（鱼类三十一种）
（《本经》上品）
【释名】时珍曰∶鲤鳞有十字纹理，故名鲤。虽困死，鳞不反白。
颂曰∶崔豹云∶兖州人呼赤鲤为玄驹，白鲤为黄骥，黄鲤为黄骓。
【集解】《别录》曰∶生九江池泽。取无时。
颂曰∶处处有之。其脊中鳞一道，从头至尾，无大小，皆三十六鳞，每鳞有小黑点。诸
弘景曰∶鲤为诸鱼之长，形既可爱，又能神变，乃至飞越江湖，所以仙人琴高乘之也。
山上水中有此，不可食。
肉
【气味】甘，平，无毒。《日华》曰∶凉，有小毒。
宗 曰∶鲤，至阴之物，其鳞故三十六。阴极则阳复，故《素问》言鱼热中。王叔和言
热则生风，食之多
时珍曰∶按∶丹溪朱氏言∶诸鱼在水，无一息之停，皆能动风动火，不独鲤也。
诜曰∶鲤脊上两筋及黑血有毒，溪涧中者毒在脑，俱不可食。凡炙鲤鱼不可使烟入目，
损目光，三日内必验也。天行病后、下痢及宿症，俱不可食。服天门冬、朱砂人不可食
可合犬肉及葵菜食。
【主治】煮食，治咳逆上气，黄胆，止渴。生者，治水肿脚满，下气（《别录》）。治怀
妊身肿，及胎气不安
癖气块，横关伏梁，结在心腹（藏器
喘咳嗽，下乳汁，消肿。米饮调服，治大人小儿暴痢。用童便浸煨，止反胃及恶风入腹
珍）。
【发明】时珍曰∶鲤乃阴中之阳，其功长于利小便。故能消肿胀黄胆，香港脚喘嗽，湿热
之病。作 则性温，故能去 结冷气之病。烧之则从火化，故能发散风寒，平肺通乳，解肠
胃及肿毒之邪。按∶刘河间云∶鲤
【附方】旧五，新九。
水肿∶《范汪》∶用大鲤鱼一头，醋三升，煮干食。一日一作。《外台》∶用大
小豆一升，水二斗，煮食饮汁，一顿服尽，当下痢尽即瘥。
妊娠水肿∶方同上。
入腹内，火纸包裹，外以黄土泥包，放灶内煨熟取出，去纸、泥，送粥。食头者上消，食身、
尾者下消，一日用尽。屡试经验。（杨拱《医方摘要》）
寸匕，令汗出。（《子母秘录》）
不安及妇人数伤胎，下血不
入葱、
姜、橘皮、盐各少许，煮
一钱，酒调下。（《产宝》）
粥，空心食。（《心镜》）
吸短气咳嗽者。用鲤鱼长一尺五寸，以尿浸一宿，平旦以木篦从头贯至尾，文火炙熟，去皮，
空心顿食。勿用盐、醋。（《外台》）
煮粥食之。（《寿域》）
积年骨疽一捏一汁出者∶熬饴糖勃疮上，仍破生鲤鱼 之。顷时刮视，虫出。更洗敷药，虫
尽则愈。（《肘后》）
小儿木舌长大满口∶鲤鱼肉切片贴之，以帛系定。（《圣惠
【气味】咸，平，无毒。
弘景曰∶不可合豆藿食，乃成消渴。
【主治】杀虫（藏器）。
【附方】新一。
切），乌麻子（炒研）一升，同捣，入器中，微火炙暖，布裹贴耳。两食顷，有白虫出，尽
则愈。慎风寒。（《千金》）
胆
【气味】苦，寒，无毒。
甄权曰∶蜀漆为使。
【主治】目热赤痛，青盲，明目。久服强悍，益志气（《本经》）。点眼，治赤肿翳痛。
涂小儿热肿（甄权）。点雀目，燥痛即明。（《肘后》
【附方】旧一，新四。
小儿咽肿喉痹者∶用鲤鱼胆二七枚，和灶底土，以涂咽外，立效。（《千金方》）
大人阴痿∶鲤鱼胆、雄鸡肝各一枚为末，雀卵和，丸小豆大。每吞一丸。（《千
睛上生晕，不问久新∶鲤鱼长一尺二寸者，取胆滴铜镜上，阴干。竹刀刮下，每点少许。
（《总录》）
赤眼肿痛∶《圣济总录》∶用鲤鱼胆十枚，腻粉一钱，和匀瓶收，日点。《十便良方》∶用
鲤胆五枚，黄连末半两，和匀，入蜂蜜少许，
亦治飞血赤脉。
脂
【主治】食之，治小儿惊忤诸痫（大明）。
脑髓
【主治】诸痫（苏恭）。煮粥食，治暴聋
【附方】新二。
耳卒聋∶竹筒盛鲤鱼脑，于饭上蒸过，注入耳中。（《千金》）
耳脓有虫∶鲤鱼脑和桂末捣匀，绵裹塞之。（《千金方》）
血
【主治】小儿火疮，丹肿疮毒，涂之立瘥（苏恭）。
肠
【主治】小儿肌疮（苏恭）。
帛裹坐之。俱以虫尽为度
子
弘景曰∶合猪肝食，害人。
目
【主治】刺疮伤风、伤水作肿。烧灰敷之，汁出即愈（藏器）。
齿
【主治】石淋（《别录》）。
