（《纲目》）
【集解】时珍曰∶按∶宋祁《益州方物记》云∶天师栗，惟西蜀青城山中有之，他处无
有也。云张天师学道于此所遗，故名。似栗而味美，惟独房若橡为异耳。今武当山所卖娑罗
子，恐即此物也。
【气味】甘，温，无毒。
【主治】久食，已风挛（时珍。出《益州记》）。
（《本经》上品）
【释名】时珍曰∶按陆佃《埤雅》云∶大曰枣，小曰棘。棘，酸枣也。枣性高，故重 ；
棘性低，故并 。 音次。枣、棘皆有刺针，会意也。
【集解】《别录》曰∶枣生河东平泽。
弘景曰∶世传河东猗氏县枣特异。今青州出者形大而核细，多膏甚甜。郁州互市者亦好
，小不及耳。江东临沂、金城枣形大而虚，少脂，好者亦可用之。南枣大恶，不堪啖。
颂曰∶近北州郡皆出枣，惟青州之种特佳。晋州、绛州者虽大，而不及青州肉浓也。江
南出者，坚燥少脂。今园圃种莳者，其种甚多。美者有水菱枣、御枣之类，皆不堪入药，盖
肌肉轻虚故也。南郡人煮而曝干，皮薄而皱，味更甘于他枣，谓之天蒸枣，亦不入药。按∶
郭璞注《尔雅》云∶壶枣大而锐，壶犹瓠也。边，腰枣也，细腰，今谓之辘轳枣。 ，白枣
也，子白乃熟。洗，大枣，也，出河东猗氏县，大如鸡卵。遵，羊枣也，实小紫黑，俗名羊
矢枣。 ，酸枣也，木小而实酢。还味， 枣也，其味短。蹶泄，苦枣也，其味苦。晰，无
实枣也。
宗 曰∶大枣先青州，次晋州，皆可晒曝入药，益脾胃。余者止可充食用耳。青州人以
枣去皮核，焙干为枣圈，以为奇果。有御枣，甘美轻脆，后众枣熟而易生虫，今人所谓扑落
酥者是也。又有牙枣，先众枣熟，亦甘美，微酸而尖长。二枣皆可啖，不堪收曝。
时珍曰∶枣木赤心有刺。四月生小叶，尖觥光泽。五月开小花，白色微青。南北皆有，
惟青、晋所出者肥大甘美，入药为良。其类甚繁，《尔雅》所载之外，郭义恭《广志》有狗
牙、鸡心、牛头、羊矢、猕猴、细腰、赤心、三星、骈白之名，又有木枣、氐枣、桂枣、夕
枣、灌枣、墟枣、蒸枣、白枣、丹枣、棠枣，及安邑、信都诸枣。谷城紫枣长二寸，羊角枣
长三寸。密云所出小枣，脆润核细，味亦甘美，皆可充果食，不堪入药。入药须用青州及晋
地晒干大枣为良。按∶贾思勰《齐民要术》云∶凡枣全赤时，日日撼而收曝，则红皱。若半
赤收者，肉未充满，干即色黄而皮皱，将赤收者，味亦不佳。《食经》作干枣法∶须治净地，
铺菰箔之类承枣，日晒夜露，择去胖烂，曝干收之。切而晒干者为枣脯。煮熟榨出者为枣膏，
亦曰枣瓤。蒸熟者为胶枣，加以糖、蜜拌蒸则更甜；以麻油叶同蒸，则色更润泽。捣胶枣晒
干者为枣油，其法取红软干枣入釜，以水仅淹平，煮沸漉出，砂盆研细，生布绞取汁，涂盘
上晒干，其形如油，以手摩刮为末收之。每以一匙，投汤碗中，酸甜味足，即成美浆，用和
米，最止饥渴、益脾胃也。卢谌《祭法》云∶春祀用枣油。即此。
生枣
【气味】甘、辛，热，无毒。多食令人寒热。凡羸瘦者不可食。
思邈曰∶多食令人热渴膨胀，动脏腑，损脾元，助湿热。
大枣
【释名】干枣（《别录》）、美枣（《别录》）、良枣。
《别录》曰∶八月采，曝干。
瑞曰∶此即晒干大枣也。味最良美，故宜入药。今人亦有用胶枣之肥大者。
【气味】甘，平，无毒。
思邈曰∶甘、辛，热，滑，无毒。
杲曰∶温。
大明曰∶有齿病、疳病、虫 人不宜啖枣，小儿尤不宜食。又忌与葱同食，令人五
脏不和；与鱼同食，令人腰腹痛。
时珍曰∶今人蒸枣多用糖、蜜拌过，久食最损脾、助湿热也。啖枣多，令人齿黄生
。故嵇康《养生论》云∶齿处晋而黄，虱处头而黑。
【主治】心腹邪气，安中，养脾气，平胃气，通九窍，助十二经，补少气、少津液、身
中不足，大惊四肢重，和百药。久服轻身延年（《本经》。宗 曰∶（煮取肉，和脾胃药甚佳）。
补中益气，坚志强力，除烦闷，疗心下悬，除肠 。久服不饥神仙（《别录》）。
润心肺，止嗽，补五脏，治虚损，除肠胃癖气。和光粉烧，治疳痢（大明）。小儿患秋
痢，与蛀枣食之良（孟诜）。杀乌头、附子、天雄毒（之才）。和阴阳，调营卫，生津液（李
杲）。
【发明】弘景曰∶道家方药，以枣为佳饵。其皮利，肉补虚，所以合汤皆擘之也。
杲曰∶大枣气味俱浓，阳也。温以补不足，甘以缓阴血。
成无己曰∶邪在营卫者，辛甘以解之。故用姜、枣以和营卫，生发脾胃升腾之气。张仲
