（《本经》上品）
【释名】小辛（《本经》）、少辛。
颂曰∶华州真细辛，根细而味极辛，故名之曰细辛。
时珍曰∶小辛、少辛，皆此义也。按《山海经》云，浮戏之山多少辛。《管子》云，五
沃之土，群药生少辛，是矣。
【集解】《别录》曰∶细辛，生华阴山谷，二月、八月采根阴干。弘景曰∶今用东阳临
海者，形段乃好，而辛烈不及华阴、高丽者。用之去其头节。当之曰∶细辛如葵赤黑，一根
一叶相连。颂曰∶今处处有之，皆不及华阴者为真，其根细而极辛。今人多以杜衡为之，杜
衡根似饭帚密闹，细长四、五寸，微黄白色，江淮呼为马蹄香，不可误用。宗 曰∶细辛，
叶如葵，赤黑色，非此则杜衡也。杜衡叶如马蹄之下，故俗名马蹄香。盖根似白前，又似细
辛。按∶沈括《梦溪笔谈》云∶细辛出华山，极细而直，柔韧，深紫色，味极辛，嚼之习习
如椒而更甚于椒。本草云∶细辛水渍令直，是以杜衡伪为之也。东南所用细辛，皆杜衡也。
杜衡黄白色，拳曲而脆，干则作团，又谓之马蹄。襄汉间又有一种细辛，极细而直，色黄白
，乃是鬼督邮，亦非细辛也。时珍曰∶《博物志》言杜衡乱细辛，自古已然矣。沈氏所说甚
详。大抵能乱细辛者，不止杜衡，皆当以根苗色味细辨之。叶似小葵，柔茎细根，直而色紫
，味极辛者，细辛也。叶似马蹄，茎微粗，根曲而黄白色，味亦辛者，杜衡也。一茎直上，
茎端生叶如伞，根似细辛，微粗直而黄白色，味辛微苦者，鬼督邮也。似鬼督邮而色黑者，
及己也。叶似小桑，根似细辛，微粗长而黄色，味辛而有臊气者，徐长卿也。叶似柳而根似
细辛，粗长黄白色而味苦者，白薇也。似白薇而白直味甘者，白前也。
根
【修治】 曰∶凡使细辛，切去头、土了，以瓜水浸一宿，曝干用。须拣去双叶者，服
之害人。
【气味】辛，温，无毒。普曰∶神农、黄帝、雷公、桐君∶辛，小温；岐伯∶无毒
；李当之∶小寒。权曰∶苦、辛。之才曰∶曾青、枣根为之使。得当归、芍药、白芷、芎
、牡丹、 本、甘草，共疗妇人；得决明、鲤鱼胆、青羊肝，共疗目痛。恶黄 、野狼毒、山
茱萸，忌生菜、狸肉，畏硝石、滑石，反藜芦。
【主治】咳逆上气，头痛脑动，百节拘挛，风湿痹痛死肌。久服明目利九窍，轻身长年
（《本经》）。温中下气，破痰利水道，开胸中滞结，除喉痹 鼻不闻香臭，风痫癫疾，下乳
结，汗不出，血不行，安五脏，益肝胆，通精气（《别录》）。添胆气、治嗽，去皮风湿痒，
风眼泪下，除齿痛，血闭，妇人血沥腰痛（甄权）。含之，去口臭（弘景）。润肝燥，治督脉
为病，脊强而厥（好古）。治口舌
【发明】宗 曰∶治头面风痛，不可缺此。元素曰∶细辛气温，味大辛，气浓于味，
阳也，升也，入足厥阴、少阴血分，为手少阴引经之药。香味俱细，故入少阴，与独活相类
。以独活为使，治少阴头痛如神。亦止诸阳头痛，诸风通用之。味辛而热，温少阴之经，散
水气以去内寒。成无己曰∶水停心下不行，则肾气燥，宜辛以润之。细辛之辛，以行水气而
润燥。杲曰∶胆气不足，细辛补之。又治邪气自里之表，故仲景少阴证，用麻黄附子细辛汤
。时珍曰∶气之浓者能发热，阳中之阳也。辛温能散，故诸风寒、风湿头痛、痰饮、胸中滞
气、惊痫者，宜用之。口疮、喉痹、 齿诸病用之者，取其能散浮热，亦火郁则发之之义也
