（宋《开宝》）
【校正】并入《开宝》草三棱。
【释名】京三棱（《开宝》）、草三棱（《开宝》）、鸡爪三棱（《开宝》）、黑三棱（《图
经》）、石三棱。颂曰∶三棱，叶有三棱也。生荆楚地，故名荆三棱以着其地。《开宝本草》
作京者误矣。又出草三棱条，云即鸡爪三棱，生蜀地。二月、八月采之。其实一类，随形命
名尔，故并见之。
【集解】藏器曰∶三棱总有三、四种。京三棱，黄色体重，状若鲫鱼而小。又有黑三棱，
状如乌梅而稍大，体轻有须，相连蔓延，作漆色，蜀人以织为器，一名 者，是也。疗体并
同。
颂曰∶京三棱旧不着所出地土，今荆襄、江淮、济南、河陕间皆有之。多生浅水旁及
陂泽中。春生苗，高三四尺，叶似莎草，极长，又似茭蒲叶而有三棱。五六月抽茎，高
四五尺，大如人指，有三棱如削成。茎端开花，大体皆如莎草而大，黄紫色。苗下即魁，初
生成块如附子大，或有扁者。其旁有根横贯，一根则连数魁，魁上亦出苗。其魁皆扁长，如
小鲫鱼，体重者，三棱也。其根末将尽一魁，未发苗，小圆如乌梅者，黑三棱也。又根之端
钩曲如爪者，鸡爪三棱也，皆皮黑肌白而至轻。或云∶不出苗只生细根者，谓之鸡爪三棱。
又不生细根者，谓之黑三棱，大小不常，其色黑，去皮即白。三者本一种，但力有刚柔，各
适其用。因其形为名，如乌头、乌喙，云母、云华之类，本非两物也。今人乃妄以凫茈、香
附子为之。又河中府有石三棱，根黄白色，形如钗股，叶绿如蒲，苗高及尺，叶上亦有三棱，
四月开花，白色如蓼 花，五月采根，亦消积气。今举世所用三棱，皆淮南红蒲根也，泰州
尤多。其体至坚重，刻削鱼形，叶扁茎圆，不复有三棱，不知何缘命名为三棱也？虽太医亦
不以为谬。流习既久，用根者不识其苗，采药者莫究其用，因缘差失，不复辨别。今三棱皆
独旁引二根，无直下根，其形大体多如鲫鱼。
时珍曰∶三棱多生荒废陂池湿地。春时丛生，夏秋抽高茎，茎端复生数叶，开花六七枝，
花皆细碎成穗，黄紫色，中有细子。其叶茎花实俱有三棱，并与香附苗叶花实一样，但长大
尔。其茎光滑三棱，如棕之叶茎。茎中有白穣，剖之织物，柔韧如藤。吕忱《字林》云∶
草生水中，根可缘器。即此草茎，非根也。《抱朴子》言 根花 ，亦是此草。其根多黄黑
须，削去须皮，乃如鲫状，非本根似鲫也。
根
【修治】元素曰∶入用须炮熟。
时珍曰∶消积须用醋浸一日，炒或煮熟焙干，入药乃良。
【气味】苦，平，无毒。志曰∶甘，平，温。大明曰∶甘、涩，凉。
元素曰∶苦、甘，无毒，阴中之阳。能泻真气。真气虚者勿用。
【主治】老癖症瘕，积聚结块，产后恶血血结，通月水，堕胎，止痛利气（《开宝》）。
治气胀，破积气，消扑损瘀血，妇人血脉不调，心腹痛，产后腹痛血运（大明）。心膈痛，
饮食不消（元素）。通肝经积血，治疮肿坚硬（
【发明】好古曰∶三棱色白属金，破血中之气，肝经血分药也。三棱、莪术治积块疮硬
者，乃坚者削之也。
志曰∶俗传昔人患症癖死，遗言令开腹取之。得病块，干硬如石，纹理有五色。以为异
物，削成刀柄。后因以刀刈三棱，柄消成水，乃知此药可疗症
时珍曰∶三棱能破气散结，故能治诸病。其功可近于香附而力峻，故难久服。按戴原礼
《证治要诀》云∶有人病症癖腹胀，用三棱、莪术，以酒煨煎服之，下一黑物如鱼而愈也。
【附方】旧三，新五。
症瘕鼓胀∶三棱煎∶用三棱根（切）一石。水五石，煮三石，去滓更煎，取三斗汁入锅