颂曰∶《古今录验》∶治石淋。用齿一升研末，以三岁醋和。分三服，一日服尽。（《外
台》）∶治卒淋，用酒服。
时珍曰∶古方治石淋多用之，未详其义。
骨
【主治】女子赤白带下（《别录》）。阴疮，鱼鲠
皮
【主治】瘾疹（苏恭）。烧灰水服，治鱼鲠六、七日
鳞
【主治】产妇滞血腹痛，烧灰酒服。亦治血气（苏颂）。
下痔 ，鱼鲠（时珍）。
【发明】时珍曰∶古方多以皮、鳞烧灰，入崩漏、痔 药中，盖取其行滞血耳。治鱼鲠
者，从其类也。
【附方】新三。
门事亲》）
鼻衄不止∶鲤鱼鳞炒成灰。每冷水服二钱。（《普济方》）
鱼（音序。《纲目》）
【释名】鲢鱼。
时珍曰∶酒之美者曰KT ，鱼之美者曰 ；陆佃云∶ 好群行相与也，
也，故曰鲢。《传》云鱼属连行是矣。
【集解】时珍曰∶ 鱼，处处有之。状如 ，而头小形扁，细鳞肥腹。其色最白，故《西
征赋》云∶华鲂跃鳞，素
肉
【气味】甘，温，无毒。
【主治】温中益气。多食，令人热中发渴，又发疮疥（时珍）。
（鱼类共三十一类）
（《神农本草经》列为上品）
【释名】李时珍说：鲤鱼的鳞片上有十字形的纹理，所以叫作“鲤”。即使鲤鱼困死后，鳞片也不会变白。
苏颂说：崔豹曾说：兖州人把红色的鲤鱼称为“玄驹”，白色的鲤鱼称为“黄骥”，黄色的鲤鱼称为“黄骓”。
【集解】《名医别录》说：生长在九江的池塘沼泽中。随时可以捕捞。
苏颂说：各地都有。其背部中间有一行鳞片，从头到尾，无论大小，都是三十六片鳞，每片鳞上有一个小黑点。
陶弘景说：鲤鱼是各种鱼中的首领，形态可爱，又能神奇变化，甚至能飞越江湖，所以仙人琴高骑着它。如果山上或水中出现这种鱼，不可食用。
肉
【气味】味甘，性平，无毒。《日华子本草》说：性凉，有小毒。
寇宗奭说：鲤鱼是至阴之物，它的鳞片因此有三十六片。阴气极盛则阳气回复，所以《素问》说鱼吃多了会使人热积于中。王叔和说热极则生风，吃多了容易……
李时珍说：按：丹溪朱氏说：所有的鱼在水中，没有一刻停歇，都能动风动火，不仅仅是鲤鱼而已。
孟诜说：鲤鱼脊背上的两条筋以及黑血有毒，在溪流山涧中生长的鲤鱼，毒性在脑部，都不可食用。凡是烤制鲤鱼时不能让烟熏入眼睛，会损伤视力，三天内必然显现后果。刚患完流行病后、患有痢疾及陈旧性疾病的人，都不可食用。正在服用天门冬、朱砂的人不可食用。
不可与犬肉及葵菜同食。
【主治】煮熟食用，治疗咳嗽气逆，黄疸，止渴。生吃，治疗水肿脚部胀满，下气（《名医别录》）。治疗怀孕身体浮肿，以及胎气不安……
癖气块，横关伏梁，结在心腹（陈藏器）。
治疗喘咳，下乳汁，消肿。用米汤调服，治疗大人小孩突发痢疾。用童子尿浸泡后煨熟，治疗反胃及恶风入腹……
李时珍说。
【发明】李时珍说：鲤鱼乃阴中之阳，其功效长于利小便。所以能消除肿胀黄疸，脚气喘咳，湿热之病。做成鲙（生鱼片）则性温，所以能去除凝结冷气之病。烧焦则从火化，所以能发散风寒，平肺通乳，解除肠胃及肿毒之邪。按：刘河间说：鲤鱼……
【附方】旧方五个，新方九个。
水肿：《范汪方》：用大鲤鱼一条，醋三升，煮干后食用。一天做一次。《外台秘要》：用大豆和小豆各一升，水二斗，煮后食用并喝汁，一顿服尽，当下出痢疾样物质后即痊愈。
妊娠水肿：方子同上。
入腹内，用火纸包裹，外面用黄土泥包好，放在灶内煨熟取出，去掉纸和泥，送粥吃。吃头部治上消，吃身体和尾部治下消，一天用完。多次试验有效。（杨拱《医方摘要》）
寸匕，令汗出。（《子母秘录》）
胎气不安及妇人多次伤胎，下血不止……
加入葱、姜、橘皮、盐少许，煮……
一钱，酒调服。（《产宝》）
粥，空腹食用。（《心镜》）
吸短气咳嗽者。用长一尺五寸的鲤鱼，用尿浸泡一夜，清晨用木梳从头贯穿到尾，文火烤熟，去皮，空腹顿服。不要用盐和醋。（《外台秘要》）
煮粥吃。（《寿域神方》）
