（《纲目》）
【集解】时珍曰∶处处人家栽插之，丛生，高者二三尺，方茎浓叶。
叶如初生小椒叶而无齿，面青背淡。对节生小枝，一枝三叶。正月初开小花，状如瑞香，
花黄色，不结实。
叶
【气味】苦、涩，平，无毒。
【主治】肿毒恶疮，阴干研末，酒服二三钱，出汗便瘥（《卫生易简方》）。
（《本经》中品）
【释名】款冻（郭璞）、颗冻（《尔
雅》）、氐冬（《别录》）、钻冻（《衍义》）、
菟奚（《尔雅》）、橐吾（《本经》）、
虎须（《本经》）。
时珍曰∶按《述征记》云∶洛水至岁末凝厉时，款冬生于草冰之中，则颗冻之，名以此
而得。后人讹为款冬，乃款冻尔。款者至也，至冬而花也。
宗 曰∶百草中，惟此罔顾冰雪，最先春也，故世谓之钻冻。虽在冰雪之下，至
时亦生芽，春时人采以代蔬。入药须微见花者良。如已芬芳，则都无气力。今人多使如箸头
者，恐未有花也。
【集解】《别录》曰∶款冬生常山山谷及上党水旁，十一月采花，阴干。
弘景曰∶第一出河北，其形如宿 未舒者佳，其腹里有丝。次出高丽百济，其花乃似大
菊花。次亦出蜀北部宕昌，而并不如。其冬月在冰下生，十二月、正月旦取之。
恭曰∶今出雍州南山溪水，及华州山谷涧间。叶似葵而大，丛生，花出根下。
颂曰∶今关中亦有之。根紫
色，叶似萆 ，十二月开黄花，青紫萼，去土一二寸，初出如菊花萼，通直而肥实无子。则
陶氏所谓出高丽百济者，近此类也。又有红花者，叶如荷而斗直，大者容一升，小者容数合
，俗呼为蜂斗叶，又名水斗叶。则苏氏所谓大如葵而丛生者，是也。敷咸《款冬赋》序云∶
予曾逐禽，登于北山，于时仲冬之月，冰凌盈谷，积雪被崖，顾见款冬炜然，始敷华艳，是
也。
【修治】 曰∶凡采得，须去向里裹花蕊壳，并向里实如栗零壳者
。并枝叶，以甘草水浸一宿，却取款冬叶相拌 一夜，晒干去叶用。
【气味】辛，温，无毒。《别录》曰∶甘。
好古曰∶纯阳，入手太阴经。
之才曰∶杏仁为之使，得紫菀良，恶皂荚、硝石、玄参，畏贝母、辛夷、麻黄、黄 、
黄芩、黄连、青葙。
【主治】咳逆上气善喘，喉痹，诸惊痫寒热邪气。（《本经》）
消渴，喘息呼吸（《别录》）。疗肺气心促急，热乏劳咳，连连不绝，涕唾稠粘，肺痿
肺痈，吐脓血（甄权）。润心肺，益五脏，除烦消痰，洗肝明目，及中风等疾（大明）。
【发明】颂曰∶《本经》主咳逆，古今方用为温肺治嗽之最。崔知悌疗久
咳熏法∶每旦取款冬花如鸡子许，少蜜拌花使润，纳一升铁铛中。又用一瓦碗钻一孔，
孔内安一小笔管，以面泥缝，勿令漏气。铛下着炭火，少时烟从筒出，以口含吸，咽之。如
胸中少闷，须举头，即将指头按住筒口，勿使漏。至烟尽乃止。如是五日一为之。待至六日，
饱食羊肉 一顿，永瘥。
宗 曰∶有人病嗽多日，或教然款冬花三两，于无风处以笔管吸其烟，满口则咽之，数
日果效。
【附方】新二。
痰嗽带血∶款冬花、百合（蒸焙）等分为末，蜜丸龙眼大。每卧时嚼一丸，姜汤下。（《济
生方》）
口中疳疮∶款冬花、黄连等分，为细末，用唾津调成饼子。先以蛇床子煎汤漱口，乃以
饼子敷之，少顷确住，其疮立消也。（杨诚《经验方》）
【《本草纲目》】
【集解】李时珍说：到处的人家都种植它，丛生，高的有二三尺，茎呈方形，叶子浓密。
叶子像刚长出的小花椒叶但没有锯齿，正面青色背面淡色。在节处对生小枝，一枝三片叶。正月初开小花，形状像瑞香花，
花色黄色，不结果实。
叶
【气味】味苦、涩，性平，无毒。
【主治】肿毒恶疮，阴干后研成粉末，用酒送服二三钱，出汗后病就好了（出自《卫生易简方》）。
（《神农本草经》中品）
【释名】款冻（郭璞）、颗冻（《尔雅》）、氐冬（《别录》）、钻冻（《衍义》）、
菟奚（《尔雅》）、橐吾（《本经》）、
虎须（《本经》）。
李时珍说：查考《述征记》记载：洛水到岁末结冰时，款冬生长在冰草之中，于是称为“颗冻”，名字由此得来。后人误写为“款冬”，其实是“款冻”。款的意思是到达，到了冬天就开花。
苏颂说：百草之中，只有这种植物不顾冰雪，最先在春天生长，所以世人叫它“钻冻”。虽然在冰雪之下，到时候也会发芽，春天人们采集它代替蔬菜食用。入药必须选用微微见花的才良。如果已经盛开芬芳，就没有药效了。现在人多用像筷子头大小的，恐怕还没有开花。
【集解】《名医别录》说：款冬生长在常山山谷及上党水边，十一月采集花朵，阴干。