中，重汤煎如稠糖，密器收之。每旦酒服一匕，日二服。（《千金翼方》）
癖气块∶草三棱、荆三棱、石三棱、青橘皮、陈橘皮、木香各半两，肉豆蔻、槟榔各
一两， 砂二钱，为末，糊丸梧子大，每姜汤服三十丸。（《奇效方》） 癖不瘥，胁下硬如
石。京三棱一两（炮），川大黄一两，为末，醋熬成膏。每日空心生姜橘皮汤下一匙，以利
下为度。（《圣惠方》）
小儿气癖∶三棱煮汁作羹粥，与奶母食，日亦以枣许与儿食。小儿新生百日及十岁以下，
无问痫热 癖等皆理之。秘妙不可具言，大效。（《子母秘录》）
痞气胸满∶口干，肌瘦食减，或时壮热。石三棱、京三棱、鸡爪三棱（并炮），蓬莪术
三枚，槟榔一枚，青橘皮五十片（醋浸去白），陈仓米一合（醋浸淘过），巴豆五十个（去皮，
同青皮、仓米炒干，去豆）。为末，糊丸绿豆大。每米饮下三丸，日一服。（《圣济总录》）
反胃恶心，药食不下。京三棱（炮）一两半，丁香三分，为末。每服一钱，沸汤点服。（《圣
济总录》）
乳汁不下∶京三棱三个，水二碗，煎汁一碗，洗奶取汁出为度，极妙。（《外台秘要》）
浑身燎泡，如棠梨状，每个出水，有石一片，如指甲大，其泡复生，抽尽肌肤肉，即不可治。
用荆三棱、蓬莪术各五两，为末，分三服，酒调连进愈。（危氏《得
（宋代《开宝本草》记载）
【释名】京三棱（出自《开宝本草》）、草三棱（出自《开宝本草》）、鸡爪三棱（出自《开宝本草》）、黑三棱（出自《图经本草》）、石三棱。苏颂说：三棱，是因为叶子有三条棱而得名。它生长在荆楚地区，所以叫作荆三棱以标明其产地。《开宝本草》写作“京”是错误的。又在草三棱条下记载，说那就是鸡爪三棱，生长在蜀地。二月和八月采收。其实它们是同一类植物，只是根据形状不同而命名罢了，所以合并在一起叙述。
【集解】陈藏器说：三棱总共有三、四种。京三棱，颜色黄，质地沉重，形状像鲫鱼但较小。又有黑三棱，形状像乌梅但稍大，质地轻且有须根，相连蔓延，呈漆黑色，蜀人用它编织成器具，一名[此处原文缺字，推测为某种草名]者，就是这种。它们的疗效基本相同。
苏颂说：京三棱以前没有明确记载出产的地域，现在荆襄、江淮、济南、河陕之间都有生长。多生长在浅水边及池塘沼泽中。春天生苗，高三四尺，叶子像莎草，极长，又像茭蒲叶但有三个棱。五六月抽茎，高四五尺，粗如人的手指，有三个棱如同削成一般。茎端开花，大体都像莎草但较大，花为黄紫色。苗下即形成块根，初生成块时像附子大小，有的则是扁的。旁边有根横向贯穿，一根根则连接多个块根，块根上也长出苗。那些块根都扁长，像小鲫鱼，质地沉重的，就是三棱。根末端最后一个块根，尚未发苗，小而圆像乌梅的，是黑三棱。又根部末端弯曲如爪状的，是鸡爪三棱，都是皮黑肉白且质地很轻。有人说：不出苗只生细根的，称为鸡爪三棱。又不生细根的，称为黑三棱，大小不固定，颜色黑，去皮后变白。这三者本是同一种植物，只是药力有刚柔之分，各适合不同的用途。因为形状而得名，就像乌头、乌喙，云母、云华之类，本来不是两种东西。现在的人却错误地把凫茈（荸荠）、香附子当作三棱。另外河中府有一种石三棱，根呈黄白色，形状像钗股，叶子绿如蒲草，苗高一尺左右，叶上也有三棱，四月开花，白色像蓼花，五月采根，也能消除积滞之气。如今世上所用的三棱，都是淮南的红蒲根，泰州尤其多。这种根体质非常坚硬沉重，刻削成鱼形，叶子扁平茎圆，不再有三棱，不知道为什么会命名为三棱？即使是太医也不认为这是错误的。流传习用已久，用药的人不认识它的苗，采药的人不探究它的真正用途，因此产生差错失误，不再辨别。现在的三棱都是独自旁生两根，没有直下的主根，其形状大体多像鲫鱼。