积年骨疽，捏一下流出汁液的：熬饴糖涂在疮上，仍破开生鲤鱼敷在上面。一会儿刮看，虫子出来。再清洗敷药，虫子尽则愈。（《肘后备急方》）
小儿木舌长大满口：鲤鱼肉切片贴在上面，用布系定。（《圣惠方》……
【气味】味咸，性平，无毒。
陶弘景说：不可与豆藿同食，否则会成为消渴病。
【主治】杀虫（陈藏器）。
【附方】新方一个。
切），乌麻子（炒研）一升，一起捣碎，放入容器中，微火加热暖，用布包裹贴在耳朵上。两顿饭的时间，有白虫出来，尽则愈。注意防风寒。（《千金方》）
胆
【气味】味苦，性寒，无毒。
甄权说：蜀漆为使药引。
【主治】目热赤痛，青盲，明目。久服使人强悍，益志气（《神农本草经》）。点眼，治疗赤肿翳痛。涂抹小儿热肿（甄权）。点雀目，燥痛即明。（《肘后备急方》……
【附方】旧方一个，新方四个。
小儿咽肿喉痹者：用鲤鱼胆十四枚，和灶底土，涂抹咽喉外部，立即见效。（《千金方》）
大人阳痿：鲤鱼胆、雄鸡肝各一枚研为末，用雀卵调和，制成小豆大小的丸药。每次吞服一丸。（《千金方》……
眼睛上生晕，不论新旧：取长一尺二寸的鲤鱼，取胆滴在铜镜上，阴干。用竹刀刮下，每次点少许。
（《太平惠民和剂局方》等总录）。
赤眼肿痛：《圣济总录》：用鲤鱼胆十枚，腻粉一钱，混合均匀瓶收，每日点眼。《十便良方》：用鲤胆五枚，黄连末半两，混合均匀，加入少许蜂蜜，
也治疗飞血赤脉。
脂
【主治】食用，治疗小儿惊忤诸痫（孟诜）。
脑髓
【主治】诸痫（苏恭）。煮粥吃，治疗突发耳聋……
【附方】新方两个。
耳卒聋：竹筒盛鲤鱼脑，在饭上蒸过，注入耳中。（《千金方》）
耳脓有虫：鲤鱼脑和桂末捣匀，用绵裹塞入耳中。（《千金方》）
血
【主治】小儿火疮，丹肿疮毒，涂抹后立即痊愈（苏恭）。
肠
【主治】小儿肌疮（苏恭）。
帛裹坐之。都以虫子尽为度
子
陶弘景说：合猪肝食用，害人。
目
【主治】刺疮伤风、伤水作肿。烧成灰敷之，汁出即愈（陈藏器）。
齿
【主治】石淋（《名医别录》）。
苏颂说：《古今录验》：治疗石淋。用齿一升研末，用三年醋调和。分三次服，一天服完。（《外台秘要》）：治疗突发淋证，用酒送服。
李时珍说：古方治疗石淋多用此，未详其义。
骨
【主治】女子赤白带下（《名医别录》）。阴疮，鱼鲠……
皮
【主治】瘾疹（苏恭）。烧灰水服，治疗鱼鲠六、七日……
鳞
【主治】产妇滞血腹痛，烧灰酒服。也治疗血气（苏颂）。
下痔 ，鱼鲠（李时珍）。
【发明】李时珍说：古方多以皮、鳞烧灰，入崩漏、痔疮药中，大概取其行滞血的作用。治疗鱼鲠者，是从同类相治的角度。
【附方】新方三个。
门事亲》）
鼻衄不止：鲤鱼鳞炒成灰。每次冷水服二钱。（《普济方》）
鱼（音序。《纲目》）
【释名】鲢鱼。
李时珍说：酒的美称曰KT，鱼的美称曰 ；陆佃说： 喜欢群行相互伴随，
也，所以叫鲢。《传》说鱼属连行是对的。
【集解】李时珍说： 鱼，各地都有。形状像 ，但头小形扁，细鳞肥腹。颜色最白，所以《西征赋》说：华鲂跃鳞，素
肉
【气味】味甘，性温，无毒。
【主治】温中益气。多吃，令人热积于中发渴，又发疮疥（李时珍）。
(Fish: 31 species)
(Grade Upper, *Shennong Bencao Jing*)
**Names**: Li Shizhen said: The carp (*Cyprinus carpio*) has cross-shaped patterns on its scales, hence the name "Li" (carp). Even if it dies trapped, the scales do not turn white.
Su Song said: Cui Bao stated that people in Yanzhou call red carp "Xuanju", white carp "Huangji", and yellow carp "Huangzhui".