陶弘景说：最好的产自河北，形状像未舒展的花蕾为佳，其腹中有丝。其次产自古丽、百济，其花像大菊花。其次也出产于蜀地北部宕昌，但都不如前两种好。它在冬季在冰下生长，十二月、正月初一采收。
孟诜说：现在出产于雍州南山溪水，以及华州山谷涧间。叶子像葵菜但更大，丛生，花从根下长出。
苏颂说：现在关中也有。根紫色，叶子像萆薢，十二月开黄花，青紫色的花萼，离土一二寸，初出时像菊花萼，通直而肥实无子。这就是陶氏所说的出自古丽、百济的，接近这类。又有红花的，叶子像荷叶且直立，大的能容纳一升，小的能容纳几合，俗称为蜂斗叶，又名水斗叶。这就是苏恭所说的像葵菜一样丛生的，就是这种。敷咸《款冬赋》序言说：
我曾经追逐禽兽，登上北山，当时是仲冬之月，冰凌充满山谷，积雪覆盖山崖，看见款冬鲜艳，开始绽放华丽，就是这种。
【修治】雷斅说：凡是采得，必须去掉向内包裹的花蕊壳，并向内充实像栗壳一样的部分。连同枝叶，用甘草水浸泡一夜，再取款冬叶拌和一夜，晒干后去叶使用。
【气味】辛，温，无毒。《名医别录》说：甘。
寇宗奭说：纯阳，入手太阴肺经。
徐之才说：杏仁为它的使药，与紫菀配合良好，厌恶皂荚、硝石、玄参，畏惧贝母、辛夷、麻黄、黄芪、
黄芩、黄连、青葙子。
【主治】咳嗽气逆善喘，喉痹，各种惊痫寒热邪气。（《神农本草经》）
消渴，喘息呼吸急促（《名医别录》）。治疗肺气心促急，热乏劳咳，连连不绝，涕唾稠粘，肺痿
肺痈，吐脓血（甄权）。润心肺，益五脏，除烦消痰，洗肝明目，以及中风等疾病（唐慎微引大明之言）。
【发明】苏颂说：《神农本草经》主治咳嗽气逆，古今方剂用它作为温肺治嗽的最佳药物。崔知悌治疗久咳的熏法：每天早晨取款冬花如鸡蛋大小少许，加少量蜂蜜拌花使其湿润，放入一升容量的铁铛中。又用一个瓦碗钻一个孔，
孔内安装一小笔管，用面泥封口，不要漏气。铛下放炭火，一会儿烟从筒口出来，用口含住吸入，咽下去。如果胸中稍感闷，需抬起头，立即用手指按住筒口，不要漏气。直到烟尽才停止。像这样五天做一次。等到第六天，饱吃一顿羊肉，永远痊愈。
苏颂说：有人患咳嗽多天，有人教他用款冬花三两，在无风处以笔管吸其烟，满口则咽下，数日后果然有效。
【附方】新收录二首。
痰嗽带血：款冬花、百合（蒸焙）等分为末，蜜丸如龙眼大。每次睡前嚼服一丸，姜汤送下。（《济生方》）
口中疳疮：款冬花、黄连等分，研为细末，用唾液调成饼子。先用蛇床子煎汤漱口，然后用饼子敷在上面，片刻后固定住，疮立刻消除。（杨诚《经验方》）
[Compendium of Materia Medica]
[Collected Explanations] Li Shizhen said: It is planted in households everywhere, growing in clumps. The tall ones are two or three chi high, with square stems and dense leaves.
The leaves resemble those of young pepper plants but lack serrations; the upper surface is green and the underside is pale. Small branches grow oppositely at the nodes, with three leaves per branch. In the first month of the lunar calendar, small flowers bloom, resembling Daphne odora flowers.
The flowers are yellow and do not bear fruit.
Leaves
[Properties and Flavor] Bitter, astringent, neutral in nature, non-toxic.
[Indications] Swollen toxins and malignant sores. Dry them in the shade, grind into powder, and take two or three qian with wine. Sweating will lead to recovery (from *Health Easy Simplified Formulas*).
