（音齐尼，并上声。《别录》中品）
【校正】并入《图经》杏参。
【释名】杏参（《图经》）、杏叶沙参（《救荒》）、 （ ，音底。《尔雅》）、甜桔梗（《纲
目》）、白面根（《救荒》），苗名隐忍。
时珍曰∶荠 多汁，有济 之状，故以名之。济 ，浓露也。其根如沙参而叶如杏，
故河南人呼为杏叶沙参。苏颂《图经》杏参，即此也。俗谓之甜桔梗。《尔雅》云∶ ，
也。郭璞云∶即荠 也。隐忍，说见下文。
【集解】弘景曰∶荠 根茎都似人参，而叶小异，根味甜绝，能杀毒。以其与毒药共处，
毒皆自然歇，不正入方家用也。又曰∶魏文帝言荠 乱人参，即此也。
荠 叶甚似桔梗，但叶下光明滑泽无毛为异，又不如人参相对耳。
恭曰∶人参苗似五加而阔短，茎圆有三、四桠，桠头有五叶，陶引荠 乱人参，误矣。
且荠 、桔梗又有叶差互者，亦有叶三、四对者，皆一茎直上，叶既相乱，惟以根有心
为别尔。
颂曰∶今川蜀、江浙皆有之。春生苗茎，都似人参，而叶小异，根似桔梗，但无心为异。
润州、陕州尤多，人家收以为果，或作脯啖，味甚甘美，兼可寄远。二月、八月采根，曝干。
承曰∶今人多以蒸过压扁乱人参，但味淡尔。
宗 曰∶陶以根言，故云荠 乱人参；苏以苗言，故以陶为误也。
机曰∶荠 苗茎与桔梗相似，其根与人参相乱。今言苗茎都似人参，近于误也。当以人
参、荠 、桔梗三注参看自明矣。
时珍曰∶荠 苗似桔梗，根似沙参，故奸商往往以沙参、荠 通乱人参。苏颂《图经》
所谓杏参，周定王《救荒本草》所谓杏叶沙参，皆此荠 也。《图经》云∶杏参生淄州
田野，根如小菜根。土人五月采苗叶，治咳嗽上气。《救荒本草》云∶杏叶沙参，一名白面
根。苗高一、二尺，茎色青白。叶似杏叶而小，微尖而背白，边有叉牙。杪间开五瓣白碗子
花。根形如野胡萝卜，颇肥，皮色灰黝，中间白色，味甜微寒。亦有开碧花者。嫩苗炸熟水
淘，油盐拌食。根换水煮，亦可食。人以蜜煎充果。又陶弘景注桔梗，言其叶名隐忍，可煮
食之，治蛊毒。谨按《尔雅》云∶蒡，隐忍也。郭璞注云∶似苏，有毛。江东人藏以为菹，
亦可瀹食。葛洪《肘后方》云∶隐忍草，苗似桔梗，人皆食之。捣汁饮，治蛊毒。据此则隐
忍非桔梗，乃荠 苗也。荠 苗甘，可食；桔梗苗苦，不可食，尤为可证。《神农本经》无
荠，只有桔梗一名荠 ，至《别录》始出荠 。盖荠 、桔梗乃一类，有甜、苦二种，则
其苗亦可呼为隐忍也。
根
【气味】甘，寒，无毒。
【主治】解百药毒（《别录》）。
杀蛊毒，治蛇虫咬，热狂温疾， 毒箭（大明）。利肺气，和中明目止痛，蒸切作羹粥
食，或作齑菹食（昝殷）。食之，压丹石发动（孟诜）。主咳嗽消渴强中，疮毒疔肿，辟沙虱
短狐毒（时珍）。
【发明】时珍曰∶
荠 寒而利肺，甘而解毒，乃良品也，而世不知用，惜哉。按葛洪《肘后方》云∶一药
而兼解众毒者，惟荠 汁浓饮二升，或煮嚼之，亦可作散服。此药在诸药中，毒皆自解也。
又张 《朝野佥载》云∶各医言虎中药箭，食清泥而解；野猪中药箭， 荠 而食。物犹
知解毒，何况人乎？又孙思邈《千金方》，治强中为病，茎长兴盛，不交精出，消渴之后，
发为痈疽，有荠 丸、猪肾荠 汤方，此皆本草所未及者。然亦取其解热解毒之功尔，无他
义。
【附方】旧四，新三。强中消渴∶猪肾荠 汤∶治强中之病，茎长兴盛，不交精液自出，
消渴之后，即发痈疽。皆由恣意色欲，或饵金石所致，宜此以制肾中热也。用猪肾一具，荠
、石膏各三两，人参、茯苓、磁石、知母、葛根、黄芩、栝蒌根、甘草各二两，黑大豆一
升，水一斗半，先煮猪肾、大豆，取汁一斗，去滓下药，再煮三升，分三服。后人名为石子
荠汤。又荠 丸∶用荠 、大豆、茯神、磁石、栝蒌根、熟地黄、地骨皮、玄参、石斛、
鹿茸各一两，人参、沉香各半两。为末，以猪肚治净煮烂，杵和丸梧子大。每服七十丸，空
