（《拾遗》）
【集解】藏器曰∶石髓，生临海华盖山石窟。土人采取澄淘如泥，作丸如弹子，有白有
黄弥佳。
时珍曰∶按《列仙传》言∶ 疏煮石髓服，即钟乳也。《仙经》云∶神山五百年一开，
石髓出，服之长生。王列入山见石裂，得髓食之，因撮少许与嵇康，化为青石。《北史》云∶
龟兹北大山中，有如膏者，流出成川，行数里入地，状如醍醐，服之齿发更生，病患服之皆
愈。《方镇编年录》云∶高展为并州判官，一日见砌间沫出，以手撮涂老吏面，皱皮顿改，
如少年色。展以为神药，问承天道士。道士曰∶此名地脂，食之不死。乃发砌，无所见。此
数说皆近石髓也。
【气味】甘，温，无毒。
【主治】寒热，羸瘦无颜色，积聚，心腹胀满，食饮不消，皮肤枯槁，小便数疾，癖块，
腹内肠鸣，下痢，腰脚疼冷性壅，宜寒瘦人（藏器）。
（宋《嘉 》）
【校正】并入《拾遗》石漆。
【释名】石油（《纲目》）、石漆（《拾遗》）、猛火油、雄黄油、硫黄油（《纲目》）。
【集解】禹锡曰∶石脑油宜以瓷器贮之。不可近金银器，虽至完密，直尔通过。道家多
用，俗方不甚须。
宗 曰∶真者难收，多渗蚀器物。入药最少。烧炼家研生砒入油，再研如膏，入坩锅内
，瓦盖置火上，俟油泣尽出之，又研又入油，又上火炼之，砒即伏矣。
时珍曰∶石油所出不一，出陕之肃州、 州、延州、延长，广之南雄，以及缅甸者，自
石岩流出，与泉水相杂，汪汪而出，肥如肉汁。土人以草挹入缶中，黑色颇似淳漆，作雄硫
气。土人多以燃灯甚明，得水愈炽，不可入食。其烟甚浓，沈存中宦西时，扫其煤作墨，光
黑如漆，胜于松烟。张华《博物志》载∶延寿县南山石泉注为沟，其水有脂，挹取着器中，
始黄后黑如凝膏，燃之极明，谓之石漆。段成式《酉阳杂俎》载∶高奴县有石脂水，腻浮水
上如漆，采以膏车及燃灯。康誉之《昨梦录》载∶猛火油出高丽东，日烘石热所出液也，惟
真琉璃器可贮之。入水涓滴，烈焰遽发；余力入水，鱼鳖皆死。边人用以御敌。此数说，皆
石脑油也。国朝正德末年，嘉州开盐井，偶得油水，可以照夜，其光加倍。沃之以水则焰弥
甚，扑之以灰则灭。作雄硫气，土人呼为雄黄油，亦曰硫黄油。近复开出数井，官司主之。
此亦石油，但出于井尔。盖皆地产雄、硫、石脂诸石，源脉相通，故有此物。王冰谓龙火得
湿而焰，遇水而燔，光焰诣天，物穷方止，正是此类，皆阴火也。
【气味】辛、苦，有毒。独孤滔曰∶化铜，制砒。
【主治】小儿惊风，化涎，可和诸药作丸散（《嘉 》）。
涂疮癣虫癞，治针、箭入肉药中用之（时珍）。
【发明】时珍曰∶石油气味与雄、硫同，故杀虫治疮。其性走窜，诸器皆渗，惟瓷器、
琉璃不漏。故钱乙治小儿惊热膈实，呕吐痰涎，银液丸中，用和水银、轻粉、龙脑、蝎尾、
白附子诸药为丸，不但取其化痰，亦取其能透经络、走关窍也。
【附录】地溲 时珍曰∶沟涧流水，及引水灌田之次，多有之。形状如油，又如泥，色
如黄金，甚腥烈。冬月收取，以柔铁烧赤投之二、三次，刚可切玉。
（《本草拾遗》）
【集解】陈藏器说：石髓，产于临海华盖山的石窟中。当地百姓采集后澄清淘洗得像泥一样，做成丸子像弹珠大小，颜色有白有黄，以黄色为佳。
李时珍说：查考《列仙传》记载：煮食石髓服用，就是钟乳石（钟乳）。《仙经》说：神山每五百年开启一次，石髓流出，服用它可以长生不老。王列进山看见石头裂开，得到石髓食用，还取少许给嵇康吃，结果变成了青石。《北史》记载：龟兹北大山中，有像油脂一样的东西，流出形成溪流，流淌几里后渗入地下，形状像醍醐（精炼的奶油），服用它能让头发牙齿重新生长，病人服用后都能痊愈。《方镇编年录》记载：高展担任并州判官时，一天看见砖缝间渗出泡沫，用手撮起涂抹在老吏脸上，皱纹顿时改变，恢复成少年的肤色。高展认为这是神药，询问承天道士。道士说：这名叫地脂，吃了可以不死。于是挖掘砖块，却什么也没发现。这些说法都接近于石髓。
【气味】味甘，性温，无毒。
【主治】寒热往来，身体消瘦面色无华，积聚痞块，心腹胀满，饮食不消化，皮肤干枯粗糙，小便频数急迫，癖块（腹内结块），腹内肠鸣，腹泻痢疾，腰脚疼痛寒冷、气机壅滞，适宜体质偏寒瘦的人服用（陈藏器）。
（宋代《嘉祐本草》校正并入《本草拾遗》石漆条）
【释名】石油（《本草纲目》）、石漆（《本草拾遗》）、猛火油、雄黄油、硫黄油（《本草纲目》）。
【集解】苏颂（禹锡）说：石脑油（石油）宜用瓷器储存。不可靠近金银器皿，即使密封非常严密，液体也会直接渗透过去。道家多用此物，世俗医方不太需要。