景治奔豚，用大枣滋脾土以平肾气也。治水饮胁痛有十枣汤，益土而胜水也。
震亨曰∶枣属土而有火，味甘性缓。甘先入脾，补脾者未尝用甘。故今人食甘多者，脾
必受病也。时珍曰∶《素问》言∶枣为脾之果，脾病宜食之。谓治病和药，枣为脾经血分药
也。若无故频食，则生虫损齿，贻害多矣。按∶王好古云∶中满者勿食甘，甘令人满。故张
仲景建中汤心下痞者，减饧、枣，与甘草同例，此得用枣之方矣。又按∶许叔微《本事方》
云∶一妇病脏燥悲泣不止，祈祷备至。予忆古方治此证用大枣汤，遂治，与服尽剂而愈。古
人识病治方，妙绝如此。又陈自明《妇人良方》云∶程虎卿内人妊娠四、五个月，遇昼则惨
戚悲伤，泪下数欠，如有所凭，医巫兼治皆无益。管伯周说∶先人曾语此，治须大枣汤乃愈。
虎卿借方治药，一投而愈。方见下条。又《摘玄方》治此证，用红枣烧存性，酒服三钱，亦
大枣汤变法也。
【附方】旧七，新十二。
调和胃气∶以干枣去核，缓火逼燥为末。量多少入少生姜末，白汤点服。调和胃气甚良。
（《衍义》）。
反胃吐食∶大枣一枚去核，用斑蝥一枚去头翅，入在内，煨熟去蝥，空心食之，白汤下
良。
小肠气痛∶大枣一枚去核，用斑蝥一枚去头、足、翅，入枣内，纸包煨熟，去蝥食枣，
以桂心、荜澄茄汤下。（《直指》）。
伤寒热病后，口干咽痛，喜唾∶大枣二十枚，乌梅十枚，捣入蜜丸。
含如杏核大，咽汁甚效。（《千金方》）。
妇人脏燥，悲伤欲哭，象若神灵，数欠者，大枣汤主之∶大枣十枚，小麦一升，甘草二
两，每服一两，水煎服之。亦补脾气。（《金匮》）。
妊娠腹痛∶大红枣十四枚，烧焦为末，以小便服之。（《梅师》）。
大便燥塞∶大枣一枚去核，入轻粉半钱缚定，煨熟食之，仍以枣汤送下。（《直指》）。
咒枣治疟∶执枣一枚，咒曰∶吾有枣一枚，一心归大道。优他或优降，或劈火烧之。念
七遍，吹枣上，与病患食之，即愈。（《 嵝神书》）。
烦闷不眠∶大枣十四枚，葱白七茎，水三升，煮一升，顿服。（《千金》）。
上气咳嗽，治伤中筋脉急，上气咳嗽者∶用枣二十枚去核，以酥四两微火煎，入枣肉中
泣尽酥，取收之。常含一枚，微微咽之取瘥。（《圣惠方》）。
肺疽吐血，因啖辛辣，热物致伤者∶用红枣（连核烧存性）、百药煎（ 过）等分为末。
每服二钱，米饮下。（《三因》）。
耳聋鼻塞，不闻音声、香臭者∶取大枣十五枚（去皮核），蓖麻子三百枚（去皮），和捣。
绵裹塞耳、鼻，日一度。三十余日，闻声及香臭也。先治耳，后治鼻，不可并塞。（孟诜《食
疗》）。
久服香身∶用大枣肉和桂心、白瓜仁、松树皮为丸，久服之。（《食疗本草》）。
走马牙疳∶新枣肉一枚，同黄柏烧焦为末。油和敷之。若加砒少许更妙。（王氏《博济》）。
诸疮久坏不愈者。枣膏三升，煎水频洗，取愈。（《千金》）。
痔疮疼痛∶大肥枣一枚剥去皮，取水银掌中，以唾研令极熟，敷枣瓤上，纳入下部良。
（《外台》）。
下部虫痒∶蒸大枣取膏，以水银和捻，长三寸，以绵裹，夜纳下部中，明日虫皆出也。
（《肘后》）。
卒急心疼∶《海上方》诀云∶一个乌梅二个枣，七枚杏仁一处捣。男酒女醋送下之，不
害心疼直到老。
食椒闭气∶京枣食之即解也。（《百一选方》）。
三岁陈枣核中仁
【气味】燔之，苦，平，无毒。
【主治】腹痛邪气（《别录》）。恶气卒疰忤（孟诜）。核烧研，掺胫疮良（时珍）。
【发明】时珍曰∶按∶《刘根别传》云∶道士陈孜如痴人，江夏袁仲阳敬事之。
孜曰∶今春当有疾，可服枣核中仁二十七枚。后果大病，服之而愈。又云∶常服枣仁，
百邪不复干也。仲阳服之有效，则枣果有治邪之说矣。又《道书》云∶常含枣核治气，令口
行津液，咽之佳。谢承《后汉书》亦云∶孟节能含枣核，不食可至十年也。此皆藉枣以生津
受气，而咽之又能达黄宫，以交离坎之义耳。
叶
【气味】甘，温，微毒。《别录》曰∶散服使人瘦，久则呕吐。
【主治】覆麻黄，能令出汗（《本经》）。和葛粉，揩热痱疮，良（《别录》）。治小儿壮
热，煎汤浴之（大明）。
【附方】新二。
小儿伤寒∶五日以后热不退。用枣叶半握，麻黄半两，葱白、豆豉各一合，童子小便二
钟，煎一钟，分二服，取汗。（《总录》）
反胃呕哕∶干枣叶一两，藿香半两，丁香二钱半，每服二钱，姜三片，水一盏煎服。（
《圣惠方》）。
木心
【气味】甘，涩，温，有小毒。