。辛能泄肺，故风寒咳嗽上气者，宜用之。辛能补肝，故胆气不足，惊痫眼目诸病，宜用之
。辛能润燥，故通少阴及耳窍，便涩者宜用之。承曰∶细辛非华阴者不得为真。若单用末，
不可过一钱。多则气闷塞不通者死，虽死无伤。近年开平狱中尝治此，不可不记。非本有毒
，但不识多寡耳。
【附方】旧二，新六。暗风猝倒，不省人事。细辛末，吹入鼻中。（危氏《得效方》）虚
寒呕哕，饮食不下。细辛（去叶）半两，丁香二钱半。为末。每服一钱，柿蒂汤下。小儿客
忤口不能言。细辛、桂心末等分，以少许纳口中。（《外台秘要》）小儿口疮∶细辛末，醋调，
贴脐上。（《卫生家宝方》）口舌生疮∶细辛、黄连等分，为末掺之，漱涎甚效，名兼金散。
一方用细辛、黄柏。（《三因方》）口臭 齿肿痛。细辛煮浓汁，热含冷吐，取瘥。（《圣惠
方》）鼻中息肉∶细辛末，时时吹之。（《圣惠方》）诸般耳聋∶细辛末，溶黄蜡丸鼠屎大，
绵裹一丸塞之，一、二次即愈。须戒怒气，名聪耳丸。（龚氏《经验方》）
（《神农本草经》列为上品）
【释名】小辛（出自《本经》）、少辛。
苏颂说：华州出产的真细辛，根细小而味道极其辛辣，所以名叫细辛。
李时珍说：小辛、少辛，都是指这个意思。据《山海经》记载，浮戏山上生长着“多少辛”。《管子》记载，肥沃的土地上，群药丛生，包括少辛，说的就是这种药。
【集解】《名医别录》说：细辛，生长在华山阴面的山谷中，二月和八月采集根部，阴干。陶弘景说：现在使用的是东阳临海产的，形状段节较好，但辛辣猛烈程度不及华阴和高丽产的。使用时要去掉头节。徐之才说：细辛像葵菜一样，叶子赤黑色，一根一叶相连。苏颂说：现在到处都有，但都不如华阴产的为真品，其根细小且极辣。现在的人常用杜衡来冒充，杜衡的根像饭帚一样密集细长，长四、五寸，微黄白色，江淮地区叫它马蹄香，不可误用。寇宗奭说：细辛，叶子像葵菜，赤黑色，如果不是这样就是杜衡。杜衡的叶子像马蹄的下部，所以俗名叫马蹄香。大概它的根像白前，又有点像细辛。按沈括《梦溪笔谈》所说：细辛产于华山，极细且直，柔韧，深紫色，味道极辣，嚼起来像花椒那样有麻感，但比花椒更甚。本草书中说：细辛用水浸泡使其变直，这是用杜衡伪充造成的。东南地区所用的细辛，都是杜衡。杜衡呈黄白色，拳曲而脆，干燥后结成团，又叫马蹄。襄汉之间还有一种细辛，极细且直，色黄白，那是鬼督邮，也不是细辛。李时珍说：《博物志》说杜衡混淆细辛，自古以来就是这样。沈括所说的非常详细。大抵能混淆细辛的，不止杜衡一种，都应当通过根、苗、颜色、味道仔细辨别。叶子像小葵菜，茎柔嫩根细，直而色紫，味道极辣的，是细辛。叶子像马蹄，茎稍粗，根弯曲而黄白色，味道也辣的，是杜衡。一茎直上，茎端生叶如伞盖，根像细辛，稍粗直而黄白色，味辛微苦的，是鬼督邮。像鬼督邮但色黑的，是及己。叶子像小桑树，根像细辛，稍粗长而黄色，味辛且有腥臊气的，是徐长卿。叶子像柳叶而根像细辛，粗长黄白色而味苦的，是白薇。像白薇但白直味甘的，是白前。
【修治】雷敩说：凡是使用细辛，要切去头、土，用瓜水浸泡一夜，晒干后使用。必须拣去双叶的，服用它会害人。