**Collection & Explanation**: *Bielu* says: Grows in ponds and marshes of Jiujiang. Can be caught at any time.
Su Song said: Found everywhere. There is a single row of scales along the spine, from head to tail; regardless of size, there are always thirty-six scales, each with a small black dot.
Tao Hongjing said: The carp is the leader among fish. Its form is lovely, and it can undergo miraculous transformations, even flying over rivers and lakes; thus, the immortal Qin Gao rode one. If such fish appear in mountains or water, they should not be eaten.
**Flesh**
**Flavor & Properties**: Sweet, neutral, non-toxic. *Ri Hua* says: Cool, slightly toxic.
Kong Zongshi said: Carp is a substance of extreme Yin, which is why it has thirty-six scales. When Yin reaches its extreme, Yang returns; thus, *Suwen* states that eating fish causes heat accumulation in the middle. Wang Shuhe said that extreme heat generates wind; eating too much...
Li Shizhen said: According to Zhu Danxi: All fish in water never rest for a moment, and all can stir up wind and fire, not just carp.
Meng Shen said: The two tendons on the carp's back and its black blood are toxic. For those from streams and ravines, the toxicity lies in the brain; both are inedible. When roasting carp, smoke must not enter the eyes, as it will damage vision, with effects manifesting within three days. Those recovering from epidemic fevers, suffering from dysentery, or having chronic conditions must not eat it. Those taking *Asparagi Radix* (Tianmendong) or *Cinnabaris* (Zhusha) must not eat it.