心盐汤下。（并《千金方》）
疔疮肿毒∶生荠 根捣汁，服一合，以滓敷之，不过三度。（《千金翼》）
面上 ∶荠 、肉桂各一两。为末。每用方寸匕，酢浆服之，日一服。又灭瘢痣。（《圣
济总录》）
解诸蛊毒∶荠 根捣末，饮服方寸匕，立瘥。（陈延之《短剧方》）
解钩吻毒∶钩吻叶与芹叶相似，误食之杀人。惟以荠 八两，水六升，煮取三升，每服
五合，日五服。（仲景《金匮玉函》）
解五石毒∶荠 生捣汁，多服之，立瘥。（苏颂《图经》）
（读音为“齐尼”，均为上声。收录于《名医别录》中品。）
【校正】并入《本草图经》中的杏参。
【释名】杏参（出自《本草图经》）、杏叶沙参（出自《救荒本草》）、[荠苨]（音“底”，出自《尔雅》）、甜桔梗（出自《本草纲目》）、白面根（出自《救荒本草》），其幼苗名为隐忍。
李时珍说：荠苨汁液丰富，有滋润救济的样子，所以用它来命名。济，指浓露。它的根部像沙参而叶子像杏叶，所以河南人叫它杏叶沙参。苏颂《本草图经》中的杏参，就是这种植物。俗称为甜桔梗。《尔雅》说：[蒡]，就是隐忍。郭璞注解说：就是荠苨。隐忍的说法见下文。
【集解】陶弘景说：荠苨的根茎都像人参，只是叶子略有不同，根部味道极甜，能解毒。因为它与毒药放在一起，毒性自然消除，所以不常用于方剂中。他又说：魏文帝说荠苨混淆人参，就是指这个。
荠苨的叶子很像桔梗，只是叶子下面光亮滑润无毛是区别，另外不像人参那样对生。
甄权说：人参的幼苗像五加但更宽短，茎圆且有三、四个分叉，分叉头有五片叶子，陶弘景引用荠苨混淆人参的说法是错误的。而且荠苨、桔梗也有叶子交互生长的，也有叶子三、四对生的，都是一根茎直上，叶子容易混淆，只有以根部中心是否有芯来区分。
苏颂说：现在川蜀、江浙都有生长。春天生出苗茎，都像人参，只是叶子略有不同，根像桔梗，只是没有芯是区别。润州、陕州尤其多，人家收集作为果品，或制成干果食用，味道非常甘美，还可以寄送远方。二月、八月采挖根部，晒干。
陈承说：现在的人多把蒸过压扁的用来混淆人参，只是味道淡罢了。
寇宗奭说：陶弘景是从根部说的，所以说荠苨混淆人参；苏颂是从幼苗说的，所以认为陶弘景错了。
苏辙说：荠苨的苗茎与桔梗相似，其根与人参相混。现在说苗茎都像人参，接近错误了。应当将人参、荠苨、桔梗三种对照参考自然就明白了。
李时珍说：荠苨的苗像桔梗，根像沙参，所以奸商往往用沙参、荠苨通乱人参。苏颂《本草图经》所说的杏参，周定王《救荒本草》所说的杏叶沙参，都是这种荠苨。《本草图经》说：杏参生长在淄州的田野，根像小菜根。当地人五月采集苗叶，治疗咳嗽气逆。《救荒本草》说：杏叶沙参，一名白面根。苗高一、二尺，茎色青白。叶子像杏叶但较小，微尖且背面白色，边缘有锯齿。梢间开五瓣白色的碗状花。根部形状像野胡萝卜，颇肥壮，皮色灰黑，中间白色，味道甜性微寒。也有开碧花的。嫩苗炸熟用水淘洗，加油盐拌食。根部换水煮，也可以吃。人们用蜜煎制充当果品。另外陶弘景注释桔梗时说，它的叶名叫隐忍，可以煮食，治疗蛊毒。我谨按《尔雅》说：蒡，就是隐忍。郭璞注解说：像苏草，有毛。江东人收藏作为腌菜，也可以煮食。葛洪《肘后备急方》说：隐忍草，苗像桔梗，人们都吃它。捣汁饮用，治疗蛊毒。据此则隐忍不是桔梗，而是荠苨的苗。荠苨的苗甘甜，可食用；桔梗的苗苦，不可食用，这更是确证。《神农本草经》没有荠苨，只有桔梗一名荠苨，到了《名医别录》才出现荠苨。大概荠苨、桔梗是一类，有甜、苦两种，那么它们的苗也可以称为隐忍。
根
【气味】甘，寒，无毒。
【主治】解百药毒（出自《名医别录》）。
杀蛊毒，治疗蛇虫咬伤，热狂温病，毒箭伤（出自《大明本草》）。利肺气，和中明目止痛，蒸切作羹粥吃，或做成腌菜吃（昝殷）。吃了它，能压制丹石类药物引发的燥热（孟诜）。主治咳嗽消渴强中症，疮毒疔肿，辟除沙虱短狐毒（李时珍）。
