（《纲目》）
【主治】田野磷火，人血所化，或出或没，来逼夺人精气，但以马镫
相戛作声即灭。故张华云∶金叶一振，游光敛色（时珍）。
玉类一十四种
（《别录》上品）
【校正】并入《别录》玉屑。
【释名】玄真。
时珍曰∶按许慎《说文》云∶玉乃石之美者。有五德∶润泽以温，仁也； 理自外可以
知中，义也；其声舒扬远闻，智也；不挠而折，勇也；锐廉而不技，洁也。其字象三玉连贯
之形。葛洪《抱朴子》云∶玄真者，玉之别名也，服之令人身飞轻举。故曰∶服玄真者，其
命不极。
【集解】《别录》曰∶玉泉、玉屑，生蓝田山谷，采无时。
弘景曰∶好玉出蓝田及南阳徐善亭部界中，日南、卢容水中，外国于阗、疏勒诸处皆善
。洁白如猪膏，叩之鸣者，是真也。其比类者，甚多相似，宜精别之。所以燕石入笥，卞氏
长号也。 曰∶《异物志》云∶玉出昆仑。《别宝经》云∶凡石韫玉，但将石映灯看之，内有
红光，明如初出日，便知有玉也。
颂曰∶今蓝田、南阳、日南不闻有玉，惟于阗出之。晋平居诲为鸿胪卿张匡邺使于阗，
作《行程记》，载其采玉之地云∶玉河，在于阗城外。其源出昆山，西流一千三百里，至于
阗界牛头山，乃疏为三河∶一曰白玉河，在城东三十里；二曰绿玉河，在城西二十里；三曰
乌玉河，在绿玉河西七里。其源虽一，而其玉随地而变，故其色不同。每岁五、六月大水暴
涨，则玉随流而至。玉之多寡，由水之大小。七、八月水退，乃可取，彼人谓之捞玉，其地
有禁，器用服食，往往用玉。各地所有，亦自彼来。王逸《玉论》，载玉之色曰∶赤如鸡冠，
黄如蒸栗，白如截肪，黑如纯漆，谓之玉符，而青玉独无说焉。今青白者常有，黑者时有，
黄赤者绝无，虽礼之六器，亦不能得其真者。今仪州出一种石，如蒸栗色，彼人谓之栗玉，
或云亦黄玉之类，但少润泽，声不清越，为不及也。然服食者，惟贵纯白，他色亦不取焉。
承曰∶仪州栗玉，乃黄石之光莹者，非玉也。玉坚而有理，火刃不可伤。此石小刀便可
雕刻，与阶州白石同体而异色尔。时珍曰∶按∶《太平御览》云∶交州出白玉，夫余出赤玉，
挹娄出青玉，大秦出菜玉，西蜀出黑玉。蓝田出美玉，色如蓝，故曰蓝田。《淮南子》云∶
钟山之玉，炊以炉炭，三日三夜，而色泽不变，得天地之精也。观此诸说，则产玉之处亦多
矣，而今不出者，地方恐为害也，故独以于阗玉为贵焉。古礼玄圭苍璧，黄琮赤璋，白琥玄
璜，以象天地四时而立名尔。《礼记》云∶石蕴玉则气如白虹，精神见于山川也。《博物志》
云∶山有谷者生玉。《尸子》云∶水圆折者有珠，方折者有玉。《地镜图》云∶二月山中草木
生光下垂者有玉，玉之精如美女。《玉书》云∶玉有山玄文，水苍文，生于山而木润，产于
水而流芳，藏于璞而文采露于外。观此诸说，则玉有山产、水产二种。各地之玉多在山，于
阗之玉则在河也。其石似玉者， 、琨、 、璁、璎也。北方有罐子玉，雪白有气眼，乃
药烧成者，不可不辨，然皆无温润。《稗官》载火玉色赤，可烹鼎；暖玉可辟寒；寒玉可辟
暑；香玉有香；软玉质柔；观日玉，洞见日中宫阙，此皆希世之宝也。
宗 曰∶燕玉出燕北，体柔脆如油，和粉色，不入药用。
（《本草纲目》）
【主治】田野中的磷火，是由人血变化而成的，有时出现有时消失，靠近并掠夺人的精气。只要用马镫相互撞击发出声音，磷火就会熄灭。所以张华说：“金叶一振，游光敛色。”（李时珍注）。
玉类共十四种
（《名医别录》列为上品）
【校正】并入《名医别录》中的“玉屑”。
【释名】玄真。
李时珍说：据许慎《说文解字》记载：“玉是美丽的石头。”具有五种德行：润泽而温和，这是仁；纹理从外部可以知晓内部，这是义；它的声音舒展悠扬、远传四方，这是智；宁折不弯，这是勇；边缘锋利却不伤人，这是洁。这个字的字形像三块玉连贯在一起的形状。葛洪在《抱朴子》中说：“玄真是玉的别名，服用它能让身体轻盈飞升。”所以说：“服用玄真的人，寿命无穷。”
【集解】《名医别录》说：玉泉、玉屑，产于蓝田山谷，采集没有固定时间。
陶弘景说：优质的玉产于蓝田及南阳徐善亭部界中，还有日南、卢容水中，外国于阗、疏勒等地出产的也很好。洁白如猪油，敲击能发出鸣响的，才是真玉。其中相似的种类很多，应当仔细辨别。就像燕石被放入箱笥，卞和为此长声痛哭一样（指误将假石当玉）。[某位学者]说：《异物志》记载：玉产于昆仑山。《别宝经》记载：凡是石头里蕴藏着玉的，只要把石头对着灯看，里面如果有红光，明亮得像初升的太阳，就知道里面有玉了。
苏颂说：如今蓝田、南阳、日南不再听说产玉，只有于阗出产。晋朝平居诲作为鸿胪卿张匡邺的随从出使于阗，写了《行程记》，记载采玉的地方说：玉河在于阗城外。源头出自昆山，向西流一千三百里，流至于阗境内的牛头山，于是分流为三条河：一条叫白玉河，在城东三十里；二条叫绿玉河，在城西二十里；三条叫乌玉河，在绿玉河西边七里。虽然源头相同，但玉石随地形变化，所以颜色不同。每年五、六月大水暴涨时，玉石随水流漂来。玉石的多寡取决于水势的大小。七、八月水退后，才可以采集，当地人称之为“捞玉”，当地有禁令，但器具使用和服食往往使用玉石。各地所用的玉石，也多来自那里。王逸在《玉论》中记载玉的颜色说：红如鸡冠，黄如蒸熟的栗子，白如切断的脂肪，黑如纯漆，这称为玉符，唯独没有提到青玉。如今青白色的常有，黑色的偶尔有，黄色和红色的绝无仅有，即使是礼仪用的六器，也不能得到真正的玉器。如今仪州出产一种石头，颜色像蒸熟的栗子，当地人称之为栗玉，有人说也是黄玉的一类，只是缺少润泽，声音不清越，因此不如真玉。然而用于服食的，只推崇纯白色，其他颜色的都不采用。