【主治】中蛊腹痛，面目青黄，淋露骨立。锉取一斛，水淹三寸，煮至二斗澄清，煎
五升。旦服五合，取吐即愈。又煎红水服之，能通经脉。（时珍，出《短剧方》）。
根
【主治】小儿赤丹从脚趺起，煎汤频浴之。（时珍，出《千金》）。
【附方】旧一。
令发易长∶取东行枣根三尺，横安甑上蒸之，两头汗出，收取敷发，即易长。（《圣惠
方》）。
皮
【主治】同老桑树皮，并取北向者，等分，烧研。每用一合，井水煎，澄取清，洗目。
一月三洗，昏者复明。忌荤、酒、房事（时珍）。
（《本草纲目》）
【集解】李时珍说：查阅宋祁的《益州方物记》记载：天师栗，只有四川青城山中有生长，其他地方没有。传说是张天师在此修道时所遗留，因此得名。它的形状像栗子但味道更美味，只是只有一个果房，像橡子一样，这是它与其他栗子不同的地方。现在武当山出售的娑罗子，恐怕就是这种植物。
【气味】味甘，性温，无毒。
【主治】长期食用，可以治愈风邪引起的筋脉拘挛（李时珍引自《益州记》）。
【释名】李时珍说：查阅陆佃的《埤雅》记载：大的叫枣，小的叫棘。棘，就是酸枣。枣树生长高大，所以称为“枣”；棘树生长低矮，所以称为“棘”。并（bìng）音同次。枣和棘都有刺针，属于会意字。
【集解】《名医别录》说：枣生长在河东地区的平原沼泽地带。
陶弘景说：世间传说河东猗氏县的枣特别优异。现在青州出产的枣形体大且核小，汁液多而且非常甜。郁州通过互市交易的枣也很好，只是个头稍小一些。江东临沂、金城产的枣形体大但果肉空虚，油脂少，好的也可以食用。南方的枣质量很差，不堪食用。
苏颂说：靠近北方的州郡都产枣，只有青州的品种特别好。晋州、绛州产的枣虽然个头大，但不如青州枣肉质浓密。江南出产的枣，质地坚硬干燥且少油脂。现在园林中种植的枣，品种非常多。美味的有水菱枣、御枣等，但都不适合入药，因为果肉轻虚的缘故。南郡人将枣煮后晒干，皮薄而皱，味道比其他枣更甘甜，称为天蒸枣，也不适合入药。按：郭璞注释《尔雅》说：壶枣大而尖，壶就像瓠瓜。边，指腰枣，细腰的，现在称为辘轳枣。 ，指白枣，果实变白才成熟。洗，指大枣， 也，产于河东猗氏县，大如鸡蛋。遵，指羊枣，果实小且紫黑色，俗名叫羊矢枣。 ，指酸枣，树木小而果实酸。还味， 枣，味道短暂。蹶泄，指苦枣，味道苦。晰，指无实枣。
寇宗奭说：大枣以青州产的为首选，其次是晋州产的，都可以晒干入药，能补益脾胃。其他的只适合充饥食用。青州人将枣去皮去核，焙干制成枣圈，作为奇异的果品。有御枣，甘甜美味且轻脆，在其他枣成熟后容易生虫，就是现在人们所说的扑落酥。还有牙枣，比其他枣先成熟，也甘甜美味，微酸且尖长。这两种枣都可以食用，但不适合晒干收藏。
李时珍说：枣木心红且有刺。四月生出小叶，尖端弯曲有光泽。五月开小花，白色微青。南北各地都有，只有青州、晋州出产的肥大甘美，入药效果最好。枣的种类很多，除了《尔雅》记载的外，郭义恭《广志》中有狗牙、鸡心、牛头、羊矢、猕猴、细腰、赤心、三星、骈白等名称，还有木枣、氐枣、桂枣、夕枣、灌枣、墟枣、蒸枣、白枣、丹枣、棠枣，以及安邑、信都等地的枣。谷城紫枣长二寸，羊角枣长三寸。密云出产的小枣，脆润核小，味道也甘美，都可以作为水果食用，不适合入药。入药必须使用青州及晋地晒干的优质大枣。按：贾思勰《齐民要术》说：凡是枣完全变红时，每天摇动并采收晾晒，就会变成红皱状。如果半红时采收，果肉未充实，晒干后颜色发黄且皮皱；刚变红时采收，味道也不好。《食经》制作干枣的方法：需要打扫干净地面，铺上菰席之类承接枣，日晒夜露，挑去腐烂的，晒干收藏。切开后晒干的是枣脯。煮熟榨出的是枣膏，也叫枣瓤。蒸熟的是胶枣，加入糖、蜜拌合蒸制则更甜；用麻油叶同蒸，颜色更加润泽。捣碎胶枣晒干的是枣油，其方法是取红软干枣放入锅中，加水刚好淹没，煮沸后捞出，在砂盆中研细，用生布绞取汁液，涂在盘上晒干，形状像油，用手搓刮成粉末收藏。每次取一匙，投入汤碗中，酸甜味足，即成为美味浆液，用来调和米粥，最能止饥渴、益脾胃。卢谌《祭法》说：春祭使用枣油。就是这个意思。
生枣
【气味】味甘、辛，性热，无毒。多吃会引起寒热病。凡是身体瘦弱的人不可食用。
孙思邈说：多吃令人燥热口渴、腹部胀满，扰动脏腑，损伤脾元，助长湿热。
大枣
【释名】干枣（《名医别录》）、美枣（《名医别录》）、良枣。