苏颂（宗奭）说：真品难以收集，多会渗漏腐蚀器物。入药用量最少。炼丹家将生砒霜研磨混入油中，再研磨成膏状，放入坩埚内，盖上瓦片放在火上，等到油液渗尽取出，再次研磨并加入油，再上火炼制，砒霜就被伏制住了。
李时珍说：石油产地不一，出产于陕西的肃州、延州、延长，广东的南雄，以及缅甸等地，从岩石缝隙中流出，与泉水混杂，汪汪涌出，肥厚如肉汁。当地人用草蘸取装入缶中，黑色很像纯漆，散发雄黄和硫磺的气味。当地人多用它点灯，非常明亮，遇水火势更旺，不可食用。它的烟很浓，沈括在西边做官时，扫取其煤烟制成墨，光亮黑如漆，优于松烟。张华《博物志》记载：延寿县南山石泉注入沟渠，水中含有脂状物，舀取放入容器中，起初是黄色后来变黑像凝固的膏脂，燃烧时极亮，称为石漆。段成式《酉阳杂俎》记载：高奴县有石脂水，油腻浮在水面上像漆，采集用来润滑车轴及点灯。康誉之《昨梦录》记载：猛火油出自高丽东部，是太阳烘烤石头热气所出的液体，只有真正的琉璃器可以储存它。一滴入水，烈焰立刻爆发；其余力量入水，鱼鳖都会死亡。边境居民用它来抵御敌人。这些说法，都是指石脑油（石油）。本朝正德末年，嘉州开采盐井，偶然得到油水，可以照亮夜晚，光芒加倍。浇水则火焰更加猛烈，扑灰则熄灭。散发雄黄硫磺气味，当地人称为雄黄油，也称硫黄油。最近又开出几口井，由官府主管。这也是石油，只是出自井中罢了。大概都是地产雄黄、硫磺、石脂等石头，源脉相通，所以有此物。王冰说龙火遇湿而燃烧，遇水而猛烈，光焰冲天，物体烧尽才停止，正是这类情况，都属于阴火。
【气味】味辛、苦，有毒。独孤滔说：能熔化铜，制约砒霜。
【主治】小儿惊风，化痰涎，可配合其他药物做成丸剂散剂（《嘉祐本草》）。
涂抹治疗疮癣虫癞，治疗针、箭刺入肉中的外伤时使用（李时珍）。
【发明】李时珍说：石油气味与雄黄、硫磺相同，所以能杀虫治疮。其性质走窜，能渗透各种器物，只有瓷器、琉璃不漏。所以钱乙治疗小儿惊热膈实，呕吐痰涎，在银液丸中，用水调和汞、轻粉、龙脑、蝎尾、白附子等药物制成丸剂，不仅利用它化痰的作用，也利用它能透经络、走关窍的特性。
【附录】地溲 李时珍说：沟涧流水，以及引水灌溉农田的地方，多有这种物质。形状像油又像泥，颜色像黄金，气味非常腥烈。冬天收取，用柔铁烧红投入其中两三次，硬度足以切割玉石。
(From *Bencao Shiyi* [Supplement to Materia Medica])
[Collected Explanations] Chen Cangqi stated: Shi Sui (Stone Marrow) is produced in the stone caves of Huagai Mountain, Linhai. Local people collect it, clarify and wash it until it resembles mud, form it into pills the size of marbles; those that are white or yellow are excellent, with yellow being preferred.
Li Shizhen stated: According to *Lie Xian Zhuan* [Biographies of Immortals], boiling and consuming Shi Sui (Stone Marrow) refers to Zhongru Shi (Stalactite). The *Xian Jing* [Immortal Classics] states: Every five hundred years, a sacred mountain opens, and Shi Sui (Stone Marrow) flows out; consuming it grants longevity. Wang Lie entered the mountains, saw a crack in the stone, obtained the marrow and ate it, and gave a small amount to Ji Kang, which turned into green stone. *Bei Shi* [History of the Northern Dynasties] records: In the northern mountains of Qiuci, there was something like grease flowing out to form streams, traveling several li before entering the ground, resembling Ti Hu (clarified butter); consuming it causes hair and teeth to regrow, and patients recover completely. *Fangzhen Bian Nian Lu* [Chronicles of Regional Governors] records: Gao Zhan, serving as a subordinate official in Bingzhou, one day saw foam seeping from between bricks. He scooped some with his hand and applied it to an old clerk's face, instantly removing wrinkles and restoring a youthful complexion. Gao Zhan considered this a divine medicine and asked Daoist priest Chengtian Dao. The priest said: This is named Di Zhi (Earth Grease); eating it prevents death. They dug up the bricks but found nothing. These accounts all approximate Shi Sui (Stone Marrow).
[Flavor and Toxicity] Sweet, warm, non-toxic.
[Indications] Alternating chills and fever, emaciation with lack of luster, accumulations and masses, abdominal distension and fullness, indigestion, dry and rough skin, frequent and urgent urination, fixed masses, borborygmus, dysentery, cold pain in the waist and legs, qi stagnation; suitable for individuals who are constitutionally cold and thin (Chen Cangqi).
(Corrected in Song Dynasty *Jiayou Bencao*, merged into the entry for Shi Qi in *Bencao Shiyi*)
[Names] Shi You (Petroleum) [*Bencao Gangmu*]; Shi Qi (Stone Lacquer) [*Bencao Shiyi*]; Meng Huo You (Violent Fire Oil); Xiong Huang You (Realgar Yellow Oil); Liu Huang You (Sulfur Yellow Oil) [*Bencao Gangmu*].
[Collected Explanations] Su Song stated: Shi Nao You (Petroleum/Naphtha) should be stored in porcelain vessels. It must not come into contact with gold or silver utensils; even if tightly sealed, it will permeate directly. Daoists use it frequently, but secular medical formulas rarely require it.
