（《纲目》）
【释名】煤炭、石墨、铁炭、乌金石（《纲目》）、焦石。
时珍曰∶石炭即乌金石，上古以书字，谓之石墨，今俗呼为煤炭，煤、墨音相近也。《
拾遗记》言焦石如炭，《岭表录》言康州有焦石穴，即此也。
【集解】时珍曰∶石炭南北诸山产处亦多，昔人不用，故识之者少。今则人以代薪炊爨，
炼铁石，大为民利。土人皆凿山为穴，横入十余丈取之。有大块如石而光者，有疏散如炭
末者，俱作硫黄气，以酒喷之则解。入药用坚块如石者。昔人言夷陵黑土为劫灰者，即此疏
散者也。《孝经·援神契》云∶王者德至山陵，则出黑丹。《水经》言∶石炭可书，燃之难尽，
烟气中人。《酉阳杂俎》云∶无劳县出石墨，爨之弥年不消。《夷坚志》云∶彰德南郭村井
中产石墨。宜阳县有石墨山， 阳县有石墨洞。燕之西山，楚之荆州、兴国州，江西之庐山、
袁州、丰城、赣州，皆产石炭，可以炊爨。并此石也。又有一种石墨，舐之粘舌，可书字画
眉，名画眉石者，即黑石脂也。见石脂下。
【气味】甘、辛，温，有毒。
时珍曰∶人有中瓦斯毒者，昏瞀至死，惟饮冷水即解。
独孤滔曰∶去锡晕，制三黄、 砂、硝石。
【主治】妇人血气痛，及诸疮毒，金疮出血，小儿痰痫（时珍）。
【附方】新五。
金疮出血∶急以石炭末浓敷之。疮深不宜速合者，加滑石。（《医学集成》）
误吞金银及钱，在腹中不下者。光明石炭一杏核大，硫黄一皂子大。为末，酒下。（《普
济方》）腹中积滞∶乌金石（即铁炭也）三两，自然铜（为末醋熬）一两，当归一两，大黄
（童尿
浸晒）一两。为末。每服二钱，红花酒一盏，童尿半盏，同调，食前服，日二服。（张子和
《儒
门事亲》）月经不通∶巴豆去油，如绿豆大三丸，以乌金石末一钱，调汤送下，即通。（《卫
生易简方》）产后儿枕刺痛∶黑白散∶用乌金石（烧酒淬七次）、寒水石（ 为末）等分。每
用
粥饮服一钱半，即止，未止再服。（洁古《保命集》）
【附录】然石 时珍曰∶曹叔雅《异物志》云∶豫章有石，黄色，如理疏，以水灌之便
热，可以烹鼎，冷则再灌。张华谓之然石。高安亦有之。
（《本草纲目》）
【释名】煤炭、石墨、铁炭、乌金石（《本草纲目》）、焦石。
李时珍说：石炭就是乌金石，上古时期用它来写字，称为石墨，现在民间俗称煤炭，“煤”和“墨”读音相近。《拾遗记》中说焦石像木炭，《岭表录》中说康州有焦石穴，指的就是这种石头。
【集解】李时珍说：石炭在南北各地的山中产地也很多，过去人们不使用，所以了解它的人很少。现在人们用它代替柴火做饭，冶炼铁矿石，大大便利了百姓。当地人都是开凿山体作为洞穴，横向深入十几丈去开采。有的大块如石头且表面光滑，有的松散如炭末，都带有硫黄的气味，用酒喷洒它就会散开。入药使用的是坚硬如石的块状物。过去有人说夷陵的黑土是劫灰，指的就是这种松散的物质。《孝经·援神契》说：君王德行感通山陵，就会产出黑丹。《水经注》说：石炭可以用来写字，燃烧后难以烧尽，烟气对人有害。《酉阳杂俎》说：无劳县出产石墨，焚烧一年都不消耗。《夷坚志》说：彰德南郭村的井中产出石墨。宜阳县有石墨山，某县（原文缺字，疑为“某”或具体县名）有石墨洞。燕地的西山，楚地的荆州、兴国州，江西的庐山、袁州、丰城、赣州，都出产石炭，可以用来做饭。这些都是这类石头。另外还有一种石墨，舔起来粘舌头，可以用来书写绘画画眉，名叫画眉石的，就是黑石脂。见“石脂”条下。
【气味】甘味、辛味，性温，有毒。
李时珍说：有人中了瓦斯毒，昏迷甚至死亡，只有喝冷水才能解毒。
独孤滔说：去除锡晕（锡斑），可用三黄（黄连、黄芩、黄柏）、砒砂（雄黄或雌黄类矿物药）、硝石来制约。
【主治】妇女血气疼痛，以及各种疮毒，金创出血，小儿痰痫（李时珍）。
【附方】新收录五首。
金创出血：急忙用石炭粉末厚厚敷在伤口上。如果疮口较深不宜迅速愈合的，加入滑石。（《医学集成》）
误吞金银及铜钱，卡在腹中不下的：光明石炭如杏核大小，硫黄如皂角子大小。研成粉末，用酒送服。（《普济方》）
腹中积滞：乌金石（即铁炭）三两，自然铜（研末后用醋熬制）一两，当归一两，大黄（用童子尿浸泡后晒干）一两。研成粉末。每次服用二钱，用红花酒一盏、童子尿半盏调和，饭前服用，每日两次。（张子和《儒门事亲》）
月经不通：巴豆去油，制成如绿豆大小的三丸，用乌金石末一钱调汤送服，月经即可通畅。（《卫生易简方》）
产后儿枕刺痛（产后腹痛）：黑白散：使用乌金石（用酒淬炼七次）、寒水石（研末）各等分。每次用米粥汁送服一钱半，疼痛即止，若未止可再服。（洁古《保命集》）
【附录】然石 李时珍说：曹叔雅《异物志》说：豫章有一种石头，黄色，纹理疏松，用水浇灌就发热，可以用来烹煮鼎器，冷却后再浇水。张华称之为然石。高安也有这种石头。
(From *Bencao Gangmu*)
[Names] Meitan (Coal), Shimo (Graphite), Tie Tan (Iron Charcoal), Wujinshi (Black Gold Stone) (*Bencao Gangmu*), Jiaoshi (Burnt Stone).
