群芳谱》说：造粳，将糯米水浸五七日，以米酸为度，淘净晒干，捣成细粉；看晴天，将糯米粉入生水，和作团子如杯口大；即将薯根拭去皮，洗净沙石土，徐徐磨作浆，要极细，勿搀水；将糯团煮熟，捞入瓶中，用木杖尽力搅作糜，候热得所，大约以可入手为度，将薯浆倾入，每糯粉三斗，入薯浆一斤，搅极匀；先将干小粉筛平板上，次将糜置粉上，又着干粉捍薄，晒半干，切如骰子样，晒极干，收藏。用时慢火烧锅令热，下二合许，慢火炒，少刻渐软，渐发成圆球子，次下白糖、芝麻，或更加香料炒匀，候冷极浮脆。每粳二升，可炒一斗，芋浆、山药浆俱可作。按此物食之，浓肠胃，健脚力，缩痰涎，解毒活血，甚妙。
甘薯粉：功效同甘薯。制作方法：用薯根，粗布拭去皮，水洗净，和水磨细，入水中，淘去浮渣，取澄下细粉晒干，同豆粉用。此粉水作丸，与珍珠沙谷米无异。按：此粉我前在闽中及玉环俱有，土人造以售客，贩行远方。近日宁波及乍浦多有贩客市粉，价贱于面粉。近日饼饵铺中，率多买此搀和麦面中，作果饵以售。其粉亦高低不同，有曰净粉，则依前法所造者，滚水冲之，俨如藕粉，故藕粉店中亦多买此搀和，非有识者莫辨；有曰行粉，则连浮渣一切皆磨细和入，只可作饼饵用，其色亦黄而不白。然其又有甜苦二种，沙土细洁者，则其茹作粉甜；倘先一年种烟，其地次年种茹，则苦涩，人不售之，惟堪作粉，味亦苦矣。但以味甘有清香，化开色如玉者佳。
甘薯酒：和脾暖胃，止泻益精。制作方法：用薯根不拘多少，寸截断，晒干，甑炊熟，取出揉烂，入瓶中，用酒药研细搜和按实，中作小坎，候浆到看老，如法下水，用绢袋滤过，或生或煮熟任用。其入甑寒暖，酒药分两，下水升斗，或用曲，或加药物，悉与米酒同法。若造烧酒，即用薯酒入锅如法滴糟成；头子烧酒即用薯糟造，当用烧酒，亦与酒糟造烧酒同。此酒福建最多，土人名土瓜酒，烧酒曰土瓜烧，其酒味微带苦，峻烈不醇，不善饮者，食之头目微有昏眩，亦无大害，闽中绍酒价贵，此酒值廉，土人相率饮此，亦以饷客。
This is the outer shell of sesame seeds. *Bencao Gangmu* (Compendium of Materia Medica) records its seedling as "Qing" (Green), and also mentions "Maku Bing" (Sesame Cake), "Mahua" (Sesame Flower), and "Ma Jie" (Sesame Stalk), but does not record "Ma Ke" (Sesame Shell); therefore, it is supplemented here.
Burns and Scalds: Empirical Formula by Yang Chunya — Burn the sesame shells until they retain their medicinal properties (charred but not ashed), grind into fine powder. For burns, mix with sesame oil and apply; if the wound is moist and ulcerated, sprinkle the dry powder directly.
Hemiplegia: Qianjin Buyi Fang (Thousand Gold Unchanging Formula) — Take five qian of sesame shells, decoct in wine, and take orally. Recovery occurs upon sweating.