(Middle Grade, *Shennong Bencao Jing*)
[Names] Kuandong (Guo Pu), Kedong (*Erya*), Didong (*Bielu*), Zuandong (*Yanyi*), Tuxi (*Erya*), Tuowu (*Benjing*), Huxu (*Benjing*).
Li Shizhen said: According to *Shuzheng Ji*, when Luoshui freezes at the end of the year, Kuaodong grows among the ice-covered grass, thus named "Kedong" (particle frozen). Later generations miswrote it as "Kuandong," which is actually "Kuadong." "Kuan" means arrival; it arrives in winter and blooms.
Su Song said: Among all herbs, only this one disregards ice and snow, being the first to sprout in spring, hence called "Zuandong" (drilling through ice) by the people. Even under ice and snow, it sprouts when the time comes. In spring, people harvest it as a vegetable. For medicinal use, those slightly showing flowers are best. If they have fully bloomed and are fragrant, they lose efficacy. Nowadays, people mostly use buds like chopstick tips, which likely have not yet flowered.
[Collected Explanations] *Bielu* states: Kuaodong grows in the valleys of Changshan and near waters in Shangdang. Harvest the flowers in the eleventh month and dry them in the shade.
Tao Hongjing said: The best quality comes from Hebei; those resembling unopened buds are superior, containing silk inside. The next best comes from Goguryeo and Baekje, where the flowers resemble large chrysanthemums. Some also come from Dangchang in northern Shu, but none compare to the previous two. It grows under ice in winter and is harvested on New Year's Day in the twelfth and first months.
Meng Shen said: Currently, it is produced in the southern mountains' streams of Yongzhou and in the ravines of Huazhou. The leaves resemble Malva but are larger, growing in clumps, with flowers emerging from below the roots.