李时珍说：三棱多生长在荒废的池塘湿地。春天丛生，夏秋季节抽出高茎，茎端又生出几片叶子，开出六七枝花，花都很细碎成穗状，黄紫色，里面有细小的种子。它的叶、茎、花、果实都有三棱，并且与香附子的苗、叶、花、果实完全一样，只是长得更大而已。它的茎光滑有三棱，像棕树的叶茎。茎中有白色的髓，剖开可以编织物品，柔韧如藤。吕忱《字林》说：草生长在水中，根可以用来缘饰器具。指的就是这种草的茎，而不是根。《抱朴子》说的[此处原文缺字，推测为某种草]根花，也是这种草。它的根多黄黑色的须根，削去须皮，才像鲫鱼的样子，并不是本根像鲫鱼。
【修治】张元素说：入药使用必须炮制熟透。
李时珍说：消除积滞必须用醋浸泡一天，炒或煮熟后焙干，入药才好。
【气味】苦味，平性，无毒。寇宗奭说：甘味，平性，温性。孟诜说：甘味、涩味，凉性。
张元素说：苦味、甘味，无毒，属于阴中之阳。能泻真气。真气虚弱的人不要使用。
【主治】老癖症瘕（腹内结块的病证），积聚结块，产后恶露不尽血结，通月经，堕胎，止痛利气（出自《开宝本草》）。治疗气胀，破散积气，消除跌打损伤瘀血，妇人血脉不调，心腹痛，产后腹痛血运（出自孟诜）。心膈痛，饮食不消化（出自张元素）。通肝经积血，治疗疮肿坚硬（[此处原文截断]）。
【发明】李好古说：三棱色白属金，能破血中的气，是肝经血分的药物。三棱、莪术治疗积块疮硬者，属于“坚者削之”的治疗方法。
寇宗奭说：民间传说过去有人患症癖而死，遗言让人开腹取出病块。得到病块，干硬如石头，纹理有五色。人们以为它是异物，削成刀柄。后来用刀割三棱，刀柄融化成水，才知道此药可以治疗症癖。
李时珍说：三棱能破气散结，所以能治疗各种疾病。它的功效接近香附但药力猛烈，所以不能久服。据戴原礼《证治要诀》记载：有人患病症癖腹胀，用三棱、莪术，用酒煨煎服用，排下一团黑物像鱼一样就好了。
【附方】旧方三首，新方五首。
症瘕鼓胀：三棱煎方：用三棱根（切片）一石。水五石，煮至剩三石，去掉渣滓再煎，取三斗汁放入锅中，隔水重煎如稠糖状，用密封容器收藏。每天早晨用酒送服一匕，每日两次。（出自《千金翼方》）
癖气块：草三棱、荆三棱、石三棱、青橘皮、陈橘皮、木香各半两，肉豆蔻、槟榔各一两，[此处原文缺字，推测为砂仁]二钱，研为末，糊丸梧桐子大小，每次姜汤送服三十丸。（出自《奇效方》）癖气不愈，胁下硬如石头。京三棱一两（炮制），川大黄一两，研为末，醋熬成膏。每天空腹用生姜橘皮汤送服一匙，以利下为度。（出自《圣惠方》）
小儿气癖：三棱煮汁做羹粥，让乳母食用，也每天给婴儿吃枣核大小的量。新生儿一百天及十岁以下，无论痫热、气癖等都有效。秘妙不可尽言，效果极大。（出自《子母秘录》）
痞气胸满：口干，肌肉消瘦食欲减退，有时壮热。石三棱、京三棱、鸡爪三棱（均炮制），蓬莪术三枚，槟榔一枚，青橘皮五十片（醋浸去白），陈仓米一合（醋浸淘过），巴豆五十个（去皮，同青皮、仓米炒干，去豆）。研为末，糊丸绿豆大小。每次米饮送服三丸，每日一次。（出自《圣济总录》）