(40th Item, with 18 Supplementary Items)
Jing Fen (Rice Flour) Gan Chu Jiu (Sweet Potato Wine)
Sweet potato (*Ipomoea batatas*), also known as Zhu Shu (Red Potato), named so because of its red skin. It is also called Jin Shu (Golden Potato). Currently, it is commonly referred to as Fan Shu or Fan Ru, available in two varieties: red-skinned and white-skinned. The red-skinned variety has a yellow heart and sweet taste; the white-skinned variety has a white heart and bland taste. It is cultivated in all southern provinces, and residents along the coast and on islands use it as a staple food substitute. Its medicinal efficacy is extensive, yet it was unrecorded in various materia medica texts until Li Binhu (Li Shizhen) specifically added it to *Bencao Gangmu*. Unfortunately, his description only covered tonifying deficiency, boosting qi and strength, strengthening the spleen and stomach, and reinforcing kidney yin, omitting other aspects. In the winter of the 51st year of Qianlong, His Majesty graciously approved the request of Zhang Ruoa, Vice Minister of the Secretariat, ordering widespread promotion of sweet potato cultivation across provinces as a reserve for famine relief. Lu Yao compiled *Gan Shu Lu* (Record of Sweet Potatoes); the section on health preservation sufficiently complements Li’s omissions. Thus, excerpts are selected here to fill these gaps. Lord Lu’s original preface states: Sweet potatoes belong to the *Dioscorea* genus, appearing in Chen Qichang’s *Yiwu Zhi* (Records of Exotic Things) and Ji Han’s *Nanfang Caomu Zhuang* (Southern Plants). This crop has existed in central China for a long time but was not highly valued, resulting in few cultivators. In the late Ming Dynasty, a Fujianese man named Chen Jinglun introduced varieties from Luzon. Governor-General Jin Xuezeng encouraged people to plant them, earning gratitude from the Fujianese who named it "Jin Shu." However, subsequent scholars such as Xie Zhaozhe of Changle, Li Shizhen of Huangzhou, and Wang Xiangjin of Xincheng wrote about it without mentioning Chen Jinglun’s contribution. Later, Chen’s descendant Chen Shiyuan and his son wrote *Jin Shu Chuanxi Lu*, exaggerating their ancestor's role as if the crop were unknown in China, which is a historical oversight. Despite being a minor plant, it suffices for famine relief and treating diseases without great effort, contributing significantly to public sustenance. Former Provincial Administration Commissioner Li Wei taught this to the people of Shandong. The crop prefers sandy, elevated land, making it suitable for coastal and mountainous areas. *Wuzazu* notes: Among grains, taro and *Dioscorea* can serve as staples. Fujian’s sweet potato resembles *Dioscorea* but is fatter and whiter, thriving easily in sand with high yield, saving many lives during famines; it can also be grown in the north. *Qunfang Pu* states: Zhu Shu, or Fan Shu, includes large varieties called Yuzhen Shu, round and long with pointed ends, purple skin, white flesh, smooth texture, and distinct aromas resembling osmanthus when raw and rose water when cooked. It grows creeping along the ground, with stems rooting at nodes; one mu can yield dozens of shi, twenty times that of grain. People in Fujian and Guangdong eat it as rice. Some claim it is cold in nature, which is incorrect. Planting can occur in February-March or July-August, differing only in tuber size. Tubers grow from August-September until Winter Solstice; they are edible fresh. Do not harvest immature tubers prematurely; leave them in soil to enlarge, harvesting fully by Winter Solstice to prevent rot. Jin Xuezeng said: Introduced from foreign lands, hence "Fan Shu." Shapes vary like melons, lotus roots, fists, fingers, eggs, or dates, though biologically similar. Skins range from purple, white, deep red, light red, to yellow; flesh matches. Steamed, it is smooth and fatty, sweet and neutral, benefiting the stomach, similar to *Dioscorea*. Coastal people use it for meals. It spreads rapidly, rooting at nodes, yielding thousands of jin per mu, far exceeding grain yields. Xu Yuanhu stated: Predecessors praised turnips for six benefits and persimmons for seven excellences; I argue sweet potatoes have twelve advantages: high yield (1); sweet white flesh suits all soils (2); benefits comparable to *Dioscorea* (3); vegetative propagation allows one stem to propagate dozens of mu next year (4); leaves touch ground and root, resisting wind and rain damage (5); serves as rice, protecting against famine (6); usable for offerings (7); fermentable into wine (8); storable dry, processed into cakes superior to honey-sweetened ones (9); edible raw or cooked (10); low land/water requirement (11); planted spring/summer, harvested early winter, suppresses weeds, requires no weeding, non-interfering with farming (12). Lu’s *Shu Lu* details irrigation, planting, storage, and processing methods. Though unrelated to direct medicine, it aids famine preparedness, so recorded here. Plant on high, sandy ridges over one chi high; irrigate from wells if dry. If floods recede by mid-July and grain season is lost, plant vines instead. Even if locusts destroy foliage, roots survive