Su Song said: It is also found in Guanzhong now. The root is purple, leaves resemble *Bixie*, blooming yellow flowers in the twelfth month with green-purple calyces. About one or two cun above the soil, it initially resembles a chrysanthemum bud, straight and plump without seeds. This is close to what Tao described as coming from Goguryeo and Baekje. There is also a variety with red flowers; the leaves resemble lotus leaves and stand upright. Large ones can hold one sheng, small ones several ge. Commonly known as Fengdouye (Bee-comb leaf) or Shuidouye (Water-bowl leaf). This corresponds to Su Gong's description of plants resembling Malva and growing in clumps. Fu Xian's preface to *Ode to Kuaodong* says:
"I once chased game and climbed the Northern Mountain. At that time, in the mid-winter month, ice filled the valleys and snow covered the cliffs. I saw Kuaodong shining brightly, beginning to bloom splendidly. This is it."
[Processing] Lei Xiao said: Upon harvesting, one must remove the inner bracts enclosing the stamen and pistil, and the inner part solid like a chestnut shell. Mix the leaves and stems, soak in licorice water overnight, then mix with Kuaodong leaves for another night. Sun-dry and discard the leaves before use.
[Properties and Flavor] Pungent, warm, non-toxic. *Bielu* adds: Sweet.
Li Gao said: Pure Yang, enters the Hand-Taiyin Lung Meridian.
Xu Zhicai said: Apricot Kernel (*Xingren*) acts as its guiding herb. It works well with Aster Tataricus Root (*Ziwan*). It is incompatible with Soap Pod (*Zaojiao*), Niter (*Xiaoshi*), and Scrophularia Root (*Xuanshen*). It fears Fritillaria Bulb (*Beimu*), Magnolia Flower (*Xinyi*), Ephedra Herb (*Mahuang*), Astragalus Root (*Huangqi*),
Scutellaria Root (*Huangqin*), Coptis Rhizome (*Huanglian*), and Celosia Seed (*Qingxiang*).
[Indications] Cough with rebellious Qi, frequent wheezing, Bi syndrome of the throat, various types of convulsions, epilepsy, and pathogenic cold-heat conditions. (*Shennong Bencao Jing*)
Xiao Ke (Wasting and Thirsting), wheezing and rapid breathing. (*Bielu*) Treats urgency of Lung and Heart Qi, chronic cough due to heat and deficiency, continuous coughing, thick sticky sputum, Lung萎 (Lung Flaccidity), Lung Abscess, and expectoration of pus and blood. (Zhen Quan) Moistens the Lung and Heart, benefits the Five Zang organs, eliminates vexation and phlegm, clears the Liver and brightens the eyes, and treats stroke and other diseases. (Tang Shenwei citing Da Ming)
[Elucidation] Su Song said: *Shennong Bencao Jing* indicates it treats cough and rebellious Qi. Ancient and modern formulas use it as the premier herb for warming the Lung and treating cough. Cui Zhiti's fumigation method for chronic cough: Take a quantity of Kuaodong flowers equivalent to a chicken egg each morning, mix with a little honey to moisten, and place in an iron cauldron holding one sheng. Drill a hole in a clay bowl, insert a small reed tube, seal with flour paste to prevent air leakage. Place charcoal fire under the cauldron. When smoke emerges from the tube, inhale through the mouth and swallow. If the chest feels slightly stuffy, lift the head and press the tube opening with a finger to prevent leakage. Stop when the smoke is exhausted. Perform this every five days. On the sixth day, eat a full meal of mutton for permanent cure.
Su Song said: Someone suffered from cough for many days. Following advice, they used three liang of Kuaodong flowers, inhaled the smoke through a reed tube in a windless place, filling the mouth before swallowing. It proved effective after several days.
[Attached Formulas] Two new formulas.
Phlegm-cough with blood: Equal parts Kuaodong Flower and Lily Bulb (steamed and roasted), ground into powder, formed into pills the size of longan seeds. Chew one pill before sleep, taken down with ginger decoction. (*Jisheng Fang*)
Gum ulcers in the mouth: Equal parts Kuaodong Flower and Coptis Rhizome, ground into fine powder. Mix with saliva to form cakes. First rinse the mouth with decoction of Cnidium Fruit (*Shechuangzi*), then apply the cake to the ulcer. After a short while, it fixes in place, and the ulcer disappears immediately. (Yang Cheng, *Experience Formula*)