反胃恶心，药食不下。京三棱（炮制）一两半，丁香三分，研为末。每次服一钱，沸水冲服。（出自《圣济总录》）
乳汁不下：京三棱三个，水二碗，煎汁一碗，用来洗乳房，直到乳汁流出为止，效果极好。（出自《外台秘要》）
浑身燎泡，像棠梨形状，每个出水，有一片石头样物质，如指甲大，水泡复发，抽尽肌肤肉，就不可治。用荆三棱、蓬莪术各五两，研为末，分三次服用，酒调连续服用痊愈。（危氏《得... [原文截断]
(Song Dynasty *Kaibao Bencao*)
[Correction] Jing Sanleng is merged into the entry for Cao Sanleng in *Kaibao Bencao*.
[Names] Jing Sanleng (*Kaibao Bencao*), Cao Sanleng (*Kaibao Bencao*), Jizhao Sanleng (*Kaibao Bencao*), Hei Sanleng (*Tujing Bencao*), Shi Sanleng. Su Song stated: "Sanleng" is named because its leaves have three edges. It grows in the Jingchu region, hence the name Jing Sanleng to indicate its origin. The writing of "Jing" in *Kaibao Bencao* is erroneous. Furthermore, under the entry for Cao Sanleng, it states that this is Jizhao Sanleng, which grows in Shu. It is harvested in February and August. They are essentially the same type of plant, named according to their shapes; therefore, they are discussed together.
[Collection and Explanation] Chen Cangqi stated: There are generally three or four types of Sanleng. Jing Sanleng is yellow and heavy, resembling a small crucian carp. There is also Hei Sanleng, which resembles a dark plum but is slightly larger, light in weight with rhizomes connected and spreading, appearing lacquer-black; people in Shu use it to weave vessels. This is one type. Their therapeutic properties are largely the same.