and regrow. Upon locust threat, cover soil thoroughly; regrowth is easier afterward, proving immune to natural disasters. Any small plot facing sun can yield sufficient food; this is the primary method for famine relief. Deep plow before year-end, fertilize heavily, plant after Spring Equinox. If not sandy soil, mix with wood ash or manure to loosen texture for root growth; plow deeply. Cut roots into 3-4 cun segments, cover with half-cun soil. Spacing: longitudinal 7-8 chi, transverse 2-3 chi. When vines grow vigorous (one zhang tall), keep two chi as old root, cut remaining sections with three leaves each, insert into soil one chi apart (two parts buried, one part exposed). New tubers form continuously. Plant upright; inverted planting fails. Nodes above ground produce branches; below ground produce tubers. Separate rooted nodes to form individual plants, yielding 3-5 tubers per node. Remove excessive trailing vines ("you teng") to feed livestock or dry for winter feed, promoting fattening. Planting density varies by month: Feb-Mar (2.5 bu/plant, ~36 plants/mu); Apr-May (2 bu/plant, ~60 plants/mu); Jun (1.5 bu/plant, ~106 plants/mu); Jul (<3 chi/plant, ~960 plants/mu, small tubers); Sep (Songjiang method, stick-sized tubers for seed). Jin noted: Vines root immediately, suitable everywhere, especially sandy highs; resilient to drought/floods. Seedbeds should be loose, ridged 4-5 cun high. After Spring Equinox, place seed tubers, cover lightly, spacing one chi. Sprouts appear in half a month, growing one zhang or 5-6 chi. Cut 7-8 cun sections, leaving half-cun stubble for regeneration. For vine cultivation, plant longer stems densely like scallions. Plow beds 2 chi wide, 5-6 cun high. Insert stems diagonally (70% in bed, 30% out); inner part forms tubers, outer part grows vines. Spacing one chi. Plow sides after 10 days to aerate; fertilize after 7-8 days; mound soil. Yield 3-4 jin per bed. In heavy rain, lift vines off ground to prevent floating roots, though tubers form underground. Insects cannot harm; leaves regenerate if eaten. Early planting sparse, late planting dense. Mar-Apr planting yields large tubers; Jul-Aug yields small. Tubers enlarge until Winter Solstice; harvest completely then. Cut vines first, dry, store for winter animal feed. In northern cold climates, delay planting/harvest by one month based on weather. *Gan Shu Shu* advises: Low, muddy fields in Jiangnan are unsuitable; replace indigo/bean crops on highlands for multi-fold returns. North of the Yangtze offers even greater benefits. If drought is feared, one mu yields ten shi; a family of four needs only one mu, ensuring annual food security even with well irrigation. Seed selection methods (*Qunfang Pu*): Dig mature tubers near roots in Sept-Oct, wrap in soft grass, air-dry in shade. Alternative: Select old vines near roots in Aug, cut 7-8 cun, bundle 7-8, plant like leeks; small tubers form like garlic bulbs; cover with grass in winter, plant at Spring Equinox. Alternative: Before Frost Descent, select firm tubers, dry in shade, wrap in grass, store in warm, draft-free, frost-free place. Alternative: Dry vines before Frost Descent, dig pit under stove 1.5-1.6 chi deep, layer with rice husks and seeds, cover with soil. Alternative: Plant old vines in wooden/ceramic containers before Frost Descent, cover with grass, place near fire/south-facing, plant in spring. Jin stated: Storage methods vary (wooden bins, straw piles, ceramic jars, bamboo cages); protect from cold/heat, keep ventilated with grass cover; sealing causes heating and rot. Min observed in Yuhuan, Dong’ou: Islanders lacking grain used sweet potatoes as staple. Locals claimed profit was ten times that of grain; wealth measured by potato stores. Harvest method: Sun-dry, cut strips, store in bamboo mat enclosures; resistant to pests; boil as rice substitute. Eaten for strength and health due to sweet flavor nourishing Spleen Earth. Jin stated: Freshly harvested potatoes are bland/juicy; later become sweet. Edible roasted, boiled, popped, steamed, or raw. Sliced/dried for porridge/flour; boiled for pills; mixed with flour for wine. Pounded, filtered, dried into powder; leaves edible as vegetables. *Taizhou Fu Zhi*: Long white ones are old varieties; round yellow-red ones came from Vietnam via a surnamed Jin person, hence "Jin Shu." *Zhuluo County Gazetteer*: Unlike other crops requiring seeds/kernels/roots, sweet potatoes are propagated by cutting a strip, keeping only one side of skin, planting to sprout roots/shoots—a unique trait.
Flavor/Nature: Sweet, neutral, non-toxic. Indications: Tonifies middle jiao, invigorates blood, warms stomach, nourishes five zang organs. White-skinned/white-fleshed varieties benefit lung qi and generate fluids; those with abdominal fullness should avoid excess consumption as it may obstruct qi. Add ginger slice when boiling to harmonize middle jiao, equivalent to ginger-date combination. Boil with red flower to regulate spleen blood and prevent leakage. (Min’s note: Folklore claims sweet potatoes trigger various diseases; hemorrhoid/fistula patients relapse after eating, likely due to its downward-draining nature causing qi stagnation.)