Su Zongshi stated: The genuine product is difficult to collect and often leaks or corrodes containers. Its medicinal use is minimal. Alchemists grind raw Pi Shuang (Arsenic Trioxide) into oil, then grind again until paste-like, place it in a crucible, cover with tile, and heat over fire. When the oil has seeped out, remove it, grind again, add more oil, and refine over fire; the arsenic becomes subdued.
Li Shizhen stated: Petroleum originates from various places, including Suchou, Yanzhou, and Yanchang in Shaanxi; Nanxiong in Guangdong; and Myanmar. It flows from rock crevices, mixing with spring water, gushing forth, thick like meat broth. Locals dip grass into jars to collect it; it is black, resembling pure lacquer, and emits the odor of Realgar and Sulfur. Locals mostly use it for lighting lamps; it burns brighter when wetted with water and cannot be ingested. Its smoke is dense; Shen Kuo, while serving in the west, swept its soot to make ink, which was glossy and black like lacquer, superior to pine-soot ink. Zhang Hua’s *Bowuzhi* [Insects and Things] records: In Yanshou County, stone springs flow into ditches; the water contains a greasy substance. Scooping it into containers, it starts yellow and turns black like congealed paste, burning very brightly, called Shi Qi (Stone Lacquer). Duan Chengshi’s *Youyang Zazu* [Miscellaneous Morsels from Youyang] records: In Gaonu County, there is Shi Zhi Shui (Stone Grease Water), oily and floating on water like lacquer, collected to lubricate carts and light lamps. Kang Yuzhi’s *Zuomeng Lu* [Records of Yesterday’s Dreams] records: Meng Huo You (Violent Fire Oil) comes from eastern Goryeo; it is liquid exuded by sun-heated stones, storable only in true glass vessels. A single drop in water ignites fierce flames; other quantities kill fish and turtles. Border residents use it against enemies. These accounts all refer to Shi Nao You (Petroleum/Naphtha). In the late Zhengde reign of our dynasty, salt wells were opened in Jiazhou, accidentally yielding oil-water that could illuminate the night with double brightness. Adding water intensifies the flame; covering with ash extinguishes it. It emits realgar-sulfur odors; locals call it Xiong Huang You (Realgar Yellow Oil) or Liu Huang You (Sulfur Yellow Oil). Recently, several more wells have been opened under official management. This is also petroleum, merely extracted from wells. Generally, these originate from local deposits of Realgar, Sulfur, and Stone Grease stones, sharing common veins, thus producing this substance. Wang Bing stated that Dragon Fire burns when wet and flares when meeting water, shooting flames to the sky until the object is consumed; this is precisely such a case, belonging to Yin Fire.
[Flavor and Toxicity] Pungent, bitter, toxic. Dugu Tao stated: It can melt copper and neutralize arsenic.
[Indications] Pediatric convulsions (Infantile Convulsion), resolving phlegm-fluids; can be combined with other herbs to make pills or powders (*Jiayou Bencao*).
Applied topically for tinea, scabies, and parasitic skin diseases; used in medicaments for treating arrows or needles embedded in flesh (Li Shizhen).
[Elucidation] Li Shizhen stated: Since the flavor of Petroleum matches that of Realgar and Sulfur, it kills parasites and treats sores. Its nature is penetrating and dispersing, permeating most vessels, except porcelain and glass which do not leak. Therefore, Qian Yi, in treating pediatric convulsive heat with diaphragmatic excess and vomiting of phlegm-fluids, used it in Yin Ye Wan (Silver Liquid Pill) mixed with Mercury, Qing Fen (Calomel), Long Nao (Borneol), Scorpion tails, and Bai Fu Zi (Aconitum carmichaelii root processed), not only for its phlegm-resolving properties but also for its ability to penetrate meridians and open orifices.
[Appendix] Di Sou (Earth Urine) Li Shizhen stated: Found in flowing streams and irrigation channels. It resembles oil and mud, color like gold, with a strong fishy odor. Collected in winter, heated red-hot soft iron immersed in it two or three times makes it hard enough to cut jade.