【气味】辛，温，无毒。雷敩、神农、黄帝、雷公、桐君认为：辛，小温；岐伯认为：无毒；李当之认为：小寒。权说：苦、辛。徐之才说：曾青、枣根是它的使药。配合当归、芍药、白芷、川芎、牡丹皮、藁本、甘草，共同治疗妇人病；配合决明子、鲤鱼胆、青羊肝，共同治疗眼痛。畏恶黄丹、野狼毒、山茱萸，忌食生菜、狸肉，畏惧硝石、滑石，反藜芦。
【主治】咳嗽气逆，头痛脑动，全身关节拘挛，风湿痹痛导致肌肉麻木不仁。长期服用可以明目，通利九窍，身体轻健，延年益寿（出自《本经》）。温暖中焦，降逆气，破除痰饮，通利水道，开通胸中滞结，消除喉痹、鼻塞不知香臭，风痫癫疾，下乳结，汗不出，血行不畅，安五脏，补益肝胆，通精气（出自《别录》）。增添胆气，治疗咳嗽，去除皮肤风湿瘙痒，风泪下，消除齿痛，血闭，妇人血沥腰痛（甄权）。含在口中，可以去口臭（陶弘景）。滋润肝燥，治疗督脉为病，脊背强直而厥逆（好古）。治疗口舌……
【发明】寇宗奭说：治疗头面风痛，不可缺此药。张元素说：细辛气温，味大辛，气浓于味，属阳，主升，入足厥阴、少阴血分，是手少阴心经的引经药。香味俱细，所以入少阴经，与独活相似。以独活为使药，治疗少阴头痛效果如神。也能止各种阳经头痛，是治疗各种风病的通用药。味辛而热，温暖少阴经脉，散水气以去除内寒。成无己说：水停聚在心下不行，则肾气燥，宜用辛味药来润之。细辛的辛味，能行水气而润燥。王好古说：胆气不足，细辛能补之。又治疗邪气由里出表，所以张仲景治疗少阴证时，使用麻黄附子细辛汤。李时珍说：气浓烈的药物能发热，属于阳中之阳。辛温能发散，所以各种风寒、风湿引起的头痛、痰饮、胸中滞气、惊痫患者，适宜使用。治疗口疮、喉痹、牙齿等病使用它，是取其能散浮热，这也是“火郁则发之”的道理。辛能泄肺，所以风寒咳嗽气逆者，适宜使用。辛能补肝，所以胆气不足、惊痫、眼目等病，适宜使用。辛能润燥，所以通利少阴经及耳窍，小便涩滞者适宜使用。朱震亨说：细辛非华阴产的不是真品。如果单用粉末，不可超过一钱。多了会导致气闷塞不通而死，即使死了也没有损伤。近年开平监狱中曾治疗过这种情况，不可不记录。这不是因为本身有毒，只是不认识剂量罢了。
【附方】旧方二首，新方六首。暗风猝然昏倒，不省人事。细辛末，吹入鼻中。（危氏《得效方》）虚寒呕吐呃逆，饮食不下。细辛（去叶）半两，丁香二钱半。研为末。每次服一钱，柿蒂汤送下。小儿客忤不能说话。细辛、桂心末等分，取少许纳入口中。（《外台秘要》）小儿口疮：细辛末，醋调，贴脐上。（《卫生家宝方》）口舌生疮：细辛、黄连等分，研为末掺敷，漱口吐涎甚有效，名为兼金散。一方用细辛、黄柏。（《三因方》）口臭、牙齿肿痛。细辛煮浓汁，热含冷吐，取愈。（《圣惠方》）鼻中息肉：细辛末，时时吹之。（《圣惠方》）各种耳聋：细辛末，溶化黄蜡制成鼠屎大的丸剂，绵裹一丸塞入耳中，一至二次即愈。须戒怒气，名为聪耳丸。（龚氏《经验方》）
(Grade Upper, *Shennong Bencao Jing*)
[Names] Xiaoxin (*Benjing*), Shaoxin.
Song said: The true Xixin from Huazhou has fine roots and an extremely pungent taste, hence the name Xixin.