【发明】李时珍说：
荠苨性寒能利肺，味甘能解毒，是良药，但世人不知道使用，可惜啊。按葛洪《肘后备急方》说：一种药能兼解多种毒的，只有荠苨汁浓饮二升，或煮嚼它，也可以做成散剂服用。这种药在诸药中，毒性自然解除。又张鷟《朝野佥载》说：各医说老虎中了药箭，吃清泥而解毒；野猪中了药箭，吃荠苨而解毒。动物尚且知道解毒，何况人呢？又孙思邈《千金方》，治疗强中症，阴茎常勃起兴盛，不交合精液自出，消渴之后，发为痈疽，有荠苨丸、猪肾荠苨汤方，这些都是本草书中未涉及的。然而也是取其清热解毒的功效罢了，没有其他深意。
【附方】旧方四个，新方三个。强中消渴：猪肾荠苨汤：治疗强中症，阴茎常勃起兴盛，不交合精液自出，消渴之后，就发痈疽。这都是由于纵欲，或服用金石药物所致，宜用此方制约肾中热。用猪肾一个，荠苨、石膏各三两，人参、茯苓、磁石、知母、葛根、黄芩、栝蒌根、甘草各二两，黑大豆一升，水一斗半，先煮猪肾、大豆，取汁一斗，去渣下其他药，再煮至三升，分三次服。后人命名为石子荠汤。又荠苨丸：用荠苨、大豆、茯神、磁石、栝蒌根、熟地黄、地骨皮、玄参、石斛、鹿茸各一两，人参、沉香各半两。研为末，用猪肚洗净煮烂，捣和做成梧子大小的丸药。每次服七十丸，空腹盐汤送下。（均出自《千金方》）
疔疮肿毒：生荠苨根捣汁，服一合，用渣敷患处，不超过三次。（《千金翼方》）
面上瘢痕：荠苨、肉桂各一两。研为末。每次用方寸匕，醋浆送服，每日一服。又能去除瘢痕痣。（《圣济总录》）
解各种蛊毒：荠苨根捣末，饮服方寸匕，立即痊愈。（陈延之《短剧方》）
(Qi Ni, pronounced "Qi Ni", both in the rising tone. Listed as Medium Grade in *Bie Lu*.)
[Correction] Merged with Xing Shen (Apricot Root) from *Tu Jing*.
[Names] Xing Shen (*Tu Jing*), Xing Ye Sha Shen (*Jiu Huang Ben Cao*), [Qi Ni] (pronounced "Di", *Erya*), Tian Jie Geng (*Ben Cao Gang Mu*), Bai Mian Gen (*Jiu Huang Ben Cao*). The young shoots are named Yin Ren.
Li Shizhen said: Qi Ni is juicy and has a moistening and relieving appearance, hence its name. Ji refers to thick dew. Its root resembles Sha Shen (Adenophora Root), and its leaves resemble apricot leaves, so people in Henan call it Xing Ye Sha Shen. The Xing Shen in Su Song's *Tu Jing* is this plant. It is commonly called Tian Jie Geng (Sweet Platycodon). *Erya* states: Bang is Yin Ren. Guo Pu's annotation says: It is Qi Ni. The explanation of Yin Ren is seen below.