寇宗奭说：仪州的栗玉，其实是黄石中光亮莹洁的部分，不是玉。玉坚硬且有纹理，火器和刀刃不能损伤它。这种石头用小刀就可以雕刻，与阶州的白石同体只是颜色不同罢了。李时珍说：据《太平御览》记载：交州出产白玉，夫余出产赤玉，挹娄出产青玉，大秦出产菜玉，西蜀出产黑玉。蓝田出产美玉，颜色像蓝天，所以叫蓝田。《淮南子》说：钟山的玉，用炉炭焚烧，三天三夜，色泽不变，这是因为得到了天地的精华。看这些说法，出产玉的地方也很多了，如今不出产的，恐怕地方上有害处吧，所以唯独以于阗玉为珍贵。古代礼仪中的玄圭、苍璧、黄琮、赤璋、白琥、玄璜，是根据天地四季来命名的。《礼记》说：石头蕴藏玉则气如白虹，精神显现于山川之中。《博物志》说：山中有山谷的地方生长玉。《尸子》说：水流圆折的地方有珍珠，方折的地方有玉。《地镜图》说：二月山中草木生光下垂的地方有玉，玉的精气像美女。《玉书》说：玉有山玄文、水苍文，生于山中则树木滋润，产于水中则流水芬芳，藏在璞石中而文采显露在外。看这些说法，玉有山产和水产两种。各地的玉多在山中，于阗的玉则在河中。那些像玉的石头，有瑊玏、琨、珸玤、璁、璎等。北方有罐子玉，雪白且有气眼，是用药物烧制而成的，不可不辨别，但这些都没有温润之感。《稗官》记载火玉颜色赤红，可以在鼎中烹煮；暖玉可以辟寒；寒玉可以辟暑；香玉有香气；软玉质地柔和；观日玉，能洞见太阳中的宫殿，这些都是世间罕见的宝物。
宗 说：燕玉产于燕北，质地柔脆如油脂，调和粉色，不入药用。
(Compendium of Materia Medica)
【Indications】Field phosphorescence, which is transformed from human blood, appearing and disappearing intermittently, approaching and depriving people of their vital essence. It can be extinguished simply by clashing horse stirrups together to make a sound. Therefore, Zhang Hua said: "When the gold leaf vibrates, the wandering light收敛 (restrains its color)." (Li Shizhen's note).
Category of Jade: Fourteen Types
(Listed as Superior Grade in *Bie Lu*)
【Correction】Merged with "Jade Dust" from *Bie Lu*.
【Names】Xuanzhen (Dark Truth).
Li Shizhen says: According to Xu Shen's *Shuowen Jiezi*: "Jade is a beautiful stone." It possesses five virtues: moist and warm, this is Ren (Benevolence); the texture allows one to know the interior from the exterior, this is Yi (Righteousness); its sound is smooth, resonant, and heard from afar, this is Zhi (Wisdom); it breaks rather than bends, this is Yong (Courage); it has sharp edges but does not injure, this is Jie (Purity). The character resembles the form of three jades connected in a line. Ge Hong in *Baopuzi* states: "Xuanzhen is another name for jade; consuming it makes the body light and able to fly." Thus it is said: "Those who consume Xuanzhen will have an unlimited lifespan."