Shizhen said: Xiaoxin and Shaoxin both refer to this meaning. According to the *Shanhai Jing*, "Duoshaoxin" grows on Fuxi Mountain. The *Guanzi* states that on fertile lands, various herbs grow, including Shaoxin; this is correct.
[Collection and Explanation] *Bielu* states: Xixin grows in the valleys of Mount Hua's north slope. Roots are harvested in February and August and dried in the shade. Hongjing said: Currently, those from Dongyang Linhai are used; their segments are good, but their pungency is not as strong as those from Huayin or Goryeo. When used, the head and joints must be removed. Dangzhi said: Xixin resembles Kuisun (Malva verticillata), with reddish-black leaves, one root connected to one leaf. Song said: It is now found everywhere, but none compare to those from Huayin as genuine; their roots are fine and extremely pungent. People often use Dumeng (Dysosma versipellis) to substitute it. Dumeng roots resemble a rice brush, dense and long, four or five cun, slightly yellowish-white, called Matixiang (Horse-shoe Fragrance) in the Jianghuai region; do not use it by mistake. Zong said: Xixin leaves resemble Kuisun, reddish-black; if not so, it is Dumeng. Dumeng leaves resemble the underside of a horse's hoof, hence the common name Matixiang. Its root resembles Baiqian and also looks somewhat like Xixin. According to Shen Kuo's *Mengxi Bitan*: Xixin comes from Mount Hua, very fine and straight, flexible, deep purple, with an extremely pungent taste; chewing it feels like pepper but stronger. Herbal texts say Xixin becomes straight when soaked in water, which is due to the substitution with Dumeng. The Xixin used in the southeast is all Dumeng. Dumeng is yellowish-white, curled and brittle, forming clumps when dry, also called Matixiang. In the Xianghan region, there is another herb resembling Xixin, very fine and straight, yellowish-white, which is Guiduyou, not Xixin. Shizhen said: The *Bowuzhi* mentions Dumeng confusing Xixin, which has been the case since ancient times. Shen's description is very detailed. Generally, herbs that can confuse Xixin are not limited to Dumeng; one must carefully distinguish them by root, sprout, color, and taste. Leaves resembling small Kuisun, soft stems, fine roots, straight and purple, with an extremely pungent taste, is Xixin. Leaves resembling horse hooves, slightly coarse stems, curved and yellowish-white roots, with a pungent taste, is Dumeng. One stem growing straight up, leaves at the tip like an umbrella, roots resembling Xixin but slightly coarser, straight, yellowish-white, with a pungent and slightly bitter taste, is Guiduyou. Resembling Guiduyou but black in color, is Ji Ji. Leaves resembling small mulberry, roots resembling Xixin, slightly coarser and longer, yellow, with a pungent taste and fishy odor, is Xuchangqing. Leaves resembling willow and roots resembling Xixin, coarse, long, yellowish-white, with a bitter taste, is Baiwei. Resembling Baiwei but white, straight, and sweet-tasting, is Baiqian.
[Processing] Yue said: Whenever using Xixin, cut off the heads and soil, soak in melon water overnight, then sun-dry for use. Must discard those with double leaves, as consuming them harms people.
[Flavor and Toxicity] Pungent, warm, non-toxic. Pu said: Shennong, Huangdi, Leigong, Tongjun: Pungent, slightly warm; Qibo: Non-toxic; Li Dangzhi: Slightly cold. Quan said: Bitter, pungent. Zhicai said: Cengqing and Zaogen are its guiding herbs. Combined with Danggui, Shaoyao, Baizhi, Xiong, Mudanpi, Gaoben, Gancao, it treats women's diseases; combined with Jueming, Carp bile, Qingyanggan, it treats eye pain. It is incompatible with Huangdan, Yelangdu, Shanzhuyu; avoid raw vegetables and狸meat; it fears Xiaoshi and Huashi, and is inversely active with Lilu.