《名医别录》说：八月采集，晒干。
李瑞说：这就是晒干的大枣。味道最优良美好，所以适宜入药。现在也有人使用肥大的胶枣。
【气味】味甘，性平，无毒。
孙思邈说：味甘、辛，性热，滑利，无毒。
李杲说：性温。
马志说：有牙齿疾病、疳积病、寄生虫病的人不宜吃枣，小儿尤其不宜食用。又忌与葱同食，使人五脏不和；与鱼同食，使人腰腹疼痛。
李时珍说：现在人蒸枣多用糖、蜜拌过，长期食用最伤脾、助湿热。吃枣过多，使人牙齿发黄、滋生虫蛀。所以嵇康《养生论》说：住在晋地牙齿黄，虱子生在头上黑。
【主治】治疗心腹部的邪气，安定中焦，滋养脾气，调和胃气，通利九窍，辅助十二经脉，补充元气不足、津液缺乏、身体虚弱，治疗因大惊导致的四肢沉重，调和各种药物。长期服用可轻身延年（《神农本草经》。寇宗奭说：煮取枣肉，配合调理脾胃的药物非常好）。补中益气，坚定意志增强体力，消除烦闷，治疗心中悬痛，消除肠中寄生虫。长期服用不饥饿，如同神仙（《名医别录》）。滋润心肺，止咳，补益五脏，治疗虚损，消除肠胃中的癖积之气。与光粉烧研混合，治疗小儿疳痢（马志）。小儿患秋季痢疾，食用蛀过的枣效果好（孟诜）。能解除乌头、附子、天雄的毒性（徐之才）。调和阴阳，调理营卫，生津液（李杲）。
【发明】陶弘景说：道家方药中，枣是最好的饵剂。枣皮有利的作用，枣肉能补虚，所以合汤药时都要掰开。
李杲说：大枣气味浓厚，属阳。温性能补不足，甘性能缓阴血。
成无己说：邪气在营卫之间的，用辛甘之品来解散。所以用姜、枣来调和营卫，生发脾胃升腾之气。张仲景治疗奔豚病，用大枣滋培脾土以平抑肾气。治疗水饮胁痛有十枣汤，是通过益土来胜水。
朱震亨说：枣属土而有火性，味甘性缓。甘味先入脾，补脾者未曾不用甘味。所以现在人吃甘味多的，脾一定受病。李时珍说：《素问》说：枣是脾的果实，脾病适宜食用。说的是治病和药时，枣是脾经血分的药。如果无缘无故频繁食用，则会生虫损齿，带来很多危害。按：王好古说：中满者不要食甘，甘味令人胀满。所以张仲景建中汤证见心下痞者，减少饴糖、大枣，与甘草同理，这是懂得使用大枣的方剂了。又按：许叔微《本事方》说：一位妇女患脏躁症，悲伤哭泣不止，祈祷备至。我回忆古方治疗此证用大枣汤，于是配制给她，服完一剂而痊愈。古人识别病症和治疗方剂，精妙绝伦如此。又陈自明《妇人良方》说：程虎卿的妻子怀孕四五个月，白天凄惨悲伤，流泪打哈欠，好像被神灵附体，医生巫师兼治都没有益处。管伯周说：先父曾讲过这个病，治疗必须用大枣汤才能痊愈。虎卿借方配药，一服药就痊愈了。方剂见下条。又《摘玄方》治疗此证，用红枣烧存性，酒送服三钱，也是大枣汤的变法。
【附方】旧方七首，新方十二首。
调和胃气：用干枣去核，用慢火烘烤干燥后研为末。根据用量加入少许生姜末，用白开水冲服。调和胃气效果很好。（《衍义》）。
反胃吐食：大枣一枚去核，放入斑蝥一枚，去掉头翅，纳入枣内，煨熟后去掉斑蝥，空腹食用，用白开水送下效果好。
小肠气痛：大枣一枚去核，放入斑蝥一枚，去掉头、足、翅，纳入枣内，用纸包裹煨熟，去掉斑蝥吃枣，用桂心、荜澄茄汤送下。（《直指方》）。
伤寒热病后，口干咽痛，喜唾：大枣二十枚，乌梅十枚，捣碎加入蜂蜜做成丸药。含服如杏核大小，咽下汁液效果很好。（《千金方》）。
妇人脏躁，悲伤欲哭，象若神灵，频繁打哈欠，用大枣汤主治：大枣十枚，小麦一升，甘草二两，每次服用一两，水煎服。也能补脾气。（《金匮要略》）。
妊娠腹痛：大红枣十四枚，烧焦研为末，用小便送服。（《梅师集验方》）。
大便燥塞：大枣一枚去核，放入轻粉半钱绑紧，煨熟食之，仍用枣汤送下。（《直指方》）。
咒枣治疟疾：拿一枚枣，念咒说：我有枣一枚，一心归大道。优他或优降，或者劈开火烧。念七遍，吹气在枣上，给病人吃，即可痊愈。（《 嵝神书》）。
烦闷不眠：大枣十四枚，葱白七茎，水三升，煮取一升，一次性服下。（《千金方》）。
上气咳嗽，治疗伤中筋脉急，上气咳嗽者：用枣二十枚去核，用酥四两微火煎煮，让枣肉吸尽酥，取出收藏。经常含服一枚，慢慢咽下以求痊愈。（《圣惠方》）。
肺疽吐血，因吃辛辣、热物导致受伤者：用红枣（连核烧存性）、百药煎（炮制过）等分为末。每次服用二钱，米饮送下。（《三因极一病证方论》）。