Su Song stated: Previously, the origin of Jing Sanleng was not recorded. Now, it is found in Jingxiang, Jianghuai, Jinan, and between Heshan and Shaanxi. It mostly grows beside shallow waters and in ponds/swamps. In spring, shoots emerge, reaching three to four chi high. The leaves resemble Cyperus rotundus (Cyperaceae) leaves, extremely long, similar to Zizania latifolia (wild rice stem) leaves but with three edges. In May and June, stems shoot up, reaching four to five chi high, as thick as a human finger, with three edges as if carved. Flowers appear at the stem tip, generally resembling Cyperaceae flowers but larger, yellow-purple in color. Below the shoots, tuberous roots form initially like Aconitum carmichaelii (Fuzi) tubers, sometimes flat. Lateral roots run horizontally; one root connects several tubers, from which new shoots also emerge. These tubers are flat and elongated, resembling small crucian carp; those that are heavy are Sanleng. The last tuber at the end of the root, which has not yet sprouted, is small and round like a dark plum; this is Hei Sanleng. The root ends curved like claws are called Jizhao Sanleng; all have black skin, white flesh, and are very light. Some say: Those that do not sprout shoots but only produce fine roots are called Jizhao Sanleng. Those that do not produce fine roots are called Hei Sanleng; their size varies, color is black, turning white when peeled. These three are originally the same species, differing only in the strength of their action (rigid vs. soft), each suitable for different uses. They are named after their shapes, similar to Wutou and Wuwei, Yunmu and Yunhua, which are not actually two different things. Nowadays, people erroneously confuse them with Eleocharis tuberosa (Biqie) and Cyperi Rhizoma (Xiangfu). Additionally, there is Shi Sanleng in Hezhong Prefecture; its root is yellowish-white, shaped like a hairpin shaft, leaves green like rushes, shoots about one chi high, leaves also having three edges, flowering in April with white flowers resembling Polygonum orientale (smartweed) flowers. Roots harvested in May can also resolve stagnant Qi. Currently, the Sanleng used worldwide is actually the root of red rush from Huainan, especially abundant in Taizhou. Its texture is extremely hard and heavy, carved into fish shapes, with flat leaves and round stems, lacking three edges. It is unknown why it is named Sanleng. Even imperial physicians do not consider this an error. Having been in practice for a long time, users do not recognize its shoots, and herb collectors do not investigate its true usage, leading to discrepancies and failure to distinguish. Current Sanleng typically grows two lateral roots without a straight downward taproot, and its shape mostly resembles a crucian carp.
Li Shizhen stated: Sanleng mostly grows in abandoned pond wetlands. In spring, it grows in clumps; in summer and autumn, tall stems emerge. At the stem tips, several more leaves grow, producing six or seven flower spikes. The flowers are finely fragmented into spikes, yellow-purple, containing fine seeds. Its leaves, stems, flowers, and fruits all have three edges, identical to Cyperi Rhizoma (Xiangfu) in morphology, merely larger. Its stems are smooth and triangular, like palm leaves/stems. Inside the stem is white pith; when cut open, it can be woven, flexible like rattan. Lv Chen's *Zilin* states: "Grass growing in water, roots can be used to edge vessels." This refers to the stem of this grass, not the root. *Baopuzi* mentions [missing character] root and flower, also referring to this grass. Its roots have many yellow-black fibrils; after removing the fibril skin, it resembles a carp shape, rather than the main root resembling a carp.
Root
[Processing] Zhang Yuansu stated: Must be processed thoroughly before use.
Li Shizhen stated: To resolve accumulations, it must be soaked in vinegar for one day, then stir-fried or boiled and dried. Only then is it effective for medicinal use.
[Aroma and Flavor] Bitter, neutral, non-toxic. Kou Zongshi stated: Sweet, neutral, warm. Meng Shen stated: Sweet, astringent, cool.
Zhang Yuansu stated: Bitter, sweet, non-toxic, Yang within Yin. It can drain True Qi. Do not use for those with deficient True Qi.
[Indications] Old Pi masses and Jia-Zhang (abdominal masses), accumulations and nodules, postpartum lochia retention and blood stasis, promotes menstruation, induces abortion, relieves pain and regulates Qi (*Kaibao Bencao*). Treats abdominal distension due to Qi, breaks down accumulated Qi, resolves traumatic blood stasis, regulates female blood vessels, treats heart and abdominal pain, postpartum abdominal pain and blood syncope (Meng Shen). Treats chest and diaphragm pain, indigestion (Zhang Yuansu). Unblocks liver meridian blood stasis, treats hard carbuncles and swellings ([Text truncated]).
[Elucidation] Li Haogu stated: Sanleng is white and belongs to Metal; it breaks Qi within Blood and is a drug for the Liver meridian Blood aspect. Sanleng and Ezhu treat hard accumulations and sores by applying the method of "削之" (reducing/scraping hard masses).