[Collection of Explanations] Tao Hongjing said: The roots and rhizomes of Qi Ni resemble those of Ren Shen (Ginseng), but the leaves are slightly different. The root tastes extremely sweet and can detoxify. When placed together with poisonous substances, the toxicity naturally subsides, which is why it is not often used by physicians in prescriptions. He also said: Emperor Wen of Wei stated that Qi Ni confuses Ren Shen, referring to this plant.
The leaves of Qi Ni closely resemble those of Jie Geng (Platycodon Root), except that the underside of the leaves is smooth, glossy, and hairless. Additionally, unlike Ren Shen, they do not grow opposite each other.
Zhen Quan said: The seedling of Ren Shen resembles Wu Jia (Acanthopanax) but is broader and shorter. The stem is round with three or four branches, and each branch tip has five leaves. Tao's citation of Qi Ni confusing Ren Shen is incorrect. Moreover, Qi Ni and Jie Geng have leaves that grow alternately, or in whorls of three or four pairs. All have a single straight stem. Since the leaves are easily confused, they are distinguished only by whether the root has a central pith.
Su Song said: It is now found in Sichuan, Shu, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang. In spring, the seedlings and stems emerge resembling Ren Shen, though the leaves differ slightly. The root resembles Jie Geng, except for the absence of a central pith. It is particularly abundant in Runzhou and Shanzhou. People collect it as a fruit or make it into dried snacks; it tastes very sweet and delicious and can be sent as gifts. Roots are harvested in February and August and sun-dried.
Cheng Cheng said: Nowadays, many people steam and flatten it to pass it off as Ren Shen, but the taste is bland.
Zong Bao said: Tao spoke from the perspective of the root, hence stating that Qi Ni confuses Ren Shen; Su spoke from the perspective of the seedling, thus considering Tao's statement erroneous.
Ji said: The seedlings and stems of Qi Ni resemble Jie Geng, while its root confuses with Ren Shen. To say now that both seedlings and stems resemble Ren Shen is close to error. One should compare Ren Shen, Qi Ni, and Jie Geng side by side to clarify.
Li Shizhen said: The seedlings of Qi Ni resemble Jie Geng, and the root resembles Sha Shen. Therefore, dishonest merchants often pass off Sha Shen and Qi Ni as Ren Shen. The Xing Shen mentioned in Su Song's *Tu Jing* and the Xing Ye Sha Shen in Zhou Ding Wang's *Jiu Huang Ben Cao* are all this Qi Ni. *Tu Jing* states: Xing Shen grows in the fields of Zizhou, and the root resembles small vegetable roots. Locals harvest the leaves in May to treat cough and rebellious Qi. *Jiu Huang Ben Cao* states: Xing Ye Sha Shen, also known as Bai Mian Gen. The seedling is one to two chi high, with greenish-white stems. The leaves resemble apricot leaves but are smaller, slightly pointed, white on the back, and serrated at the margins. White, bowl-shaped flowers with five petals bloom at the tips. The root shape resembles wild carrots, quite fleshy, with grayish-black skin and white interior, tasting sweet and being slightly cold in nature. Some have blue-green flowers. Young shoots can be blanched, rinsed with water, and eaten with oil and salt. Roots can be boiled with changed water and eaten. People preserve them in honey as a fruit. Furthermore, Tao Hongjing's annotation on Jie Geng mentions that its leaf is named Yin Ren and can be boiled for food to treat gu poison. I respectfully consult *Erya*, which states: Bang is Yin Ren. Guo Pu's annotation says: Resembles Perilla, hairy. People in Jiangdong store it as pickles and can boil it for food. Ge Hong's *Zhou Hou Bei Ji Fang* states: Yin Ren grass, seedlings resemble Jie Geng, and people eat it. Crushed juice drunk treats gu poison. Based on this, Yin Ren is not Jie Geng, but the seedling of Qi Ni. The seedling of Qi Ni is sweet and edible; the seedling of Jie Geng is bitter and inedible, which further proves this. *Shen Nong Ben Jing* does not list Qi Ni, only listing Jie Geng under the name Qi Ni. It was only in *Bie Lu* that Qi Ni appeared separately. Presumably, Qi Ni and Jie Geng belong to the same category, having sweet and bitter varieties, so their seedlings could also be called Yin Ren.
Root
[Properties and Flavor] Sweet, Cold, Non-toxic.
[Indications] Resolves the toxicity of various medicines (*Bie Lu*).