[Indications] Cough with rebellious Qi, headache with throbbing in the brain, spasms and contractures in all joints, bi-syndrome caused by wind-dampness leading to numbness of muscles. Long-term use brightens the eyes, benefits the nine orifices, lightens the body, and prolongs life (*Benjing*). Warms the middle, descends Qi, breaks phlegm, benefits water passages, opens stagnation and accumulation in the chest, eliminates throat obstruction, nasal congestion with loss of smell, wind-epilepsy, lactation nodules, absence of sweating, blood stasis, calms the five zang organs, benefits the liver and gallbladder, and unites essence and Qi (*Bielu*). Augments Gallbladder Qi, treats cough, removes skin wind-dampness itching, wind-tearing, eliminates toothache, blood closure, and blood-stasis lower back pain in women (Zhenquan). Holding it in the mouth removes bad breath (Hongjing). Moistens liver dryness, treats diseases of the Du vessel, stiff spine and厥 (Haogou). Treats mouth and tongue...
[Elucidation] Zong said: To treat wind-pain of the head and face, this herb cannot be omitted. Yuansu said: Xixin has a warm temperature and a highly pungent flavor; its Qi is denser than its flavor, belonging to Yang, ascending, entering the Foot Jueyin and Shaoyin blood levels, serving as a guiding herb for the Hand Shaoyin heart meridian. Its fragrance and flavor are both fine, thus entering the Shaoyin meridian, similar to Duhuo. Used with Duhuo as a guiding herb, it treats Shaoyin headaches divinely. It also stops various Yang meridians' headaches and is generally used for all wind conditions. Pungent and hot, it warms the Shaoyin meridian, disperses Water Qi to remove internal cold. Cheng Wuji said: When water stagnates below the heart and does not move, Kidney Qi becomes dry; it is appropriate to use Pungent flavors to moisten it. The Pungency of Xixin moves Water Qi and moistens dryness. Guo said: For insufficiency of Gallbladder Qi, Xixin tonifies it. It also treats pathogens moving from interior to exterior; therefore, Zhang Zhongjing uses Mahuang Fuzi Xixin Tang for Shaoyin syndromes. Shizhen said: Herbs with dense Qi can generate heat; they are Yang within Yang. Pungent and warm can disperse, so it is suitable for headaches caused by wind-cold, wind-dampness, phlegm-fluid retention, stagnation in the chest, and惊痫. It is used for mouth ulcers, throat obstruction, and dental diseases because it can disperse floating heat, following the principle of "releasing fire when constrained." Pungent can drain Lung Qi, so it is suitable for wind-cold cough with rebellious Qi. Pungent can tonify Liver, so it is suitable for insufficiency of Gallbladder Qi,惊痫, and eye diseases. Pungent can moisten dryness, so it is suitable for unblocking the Shaoyin meridian and ear orifices, and for difficult urination. Cheng said: Only Xixin from Huayin is genuine. If used alone as powder, do not exceed one qian. Excessive amounts cause Qi blockage and suffocation leading to death, though the body remains undamaged. Recently, cases were treated in the Kaiping prison; this must be recorded. This is not because the herb itself is toxic, but due to ignorance of dosage.
[Attached Prescriptions] Two old, six new. Sudden fainting due to hidden wind, unconsciousness. Xixin powder, blown into the nose. (Wei Shi's *Defang*) Deficient-cold vomiting and hiccups, inability to eat. Xixin (remove leaves) half liang, Dingxiang two and a half qian. Grind into powder. Take one qian per dose, washed down with Shi Di decoction. Pediatric ke-wu inability to speak. Xixin and Guixin powder in equal parts, place a small amount in the mouth. (*Waitai Miyao*) Pediatric mouth ulcers: Xixin powder, mixed with vinegar, applied to the navel. (*Weisheng Jiabao Fang*) Mouth and tongue ulcers: Xixin and Huanglian in equal parts, ground into powder and sprinkled; rinsing saliva is very effective, named Jianjin San. Another formula uses Xixin and Huangbai. (*Sanyin Fang*) Bad breath and swollen painful teeth. Boil Xixin to make a thick decoction, hold hot and spit out cold, until cured. (*Shenghui Fang*) Nasal polyps: Xixin powder, blown occasionally. (*Shenghui Fang*) Various types of deafness: Xixin powder, dissolved in yellow beeswax to make pills the size of rat feces, wrapped in silk, insert one pill into the ear; cured in one or two times. Must avoid anger, named Cong'er Wan. (Gong Shi's *Jingyan Fang*)