Kou Zongshi stated: Folklore tells of a person who died of Pi-Ji (masses); his dying wish was to have his abdomen opened to remove the disease mass. The removed mass was dry and hard as stone, with five-colored textures. People thought it was a foreign object and carved it into a knife handle. Later, when cutting Sanleng with this knife, the handle melted into water, revealing that this herb can treat Pi-Ji.
Li Shizhen stated: Sanleng can break Qi and dissipate nodules, thus treating various diseases. Its efficacy is close to Cyperi Rhizoma (Xiangfu) but its action is fierce, so it cannot be taken for a long time. According to Dai Yuanli's *Zhengzhi Yaojue*: A person suffered from Pi-Ji and abdominal distension. Using Sanleng and Ezhu, simmered and decocted in wine, they excreted a black substance resembling a fish and recovered.
[Attached Prescriptions] Three old prescriptions, five new ones.
Pi-Zhang and Drum Distension: Sanleng Decoction: Use one shi of Sanleng root (sliced). Add five shi of water, boil down to three shi, strain, and further reduce to three dou of juice. Cook in a pot over double-boiler until thick like syrup. Store in sealed containers. Take one bi (measure) with wine every morning, twice daily. (*Qianjin Yifang*)
Pi-Qi Masses: Cao Sanleng, Jing Sanleng, Shi Sanleng, Qing Ju Pi (Green Tangerine Peel), Chen Ju Pi (Aged Tangerine Peel), Mu Xiang (Costus Root) each 0.5 liang; Rou Dou Kou (Nutmeg), Bing Lang (Areca Seed) each 1 liang; [Missing Character, likely Sha Ren/Amomum] 2 qian. Grind into powder, make pills with paste the size of wutong seeds. Take 30 pills with ginger soup each time. (*Qixiao Fang*) For persistent Pi-Qi with hardness under the ribs: Jing Sanleng 1 liang (processed), Chuan Da Huang (Rhubarb) 1 liang. Grind into powder, boil with vinegar to form a paste. Take one spoonful on an empty stomach daily with ginger and tangerine peel tea, stopping when bowel movement occurs. (*Shenghui Fang*)
Pediatric Qi-Pi: Boil Sanleng to make soup/congee, feed to the nursing mother, and give the infant a date-sized amount daily. Effective for infants aged 100 days to 10 years, regardless of epilepsy, heat, or Qi-Pi. The secret efficacy is beyond words; highly effective. (*Zimu Milu*)
Pi-Qi Chest Fullness: Dry mouth, emaciation, reduced appetite, occasional high fever. Shi Sanleng, Jing Sanleng, Jizhao Sanleng (all processed), Peng Ezhu (Curcuma zedoaria) 3 pieces, Bing Lang (Areca Seed) 1 piece, Qing Ju Pi (Green Tangerine Peel) 50 slices (soaked in vinegar, white pith removed), Chen Cang Mi (Stored Rice) 1 he (soaked in vinegar, washed), Ba Dou (Croton Seed) 50 pieces (peeled, stir-fried with green peel and rice until dry, remove beans). Grind into powder, make pills the size of mung beans. Take 3 pills with rice drink once daily. (*Shengji Zonglu*)
Regurgitation and Nausea, inability to take medicine/food: Jing Sanleng (processed) 1.5 liang, Ding Xiang (Clove) 3 fen. Grind into powder. Take 1 qian each time, brewed with boiling water. (*Shengji Zonglu*)
Lack of Milk Secretion: Jing Sanleng 3 pieces, 2 bowls of water. Decoct to 1 bowl of juice. Use to wash the breasts until milk flows out. Extremely effective. (*Waitai Miyao*)
Generalized Blistering: Resembling sand pear fruits, each oozing water, containing a stone-like fragment the size of a fingernail. Blisters recur, consuming muscle and skin, untreatable. Use Jing Sanleng and Peng Ezhu each 5 liang, grind into powder. Divide into three doses, taken with wine continuously until cured. (Wei Shi *De... [Text Truncated])