耳聋鼻塞，听不到声音、闻不到香臭者：取大枣十五枚（去皮核），蓖麻子三百枚（去皮），一起捣碎。用棉布包裹塞耳、鼻，每天一次。三十多天，就能听到声音及闻到香臭。先治耳，后治鼻，不可同时塞住。（孟诜《食疗本草》）。
长期服用使身体香：用大枣肉和桂心、白瓜仁、松树皮做成丸药，长期服用。（《食疗本草》）。
走马牙疳：新枣肉一枚，同黄柏烧焦研为末。用油调和敷患处。如果加少许砒霜更好。（王氏《博济方》）。
诸疮久坏不愈者。枣膏三升，煎水频繁清洗，直到痊愈。（《千金方》）。
痔疮疼痛：大肥枣一枚剥去皮，取水银在掌中，用唾液研磨至极熟，敷在枣瓤上，纳入下部肛门处效果好。（《外台秘要》）。
下部虫痒：蒸大枣取膏，与水银混合捻成长三寸的药条，用棉布包裹，夜间纳入下部肛门中，第二天虫子都会出来。（《肘后备急方》）。
卒急心疼：《海上方》口诀说：一个乌梅二个枣，七枚杏仁一处捣。男用酒女用醋送下，不害心疼直到老。
食椒闭气：京枣吃了即可缓解。（《百一选方》）。
三岁陈枣核中仁
【气味】烧灼后，味苦，性平，无毒。
【主治】腹痛邪气（《名医别录》）。恶气卒疰忤（孟诜）。核烧研末，撒在胫疮上效果好（李时珍）。
【发明】李时珍说：按：《刘根别传》说：道士陈孜像个疯子，江夏袁仲阳恭敬侍奉他。
陈孜说：今年春天会有疾病，可以服用枣核中仁二十七枚。后来果然大病，服用后痊愈。又说：常服枣仁，百邪不再干扰。袁仲阳服用有效，那么枣果就有治邪的说法了。又《道书》说：常含枣核治疗气病，令口中行津液，咽下去好。谢承《后汉书》也说：孟节能含枣核，不吃东西可达十年之久。这都是借助枣来生津受气，而咽下又能通达黄宫，以交离坎的意义罢了。
叶
【气味】味甘，性温，微毒。《名医别录》说：散服使人消瘦，久了则呕吐。
【主治】覆盖在麻黄上，能使汗出（《神农本草经》）。和葛粉一起，擦拭热痱疮，效果好（《名医别录》）。治疗小儿壮热，煎汤洗澡（马志）。
【附方】新方二首。
小儿伤寒：五日以后热不退。用枣叶半握，麻黄半两，葱白、豆豉各一合，童子小便二钟，煎取一钟，分两次服，取汗。（《总病论》）
反胃呕哕：干枣叶一两，藿香半两，丁香二钱半，每次服用二钱，姜三片，水一盏煎服。（《圣惠方》）。
木心
【气味】味甘、涩，性温，有小毒。
【主治】中蛊腹痛，面目青黄，淋露骨立。锉取一斛，水淹三寸，煮至二斗澄清，煎至五升。早晨服五合，取吐即愈。又煎红水服之，能通经脉。（李时珍，出《短剧方》）。
根
【主治】小儿赤丹从脚趺起，煎汤频繁洗澡。（李时珍，出《千金方》）。
【附方】旧方一首。
令头发易长：取东行枣根三尺，横放在甑上蒸之，两头出汗，收取敷在头发上，即容易生长。（《圣惠方》）。
皮
【主治】同老桑树皮，并取北向者，等分，烧研。每次用一合，井水煎，澄清取清液，洗眼睛。一个月洗三次，昏花者可复明。忌荤、酒、房事（李时珍）。
(Into the Compendium of Materia Medica)
[Collected Explanations] Li Shizhen says: According to Song Qi's *Yi Zhou Fang Wu Ji* (Records of Strange Things in Yizhou), Tianshi Li (Heavenly Master Chestnut) is only found in Qingcheng Mountain, Sichuan, and nowhere else. It is said to have been left behind by Zhang Tianshi (Celestial Master Zhang) when he practiced Daoism here, hence the name. It resembles a chestnut but tastes better; its unique feature is that it has only one seed chamber, like an acorn. The Suoluozi sold in Wudang Mountain today is likely this plant.