【Collection & Explanation】 *Bie Lu* states: Yuquan (Jade Spring) and Yuxie (Jade Dust) are produced in the valleys of Lantian, collected at any time.
Tao Hongjing says: High-quality jade comes from Lantian and the Xushanting area of Nanyang, as well as from Rinnan, Luorong waters, and foreign regions such as Khotan and Shule. Those that are white and clean like lard and ring when struck are true jade. There are many similar types that closely resemble it, so careful distinction is necessary. Just as Yan stone was mistaken for jade and Bian He wept bitterly. [A scholar] says: *Yiwuzhi* records that jade comes from the Kunlun Mountains. *Biebaojing* records: For any stone containing jade, if held up to a lamp and red light is seen inside, bright as the rising sun, one knows there is jade within.
Su Song says: Nowadays, jade is no longer heard of being produced in Lantian, Nanyang, or Rinnan; only Khotan produces it. During the Jin dynasty, Ping Juhui, accompanying Zhang Kuanye, the Minister of Ceremonies, on a mission to Khotan, wrote *Xingcheng Ji*, recording the jade mining areas: The Jade River is outside the city of Khotan. Its source originates from Kunshan, flows west for 1,300 li, reaching the Niutou Mountain in Khotan territory, where it splits into three rivers: one called the White Jade River, 30 li east of the city; two, the Green Jade River, 20 li west of the city; three, the Black Jade River, 7 li west of the Green Jade River. Although the source is one, the jade changes according to the terrain, hence the different colors. In May and June, sudden floods cause jade to float down with the current. The quantity of jade depends on the volume of water. In July and August, when the water recedes, collection can begin; locals call this "fishing for jade." There are local prohibitions, yet jade is often used for vessels and consumption. Jade used in various places mostly comes from there. Wang Yi in *Yulun* describes jade colors: red like a rooster's comb, yellow like steamed chestnuts, white like cut fat, black like pure lacquer, termed "Yu Fu"; however, green jade is not mentioned. Today, green-white jade is common, black is occasional, and yellow-red is non-existent. Even the six ritual implements cannot obtain true jade. Currently, Yizhou produces a stone colored like steamed chestnuts, locally called Liyu (Chestnut Jade), said to be a type of yellow jade, but lacking moisture and clear resonance, thus inferior. However, for consumption, only pure white is valued; other colors are rejected.
Kong Zongshi says: Yizhou's Liyu is actually the bright and polished part of yellow stone, not jade. Jade is hard and textured, unharmed by fire blades. This stone can be carved with a small knife, having the same substance as Baishi (White Stone) in Jiazhou but differing in color. Li Shizhen says: According to *Taiping Yulan*: Jiaozhou produces white jade, Fuyu produces red jade, Yilou produces green jade, Daqin produces Caiyu (Vegetable Jade), and Western Shu produces black jade. Lantian produces beautiful jade, blue in color, hence named Lantian. *Huainanzi* states: Jade from Zhong Mountain, when burned with charcoal for three days and nights, retains its color and luster, possessing the essence of heaven and earth. From these accounts, jade-producing places are numerous. Those currently not producing may be due to local harm or prohibition, which is why Khotan jade is considered the most precious. Ancient rituals used Xuan Gui (Black Jade Tablet), Cang Bi (Green Jade Disc), Huang Cong (Yellow Jade Ring), Chi Zhang (Red Jade Blade), Bai Hu (White Jade Tiger), and Xuan Huang (Black Jade Crescent) to symbolize heaven, earth, and the four seasons. *Liji* states: Stones containing jade emit qi like white rainbows, revealing spirit in mountains and rivers. *Bowuzhi* states: Valleys in mountains produce jade. *Shizi* states: Round-turning waters yield pearls, square-turning waters yield jade. *Dijing Tu* states: In February, where mountain grass and trees glow and droop, there is jade; the essence of jade resembles a beautiful woman. *Yushu* states: Jade has Shanxuan patterns and Shuicang patterns; born in mountains, it nourishes trees; produced in water, it fragrances streams; hidden in raw stone, its literary grace is revealed externally. From these views, jade has mountain-produced and water-produced types. Most local jade is found in mountains, while Khotan jade is found in rivers. Stones resembling jade include Jianle, Kun, Wudeng, Cong, and Ying. In the north, there is Guanziyu (Pot Jade), snow-white with air pores, artificially fired with medicine, which must be distinguished, though none possess warmth and moisture. *Baiguan* records Huoyu (Fire Jade) is red and can cook in tripods; Nuanyu (Warm Jade) repels cold; Hanyu (Cold Jade) repels heat; Xiangyu (Fragrant Jade) has scent; Ruanyu (Soft Jade) is soft in texture; Guanriyu (Sun-Viewing Jade) reveals palaces within the sun; these are all rare treasures.
Zong says: Yanyu (Yan Jade) comes from north of Yan, soft and brittle like oil, mixed with pink powder, and is not used medicinally.