It should not be eaten with dog meat or okra (*Abelmoschus esculentus*).
**Indications**: Boiled and eaten, treats cough with rebellious Qi, jaundice, and stops thirst. Eaten raw, treats edema and fullness in the legs, and directs Qi downward (*Bielu*). Treats swelling during pregnancy and fetal unrest...
Masses due to stagnation, Hengguan and Fuliang masses, knots in the heart and abdomen (Chen Cangqi).
Treats wheezing and cough, promotes lactation, reduces swelling. Mixed with rice decoction, treats sudden dysentery in adults and children. Soaked in child's urine and baked, treats regurgitation and evil wind entering the abdomen...
Li Shizhen said.
**Elucidation**: Li Shizhen said: Carp is Yang within Yin. Its efficacy excels in promoting urination. Thus, it can resolve swelling and jaundice, foot qi with wheezing/cough, and damp-heat diseases. Made into sashimi (raw slices), its nature becomes warm, thus resolving cold Qi stagnation. Charred, it transforms by fire, thus dispersing wind-cold, calming the lungs, promoting lactation, and resolving pathogens in the stomach/intestines and sores/toxins. According to Liu Hejian: Carp...
**Prescriptions**: 5 old, 9 new.
Edema: *Fan Wang Fang*: Use one large carp, three sheng of vinegar, boil until dry and eat. Do this once a day. *Waitai Mi Yao*: Use one sheng each of soybeans and mung beans, two dou of water, boil and eat/drink the juice in one sitting. Recovery occurs when dysentery-like matter is passed.
Pregnancy Edema: Same prescription as above.
Enter the abdomen, wrap in fire paper, then in yellow mud, bake in the stove until cooked, remove paper and mud, take with porridge. Eating the head treats upper Xiao (wasting-thirst), body and tail treat lower Xiao, use up in one day. Proven effective repeatedly. (Yang Gong, *Yifang Jiangyao*)
One cun bi [measure], induce sweating. (*Zimu Milu*)
Fetal unrest and women with repeated miscarriages, bleeding...
Add scallion, ginger, tangerine peel, salt in small amounts, boil...
One qian, taken with wine. (*Chanbao*)
Porridge, taken on an empty stomach. (*Xinjing*)
For those with shortness of breath and cough: Use a carp 1 chi 5 cun long, soak in urine overnight. At dawn, thread through head to tail with a wooden comb, roast gently over low fire, remove skin, eat in one go on an empty stomach. Do not use salt or vinegar. (*Waitai Mi Yao*)
Boil into porridge and eat. (*Shouyu Shenfang*)
Chronic bone abscess, oozing fluid upon pressure: Cook maltose, apply to the sore, still break open fresh carp flesh and apply. After a while, scrape and view; worms emerge. Wash again and apply medicine; cured when worms are gone. (*Zhouhou Beiji Fang*)
Infant wooden tongue, enlarged filling the mouth: Slice carp flesh and apply, secure with cloth. (*Shenghui Fang*...)
**Properties**: Salty, neutral, non-toxic.
Tao Hongjing said: Do not eat with bean leaves, otherwise it may cause Xiao Ke (wasting-thirst syndrome).
**Indications**: Kills parasites (Chen Cangqi).
**Prescriptions**: 1 new.
Cut), black sesame seeds (stir-fried and ground) one sheng, pound together, place in vessel, warm gently over low fire, wrap in cloth and apply to ear. After two meal times, white worms emerge; cured when gone. Avoid wind and cold. (*Qianjin Fang*)
**Gallbladder**
**Properties**: Bitter, cold, non-toxic.
Zhen Quan said: Use *Schizonepetae Herba* (Shuqi) as a guide drug.
**Indications**: Heat-red pain in eyes, Qingmang (blindness), brightens vision. Long-term use makes one robust and benefits willpower (*Benjing*). Drip into eyes, treats red swelling and corneal opacity. Apply to infant heat-swelling (Zhen Quan). Drip for night blindness, dryness/pain clears immediately. (*Zhouhou Beiji Fang*...)