[Flavor and Properties] Sweet, warm, non-toxic.
[Indications] Long-term consumption can cure wind-induced muscle spasms (Li Shizhen, citing *Yi Zhou Ji*).
(Shennong Bencao Jing lists it as a Superior Grade herb)
[Names] Li Shizhen says: According to Lu Tian's *Pi Ya*, large ones are called Zao (Jujube), small ones are called Ji (Wild Jujube). Ji refers to Suanzao (Sour Jujube). Zao trees grow tall, hence the name "Zao"; Ji bushes grow low, hence the name "Ji". Bing (combined) sounds like Ci. Both Zao and Ji have thorns, which is a pictophonetic character.
[Collected Explanations] *Bielu* (Supplementary Records) states: Jujubes grow in the plains and marshes of Hedong.
Tao Hongjing says: It is widely believed that jujubes from Yishi County, Hedong, are particularly superior. Those from Qingzhou now are large with small pits, rich in juice, and very sweet. Those traded from Yuzhou are also good, though slightly smaller. Those from Linyi and Jincheng in Jiangdong are large but hollow, lacking oiliness; the good ones are still edible. Southern jujubes are poor quality and inedible.
Su Song says: Northern prefectures all produce jujubes, but those from Qingzhou are especially excellent. Those from Jinzhou and Jiangzhou are large but lack the dense flesh of Qingzhou varieties. Those from Jiangnan are hard, dry, and oily-poor. There are many cultivated varieties today. Delicious ones include Shuiling Zao and Yuzao, but these are unsuitable for medicinal use due to their light and airy flesh. People in Nanjun boil and sun-dry them; they have thin, wrinkled skin and taste sweeter than other jujubes, called Tianzheng Zao, but are also not used medicinally. Note: Guo Pu's commentary on *Erya* states: Huzao is large and pointed; Hu is like a gourd. Bian refers to waist jujube; thin-waisted ones are now called Lulu Zao. Bai is white jujube, ripening when white. Xi is large jujube, produced in Yishi County, Hedong, as large as a chicken egg. Zun is sheep jujube, small and purple-black, commonly known as Yangshi Zao. Suan is sour jujube, with small trees and sour fruit. Huanwei is short-tasting jujube. Juexie is bitter jujube, tasting bitter. Xi is seedless jujube.
Kou Zongshe says: Large jujubes from Qingzhou are first choice, followed by those from Jinzhou; both can be dried for medicinal use to benefit the spleen and stomach. Others are merely for food. People in Qingzhou peel and pit jujubes, bake them into rings as delicacies. There is Yuzao, sweet and crisp, which rots easily after other jujubes mature, known today as Puluosu. There is also Yazao, maturing earlier, sweet, slightly sour, and elongated. These two are edible but not suitable for drying and storage.
Li Shizhen says: Jujube wood has a red heart and thorns. Small leaves emerge in April, pointed and glossy. Tiny white flowers with a greenish tint bloom in May. They grow north and south, but those from Qingzhou and Jinzhou are plump, sweet, and best for medicine. There are many varieties. Besides those in *Erya*, Guo Yigong's *Guang Zhi* mentions Gouya, Jixin, Niutou, Yangshi, Mihou, Xiyao, Chixin, Sanxing, and Pianbai. There are also Mu Zao, Di Zao, Gui Zao, Xi Zao, Guan Zao, Xu Zao, Zheng Zao, Bai Zao, Dan Zao, Tang Zao, and those from Anyi and Xindu. Guzicheng Purple Jujube is two cun long; Yangjiao Jujube is three cun long. Small jujubes from Miyun are crisp, moist, with small pits and sweet taste; they are good for fruit but not medicine. For medicinal use, dried large jujubes from Qingzhou and Jinzhou are best. Note: Jia Sixie's *Qimin Yaoshu* states: Harvest when fully red, shaking daily to dry, resulting in red wrinkles. If harvested half-red, flesh is incomplete, turning yellow and wrinkled upon drying. If harvested just turning red, taste is poor. *Shijing* method for dried jujubes: Clean ground, spread reed mats, sun-day dew-night, remove rotten ones, dry and store. Sliced and dried is Zaofu. Cooked and pressed is Zaogao (juice paste), also called Zaorang. Steamed is Jiaozao. Adding sugar/honey makes it sweeter; steaming with hemp oil leaves makes it glossier. Crushing Jiaozao and drying yields Zaoyou. Method: Take red soft dried jujubes, cover with water, boil, strain, grind in stone mortar, squeeze through raw cloth, spread on plates, dry until like oil, rub into powder. One spoon added to soup makes a delicious drink, stopping hunger/thirst and benefiting spleen/stomach. Lu Chen's *Jifa* says spring sacrifices use Zaoyou. This is it.