Dysentery with Blood: *Chuanxi Lu* states: Dysentery often arises from initial Spleen/Stomach deficiency leading to accumulation/stagnation. For severe Spleen qi deficiency seeking to strengthen middle jiao, sweet-warm herbs are needed; for weak Mingmen fire seeking to solidify lower jiao, pure-hot herbs are needed. For damp-heat cases with irritability, dry mouth, pure red abdominal pain, yellow-red urine, and bleeding: steam sweet potato, chew frequently with Shaoyao Tang (Peony Decoction), or mix potato powder with winter honey; both cure.
Alcohol Accumulation Heat Diarrhea: *Chuanxi Lu* states: Diarrhea types vary: water/earth chaos affecting Large Intestine; earth failing to control water causing turbidity; Small Intestine injury impairing qi transformation; True Yin depletion causing Yuan Yang drying. Treat according to pattern. For alcohol-dampness entering Spleen causing undigested stool diarrhea: roast sweet potato hot and eat.
Damp-Heat Jaundice: Four types of jaundice: 1. Yin Jaundice (blood/qi failure); 2. Exterior Pathogen Jaundice (Shaoyang/Taiyang syndrome); 3. Gallbladder Jaundice (fright/terror); 4. Yang Jaundice (wind-damp exterior or alcohol-food interior injury, damp turning to heat turning to yellow). Eat boiled sweet potato to resolve yellowing.
Nocturnal Emission and Turbid Urination: Symptoms differ, treatments differ. Root cause involves Heart, Spleen, Kidney. Regardless of dream/no-dream, heat/no-heat, or type of strangury (Qi, Blood, Grease, Labor), always nourish Heart/Spleen. Take potato powder morning/evening; remarkable efficacy.
Blood Deficiency Menstrual Irregularity: Women with blood deficiency have irregular cycles (early/late/heavy). Tonify yang if yang deficient, yin if yin deficient, move qi if stagnant. For cases unsuitable for pungent-dry/cold-cool herbs, preferring clear-harmonizing approaches: consume sweet potato regularly to nourish Spleen, enabling healthy transformation/transportation, regulating cycle naturally.
Pediatric Malnutrition (Gan Syndrome): "Gan" means dryness. Five types in children, five labors in adults. Caused by dry foods, rich/greasy diet, harsh purgatives depleting fluids. Sweet potato moistens dryness, generates fluids, calms spirit, nourishes stomach; regular use helps.
Gan Shu Jing (Sweet Potato Rice Crisp): *Qunfang Pu* method: Soak glutinous rice 5-7 days until sour, wash, dry, grind to fine powder. On sunny day, mix powder with cold water into cup-sized dough balls. Peel sweet potato roots, wash, grind to very fine slurry (no water). Cook dough balls, put in jar, stir vigorously into paste while hot (hand-tolerable temp). Add potato slurry: 3 dou glutinous powder to 1 jin potato slurry, mix well. Sieve dry small powder onto board, spread paste on powder, roll thin with dry powder, semi-dry, cut dice-sized, dry completely, store. To cook: heat pot slowly, add 2 he, fry slowly until soft/expanding into balls, add sugar/sesame/spices, cool until crisp. 2 sheng Jing yields 1 dou fried product. Taro/yam slurries work too. Effects: Thickens intestines/stomach, strengthens legs, reduces phlegm, detoxifies, invigorates blood. Excellent.
Sweet Potato Powder: Same efficacy as sweet potato. Method: Wipe roots with coarse cloth, wash, grind with water, sieve in water to remove floating dregs, collect settled fine powder, dry. Use with bean flour. Made into pills with water, indistinguishable from pearl millet. Note: Available in Fujian/Yuhuan, made locally for sale/trade. Ningbo/Zhapu merchants buy cheaply. Bakeries mix with wheat flour for pastries. Quality varies: "Pure Powder" (made properly, dissolves like lotus root starch, bought by lotus shops); "Market Powder" (includes dregs, yellow, only for pastries). Sweet/bitter varieties depend on soil: sandy/clean soil yields sweet powder; land previously smoked tobacco yields bitter/astringent powder (unsold for food, only for powder). Best is sweet, fragrant, dissolving to jade-white color.
Sweet Potato Wine: Harmonizes spleen, warms stomach, stops diarrhea, benefits essence. Method: Cut roots arbitrarily, dry, steam until cooked, mash, pack in jar with yeast powder, press firm, make depression in center. Wait for liquid to rise, check maturity, add water as needed, filter through silk bag. Drink raw or cooked. Temperature, yeast amount, water volume, starter type match rice wine methods. For distilled liquor (Baijiu), distill potato wine residue; head spirits made from potato dregs same as grain dregs. Most common in Fujian, called "Tu Gua Jiu" (Earth Melon Wine), distilled "Tu Gua Shao." Slightly bitter, strong/pure, may cause mild dizziness in non-drinkers but harmless. Cheaper than Shaoxing wine, locals drink it and offer guests.