**Prescriptions**: 1 old, 4 new.
Infant throat swelling and Bi obstruction: Use fourteen carp gallbladders, mix with soil from the bottom of the stove, apply externally to the throat, immediate effect. (*Qianjin Fang*)
Adult impotence: One carp gallbladder and one rooster liver, ground to powder, mixed with quail eggs, formed into pills the size of soybeans. Swallow one pill per dose. (*Qianjin Fang*...)
Halos in eyes, regardless of duration: Take a 1 chi 2 cun carp, extract gallbladder, drip onto copper mirror, dry in shade. Scrape off with bamboo knife, apply a small amount per dose.
(*Zonglu*)
Red eye swelling and pain: *Shengji Zonglu*: Use ten carp gallbladders, one qian of calomel, mix evenly, store in bottle, apply daily. *Shibian Liangfang*: Use five carp gallbladders, half liang of *Coptidis Rhizoma* (Huanglian) powder, mix evenly, add small amount of honey,
also treats flying blood and red vessels.
**Fat**
**Indications**: Eating it treats infant fright and various epilepsy syndromes (Meng Shen).
**Brain and Marrow**
**Indications**: Various epilepsy syndromes (Su Gong). Boil into porridge and eat, treats sudden deafness...
**Prescriptions**: 2 new.
Sudden deafness: Place carp brain in bamboo tube, steam over rice, inject into ear. (*Qianjin Fang*)
Ear pus with worms: Mix carp brain with *Cinnamomi Ramulus* (Guizhi) powder, pound evenly, wrap in cotton and insert into ear. (*Qianjin Fang*)
**Blood**
**Indications**: Infant fire burns, erysipelas and sores/toxins, apply for immediate cure (Su Gong).
**Intestine**
**Indications**: Infant muscle sores (Su Gong).
Wrap in silk and sit on it. Continue until worms are gone.
**Eggs**
Tao Hongjing said: Eating with pig liver harms humans.
**Eyes**
**Indications**: Puncture wounds, wind/water-induced swelling. Burn to ash and apply; heals when fluid drains (Chen Cangqi).
**Teeth**
**Indications**: Stone Lin (calculi) (*Bielu*).
Su Song said: *Gujin Luyian*: Treats Stone Lin. Use one sheng of teeth, grind to powder, mix with three-year-old vinegar. Divide into three doses, finish in one day. (*Waitai Mi Yao*): For sudden Lin syndrome, take with wine.
Li Shizhen said: Ancient formulas often used this for Stone Lin, but the rationale is unclear.
**Bone**
**Indications**: Red and white leukorrhea in women (*Bielu*). Yin sores, fishbone stuck...
**Skin**
**Indications**: Urticaria (Su Gong). Burn to ash, take with water, treats fishbone stuck for 6-7 days...
**Scales**
**Indications**: Postpartum stagnant blood causing abdominal pain, burn to ash, take with wine. Also treats Blood-Qi disorders (Su Song).
Hemorrhoids, fishbone stuck (Li Shizhen).
**Elucidation**: Li Shizhen said: Ancient formulas often charred skin and scales, adding them to prescriptions for metrorrhagia and hemorrhoids, likely to promote stagnant blood circulation. Treating fishbone stuck utilizes the principle of treating like with like.
**Prescriptions**: 3 new.
*Menshi Qin* )
Incessant epistaxis: Roast carp scales to ash. Take two qian with cold water per dose. (*Puji Fang*)
Fish (Alphabetical Order. *Bencao Gangmu*)
**Names**: Silver carp (*Hypophthalmichthys molitrix*).
Li Shizhen said: Fine wine is called KT, fine fish is called ; Lu Tuo said: [Silver carp] likes to swim in schools together,
thus named Lian (linked/connected). The *Commentary* states that fish of this type swim in connected rows, which is correct.
**Collection & Explanation**: Li Shizhen said: [Silver carp] is found everywhere. Shape resembles [Common carp], but with a smaller head and flatter body, fine scales and fat belly. Color is whitest, thus *Xi Zheng Fu* says: Huafang leaps with scales, white...
**Flesh**
**Properties**: Sweet, warm, non-toxic.
**Indications**: Warms the middle and supplements Qi. Eating too much causes heat accumulation in the middle and thirst, and induces sores/scabies (Li Shizhen).