Raw Jujube
[Flavor and Properties] Sweet, pungent, hot, non-toxic. Overconsumption causes chills and fever. Emaciated persons should avoid it.
Sun Simiao says: Overconsumption causes heat, thirst, bloating, disturbs zang-fu, damages spleen yuan, and aids damp-heat.
Large Jujube (Da Zao)
[Names] Gan Zao (*Bielu*), Mei Zao (*Bielu*), Liang Zao.
*Bielu* says: Harvest in August, sun-dry.
Li Rui says: This is sun-dried large jujube. Best flavor, thus suitable for medicine. Some use large Jiaozao today.
[Flavor and Properties] Sweet, neutral, non-toxic.
Sun Simiao says: Sweet, pungent, hot, slippery, non-toxic.
Li Gao says: Warm.
Ma Zhi says: Those with dental issues, infantile malnutrition (Gan disease), or parasites should not eat jujubes, especially children. Avoid eating with scallions, causing five zang disharmony; avoid with fish, causing waist/abdominal pain.
Li Shizhen says: Modern people steam jujubes with sugar/honey; long-term use damages spleen and aids damp-heat. Eating too many causes yellow teeth and worms. Thus, Ji Kang's *Yangsheng Lun* says: Teeth turn yellow living in Jin; lice turn black on heads.
[Indications] Treats evil qi in heart/abdomen, calms middle, nourishes spleen qi, harmonizes stomach qi, opens nine orifices, assists twelve meridians, supplements deficient qi/fluids/body weakness, treats limb heaviness from fright, harmonizes herbs. Long-term use lightens body and prolongs life (*Benjing*. Kou Zongshe says: Boiled pulp mixed with spleen-stomach herbs is excellent). Tonifies middle, boosts qi, strengthens will/power, relieves vexation, treats hanging pain in heart, expels intestinal parasites. Long-term use prevents hunger, akin to immortals (*Bielu*). Moistens lungs/heart, stops cough, tonifies five zang, treats deficiency, removes gut accumulation. Mixed with Guangfen and burned, treats infantile Gan dysentery (Ma Zhi). For infant autumn dysentery, eating worm-eaten jujubes is good (Meng Shen). Detoxifies Aconite, Fuzi, Tianxiong (Xu Zhicai). Harmonizes yin/yang, regulates Ying/Wei, generates fluids (Li Gao).
[Elucidations] Tao Hongjing says: In Daoist prescriptions, jujube is the best bait. Skin promotes flow, flesh tonifies deficiency, so it is split in decoctions.
Li Gao says: Da Zao has strong flavor/properties, belongs to Yang. Warmth tonifies deficiency; sweetness moderates Yin blood.
Cheng Wuji says: For evil in Ying/Wei, use pungent/sweet to resolve. Ginger/jujube harmonize Ying/Wei, generate spleen/stomach ascending qi. Zhang Zhongjing uses Da Zao to nourish spleen earth to calm kidney qi for Ben Tun. Shi Zao Tang treats fluid retention/costalgia by strengthening earth to overcome water.
Zhu Zhenheng says: Jujube belongs to Earth with Fire nature, sweet and slow. Sweet enters spleen first; tonifying spleen always uses sweet. Thus, excessive sweet intake harms spleen. Li Shizhen says: *Suwen* states jujube is the fruit of spleen, suitable for spleen disease. In treating illness/harmonizing drugs, jujube is a spleen meridian blood-level herb. Frequent casual eating causes worms/tooth damage. Wang Haogu says: Fullness contraindicates sweet, as sweet causes fullness. Thus, Zhang Zhongjing reduces maltose/jujube in Jianzhong Tang for epigastric fullness, similar to Licorice logic. Xu Shimui's *Benshi Fang* records a woman with Zang Zao weeping uncontrollably; ancient formula Da Zao Tang cured her instantly. Ancient medical wisdom is profound. Chen Ziming's *Furen Liangfang* records Cheng Huqing's wife, pregnant 4-5 months, weeping/sighing as if possessed; doctors/priests failed. Guan Bozhou advised Da Zao Tang, curing her immediately. Formula below. *Zhaixuan Fang* uses charred red jujube wine-administered, a variation of Da Zao Tang.
[Attached Prescriptions] 7 old, 12 new.
Harmonize Stomach Qi: Dried jujube pitted, slow-dried to powder. Add ginger powder, take with hot water. Excellent for stomach harmony (*Yanyi*).
Regurgitation/Vomiting: One jujube pitted, insert one Blister Beetle (remove head/wings), bake, remove beetle, eat empty stomach with hot water.
Small Intestine Qi Pain: One jujube pitted, insert one Blister Beetle (remove head/legs/wings), paper-wrap bake, remove beetle, eat jujube, take with Guixin/Bichengqie decoction (*Zhizhi*).
Post-Febrile Disease Dry Mouth/Sore Throat/Drooling: 20 Jujubes, 10 Wumei, crush with honey into pills. Hold like apricot pit, swallow juice (*Qianjin Fang*).
Women's Zang Zao, Weeping/Crying, Spirit-like, Sighing: Da Zao Tang governs: 10 Jujubes, 1 Sheng Wheat, 2 Liang Licorice. Take 1 Liang, decoct in water. Also tonifies spleen qi (*Jinkui*).