Li Shizhen stated: Shitan is the same as Wujinshi. In ancient times, it was used for writing and called Shimo. Currently, it is commonly referred to as Meitan; the pronunciation of "Mei" (coal) and "Mo" (ink) are similar. *Shiyi Ji* mentions that Jiaoshi resembles charcoal. *Lingbiao Lu* states that Kangzhou has a Jiaoshi cave, referring to this substance.
[Collection and Explanation] Li Shizhen stated: Shitan is produced in many mountains across the north and south. In the past, people did not use it, so few were familiar with it. Now, people use it as a substitute for firewood for cooking and for smelting iron stones, bringing great benefit to the people. Locals dig caves into the mountains, entering horizontally for more than ten zhang to extract it. Some pieces are large like stones and smooth; others are loose like charcoal powder. Both emit a sulfur odor and disperse when sprayed with wine. For medicinal use, the hard, stone-like blocks are employed. In the past, some said that the black soil in Yiling was "jie hui" (ashes of kalpa), referring to this loose material. *Xiao Jing · Yuan Shen Qi* states: "When the virtue of a king reaches the hills and tombs, black dan emerges." *Shui Jing Zhu* states: "Shitan can be used for writing; when burned, it does not easily consume, and its smoke is harmful to humans." *Youyang Zazu* states: "Wulao County produces Shimo, which does not burn up even after a year of cooking." *Yijian Zhi* states: "Shimo is produced in wells in Nanguo Village, Zhangde." Yixian County has Shimo Mountain, and [County Name] has Shimo Cave. The Western Mountains of Yan, Jingzhou and Xingguo Prefecture in Chu, Lushan, Yuanzhou, Fengcheng, and Ganzhou in Jiangxi all produce Shitan, which can be used for cooking. These are all this type of stone. Additionally, there is another type of Shimo that sticks to the tongue when licked and can be used for writing, drawing, or painting eyebrows, named Huameishi (Eyebrow Painting Stone), which is Heishizhi (Black Stone Grease). See the entry under Shizhi.
[Properties and Flavor] Sweet, Acrid, Warm, Toxic.
Li Shizhen stated: Those who suffer from gas poisoning may fall into a coma or die; drinking cold water immediately resolves the toxicity.
Dugu Tao stated: To remove tin spots (tin oxide stains), one can use Sanhuang (Three Yellows: Coptidis Rhizoma, Scutellariae Radix, Phellodendri Cortex), Pisha (Realgar/Orpiment), and Xiaoshi (Niter) to counteract it.
[Indications] Pain due to blood and qi stagnation in women, various sores and toxins, bleeding from metal wounds, and pediatric phlegm-epilepsy (Li Shizhen).
[Attached Prescriptions] Five new prescriptions.
Metal wound bleeding: Immediately apply a thick layer of Shitan powder to the wound. If the wound is deep and should not heal quickly, add Huashi (Talcum). (*Yixue Jicheng*)
Swallowed gold, silver, or coins that remain stuck in the abdomen: Guangming Shitan the size of an apricot kernel, Huangliu (Sulfur) the size of a soap bean. Grind into powder and take with wine. (*Puji Fang*)
Abdominal accumulation/stagnation: Wujinshi (i.e., Tie Tan) 3 liang, Ziran Tong (Natural Copper, ground to powder and boiled with vinegar) 1 liang, Danggui (Angelica Sinensis) 1 liang, Dahuang (Rhubarb Root, soaked in child's urine and dried) 1 liang. Grind into powder. Take 2 qian each time, mixed with 1 zhhan of Honghua (Carthamus) wine and half a zhhan of child's urine. Take before meals, twice daily. (Zhang Zihe, *Rumen Shiqin*)
Amenorrhea (Menstrual obstruction): Remove oil from Badou (Croton Seed), form three pills the size of mung beans. Mix with 1 qian of Wujinshi powder and take with soup to induce menstruation. (*Weisheng Yijian Fang*)
Postpartum severe pain from "Erzhen" (afterbirth retention): Heibai San (Black and White Powder): Use Wujinshi (quenched seven times in wine) and Hanshui Shi (Calcitum) in equal parts. Take 1.5 qian each time with rice gruel water to stop pain. If not stopped, take again. (Jiegu, *Baoming Ji*)
[Appendix] Ran Shi Li Shizhen stated: Cao Shuya's *Yiwu Zhi* says: "In Yuzhang, there is a stone, yellow in color, with loose texture. When watered, it becomes hot and can be used to cook in tripods; when cool, water it again." Zhang Hua called it Ran Shi. It is also found in Gao'an.