Eliminates gu poison, treats snake and insect bites, heat-induced mania and warm diseases, and poisoned arrow wounds (*Da Ming Ben Cao*). Benefits Lung Qi, harmonizes the Middle, brightens the eyes, and relieves pain. Steamed, sliced, and cooked in soups or porridges, or made into pickles (Zan Yin). Consumption suppresses the activation of Dan Shi (mineral pills) (*Meng Shen*). Treats cough, Xiao Ke (Wasting-Thirst), Qiang Zhong (excessive sexual arousal), sores, carbuncles, and wards, and repels Sha Li and Duan Hu poisons (Li Shizhen).
[Elucidation] Li Shizhen said:
Qi Ni is cold and benefits the Lung, sweet and detoxifies; it is a fine medicinal material, yet unknown to the world, what a pity. According to Ge Hong's *Zhou Hou Bei Ji Fang*: Among all herbs, only Qi Ni juice can resolve multiple toxins simultaneously. Drink two sheng of concentrated juice, or boil and chew it, or take it as a powder. This herb, among others, causes toxins to resolve spontaneously. Zhang Zhuo's *Chao Ye Qian Zai* states: Physicians say tigers eat clear mud to detoxify after being hit by an arrow; wild boars eat Qi Ni. Even animals know how to detoxify, let alone humans. Sun Simiao's *Qian Jin Fang* treats Qiang Zhong disease, where the penis remains erect and seminal emission occurs without intercourse, followed by Xiao Ke and subsequent carbuncles. It includes Qi Ni Wan and Zhu Shen Qi Ni Tang. These were not covered in earlier materia medica. However, they merely utilize its heat-clearing and detoxifying properties, with no deeper meaning.
[Attached Formulas] Four old formulas, three new ones. Qiang Zhong and Xiao Ke: Zhu Shen Qi Ni Tang: Treats Qiang Zhong disease, persistent erection, spontaneous seminal emission, and subsequent carbuncles after Xiao Ke. These are caused by excessive sexual desire or ingestion of mineral stones. This formula controls heat in the Kidney. Use one pig kidney, Qi Ni and Shi Gao (Gypsum Fibrosum) each 3 liang, Ren Shen (Ginseng), Fu Ling (Poria), Ci Shi (Magnetitum), Zhi Mu (Anemarrhenae Rhizoma), Ge Gen (Puerariae Radix), Huang Qin (Scutellariae Radix), Gua Lou Gen (Trichosanthis Radix), and Gan Cao (Licorice Root) each 2 liang, and Hei Da Dou (Black Soybean) 1 sheng. Add 1.5 dou of water. First boil the pig kidney and black soybean, obtain 1 dou of liquid, remove dregs, add remaining herbs, and boil down to 3 sheng. Divide into three doses. Later generations named this Stone Zi Qi Tang. Also, Qi Ni Wan: Use Qi Ni, Da Dou (Soybean), Fu Shen (Poria with Hostwood), Ci Shi, Gua Lou Gen, Shu Di Huang (Rehmanniae Radix Preparata), Di Gu Pi (Lycii Cortex), Xuan Shen (Scrophulariae Radix), Shi Hu (Dendrobii Caulis), and Lu Rong (Cervi Cornu Pantotrichum) each 1 liang, and Ren Shen, Chen Xiang (Aquilariae Lignum) each 0.5 liang. Grind into powder. Clean and boil a pig stomach until soft, mash and mix with powder to form pills the size of wu zi. Take 70 pills per dose with salted water on an empty stomach. (Both from *Qian Jin Fang*)
Carbuncles and Swelling: Crush fresh Qi Ni root and extract juice. Drink 1 he. Apply the dregs topically. Do not exceed three applications. (*Qian Jin Yi Fang*)
Facial Scars: Qi Ni and Rou Gui (Cinnamon Bark) each 1 liang. Grind into powder. Use 1 fang cun bi per dose, taken with vinegar juice, once daily. Also removes scars and moles. (*Sheng Ji Zong Lu*)
Resolving Various Gu Poisons: Crush Qi Ni root into powder. Take 1 fang cun bi with water. Cure immediately. (Chen Yanzhi's *Duan Ju Fang*)
Resolving Gou Wen Poison: Gou Wen leaves resemble celery leaves; mistaken consumption is fatal. Use 8 liang of Qi Ni and 6 sheng of water. Boil to obtain 3 sheng. Take 5 he per dose, five times daily. (Zhong Jing's *Jin Gui Yu Han*)
Resolving Five Minerals Poison: Crush fresh Qi Ni and extract juice. Take generously. Cure immediately. (Su Song's *Tu Jing*)