Pregnancy Abdominal Pain: 14 Red Jujubes, burn to ash, take with urine (*Meishi*).
Dry Stool Constipation: One jujube pitted, insert half Qianfen (Calomel), bind, bake, eat, follow with jujube decoction (*Zhizhi*).
Cursed Jujube for Malaria: Hold one jujube, chant: "I have one jujube, heart returns to Great Way." Burn or strike fire. Chant 7 times, blow on jujube, give to patient (*Lou Shenshu*).
Vexation/Insomnia: 14 Jujubes, 7 Scallion whites, 3 Sheng Water, boil to 1 Sheng, take at once (*Qianjin*).
Upper Qi Cough/Muscle Tightness: 20 Jujubes pitted, fry with 4 Liang Butter until absorbed. Keep one, slowly swallow (*Shenghui Fang*).
Lung Abscess/Hemoptysis from Spicy/Hot Food: Red Jujube (burned with pit to ash), Baiyaojian (processed) equal parts powder. Take 2 Qian, rice water (*Sanyin*).
Deafness/Nasal Congestion: 15 Jujubes (peeled/pitted), 300 Castor Seeds (peeled), crush. Wrap in cotton, plug ear/nose daily. After 30 days, hearing/smell return. Treat ear first, then nose (*Meng Shen Shiliao*).
Long-term Fragrance: Jujube pulp + Guixin, White Melon Seed, Pine Bark pills. Long-term use (*Shiliao Bencao*).
Rapid Gum Rot (Zouma Yagan): Fresh jujube pulp + Huangbo, burn to ash. Mix with oil, apply. Add slight Arsenic for better effect (*Wangshi Boji*).
Chronic Ulcers: 3 Sheng Zaogao, decoct water, frequent wash until healed (*Qianjin*).
Hemorrhoid Pain: Large fat jujube peeled, Mercury in palm, grind with saliva until fine, apply to jujube pulp, insert anus (*Waitai*).
Lower Orifice Worm Itch: Steam jujube to paste, mix with Mercury, roll 3 cun stick, wrap in cotton, insert night, worms exit next day (*Zhouhou*).
Sudden Heart Pain: *Haishang Fang* rhyme: 1 Wumei, 2 Jujubes, 7 Almonds, crush. Men with wine, women with vinegar, take. Prevents heart pain forever.
Pepper-induced Qi Blockage: Jing Jujube resolves it (*Baiyi Xuanfang*).
Kernel of 3-Year Old Jujube
[Flavor and Properties] Roasted, bitter, neutral, non-toxic.
[Indications] Abdominal pain evil qi (*Bielu*). Evil qi sudden attack (*Meng Shen*). Kernel burned/powdered applied to shin ulcers is good (Li Shizhen).
[Elucidations] Li Shizhen says: *Liu Gen Biezhuan* says Daoist Chen Zi acted mad; Yuan Zhongyang served him respectfully.
Chen Zi said: Illness comes this spring, take 27 kernels. He fell ill, took them, recovered. Also: Regular kernel use repels evil. Yuan's success proves jujube treats evil. Daoist texts say holding kernel treats Qi disorder, generating saliva/swallowing reaches Huanggong, interacting Li/Kan. Xie Cheng's *Later Han Book* says Meng Neng held kernel, fasting for 10 years. All rely on jujube to generate fluids/qi, reaching Huanggong via swallowing.
Leaves
[Flavor and Properties] Sweet, warm, slightly toxic. *Bielu* says: Loose powder causes emaciation/vomiting long-term.
[Indications] Covering Ephedra induces sweating (*Benjing*). Mixed with Polygonum flour, rub on heat rash (*Bielu*). Decoct bath for infant high fever (Ma Zhi).
[Attached Prescriptions] New 2.
Infant Shanghan Fever >5 Days: Half handful Jujube Leaves, 0.5 Liang Ephedra, 1 He Scallion/Douchi, 2 Zhong Boy Urine. Decoct to 1 Zhong, divide 2 doses, induce sweat (*Zonglu*).
Regurgitation/Vomiting: 1 Liang Dried Jujube Leaf, 0.5 Liang Agastache, 2.5 Qian Clove. Take 2 Qian, 3 Ginger slices, 1盏 Water, decoct (*Shenghui Fang*).
Wood Heart
[Flavor and Properties] Sweet, astringent, warm, slightly toxic.
[Indications] Gu poison abdominal pain, blue-yellow face, emaciation. Grind 1 Hu, add water 3 Cun deep, boil to 2 Dou clear, reduce to 5 Sheng. Morning take 5 He, induce vomiting, cured. Red water decoction also unblocks meridians (Li Shizhen, *Duanju Fang*).
Roots
[Indications] Infant Chi Dan starting from foot sole, decoct for frequent baths (Li Shizhen, *Qianjin*).
[Attached Prescriptions] Old 1.
Promote Hair Growth: East-facing Jujube Root 3 Chi, steam over steamer, collect sweat from ends, apply to hair (*Shenghui Fang*).
Bark
[Indications] Same as old Mulberry bark, take north-facing, equal parts, burn/powder. Take 1 He, well-water decoct, clarify, wash eyes. 3 times/month, restores vision. Avoid meat/alcohol/sex (Li Shizhen).