（无鳞鱼二十八种，附录九种）
（《本经》上品）
【释名】蠡鱼（《本经》）、黑鳢（《图经》）、
鱼（音同。《本经》）、
时珍曰∶鳢首有七星，夜朝北斗，有自然之礼，故谓之鳢。又与
鱼也，故有玄、黑诸名。俗呼火柴头鱼，即此也。其小者名
诸注，谓鳢即鲩鱼者，误矣。今直削
【集解】《别录》曰∶生九江池泽。取无时。
弘景曰∶处处有之。言是公蛎蛇所化，然亦有相生者。性至难死，犹有蛇性也。
时珍曰∶形长体圆，头尾相等，细鳞玄色，有斑点花纹，颇类蝮蛇，有舌有齿有肚，背腹有
鬣连尾，尾无歧。形状可憎，气息腥恶，食品所卑。南人有珍之者，北人尤绝之。道家指为
水厌，斋 所忌。
肉
【气味】甘，寒，无毒。有疮者不可食，令人瘢白（《别录》）。
源曰∶有小毒，无益，不宜食之。
宗 曰∶能发痼疾。疗病亦取其一端耳。
【主治】疗五痔，治湿痹，面目浮肿，下大水（《本经》。弘景曰∶合小豆白煮，疗肿满
甚效）。下大小便，壅塞气。作 ，与香港脚、风气人食，良。（孟诜）。主妊娠有水气（苏颂）。
【附方】旧三，新二。
十种水气垂死∶鳢鱼（一斤重者）煮汁，和冬瓜、葱白作羹食。（《心镜》）
下一切气∶诜曰∶用大鳢一头开肚，入胡椒末半两，大蒜三两颗，缝合，同小豆一升煮
熟，下萝卜三、五颗，葱一握，俱切碎，煮熟，空腹食之至饱，并饮汁。至夜，泄恶气无限
也。三五日更一作。
肠痔下血∶鳢鱼作 ，以蒜齑食之。忌冷、毒物。（《外台》）
一切风疮顽癣疥癞∶年久不愈者，不过二、三服必愈。用黑火柴头鱼一个（即乌鳢也），
去肠肚，以苍耳叶填满。外以苍耳安锅底，置鱼于上，少少着水，慢火煨熟，去皮骨淡食。
勿入盐酱，功效甚大。（《医林集要》）
浴儿免痘∶除夕黄昏时，用大乌鱼一尾，小者二三尾，煮汤浴儿，遍身七窍俱到。不可
嫌腥，以清水洗去也。若不信，但留一手或一足不洗，遇出痘时，则未洗处偏多也。此乃异
人所传，不可轻易。（杨拱《医方摘要》）
肠及肝
【主治】冷败疮中生虫（别录）。肠以五味炙香
胆
【气味】甘，平。
《日华》曰∶诸鱼胆苦，惟此胆甘可食为异也。腊月收取，阴干。
【主治】喉痹将死者，点入少许即瘥，病深者水调灌之（《灵苑方》）。
（无鳞鱼类共二十八种，附录九种）
（《神农本草经》列为上品）
【释名】蠡鱼（出自《本经》）、黑鳢（出自《图经》）、[缺字]鱼（音同“蠡”，出自《本经》）。
李时珍说：鳢鱼的头部有七星斑点，夜晚面向北斗星，具有天然的礼仪，所以称为“鳢”。又因为它与[缺字]鱼相似，所以有玄色、黑色等各种名称。俗称为火柴头鱼，就是这种鱼。体型较小的称为[缺字]。以前的注释者认为鳢鱼就是鲩鱼，这是错误的。现在直接删去这些错误的注解。
【集解】《名医别录》说：生长在九江地区的池塘沼泽中。随时可以捕捞。
陶弘景说：各地都有。有人说它是公蛎蛇变化而来，但事实上也有雌雄交配繁殖的。它的生命力极强，很难死亡，仍然保留着蛇的特性。
李时珍说：身体细长呈圆形，头尾大小相等，鳞片细小呈黑色，带有斑点花纹，很像蝮蛇，有舌头、牙齿和胃，背部和腹部有鳍一直连到尾部，尾巴不分叉。形状令人厌恶，气味腥臭恶劣，在食品中被轻视。南方有人珍视它，北方人尤其排斥它。道家将其视为水厌之物，斋戒期间忌讳食用。
【气味】味甘，性寒，无毒。患有疮疡的人不可食用，否则会导致皮肤留下白斑（出自《别录》）。
陈藏器说：有小毒，没有益处，不宜食用。
苏颂说：能诱发陈旧性疾病。治疗疾病也只是取其某一方面的功效罢了。
【主治】治疗五种痔疮，治疗湿痹，消除面目浮肿，通利大小便排出积水（出自《本经》。陶弘景说：与小豆白煮，治疗肿胀非常有效）。通利大小便，疏通壅滞的气机。制成肉羹，给患香港脚（足部肿痛麻木）、风气病的人食用，效果良好。（出自孟诜）。主治妊娠期间有水气病（出自苏颂）。
【附方】旧方三个，新方两个。
十种水气病濒临死亡：用一斤重的鳢鱼煮汁，加入冬瓜、葱白做成羹食用。（出自《心镜》）
通下各种气滞：孟诜说：取一条大鳢鱼剖开肚子，放入半两胡椒末、两三颗大蒜，缝合后，与一升小豆一起煮熟，再加入三到五颗萝卜、一把葱，全部切碎，煮熟后空腹吃至饱腹，并喝下汤汁。到了晚上，会排出无限的恶气。三五天后可再服用一次。
肠痔出血：将鳢鱼制成肉羹，配合蒜泥食用。忌食生冷、有毒食物。（出自《外台秘要》）
各种风疮、顽癣、疥癞：病程长久不愈的，服用不超过二三次必定痊愈。取一条黑火柴头鱼（即乌鳢），去除肠肚，用苍耳叶填满。外面也在锅底铺上苍耳叶，将鱼放在上面，加少量水，用慢火煨熟，去皮骨后淡食。不要加入盐和酱，功效非常大。（出自《医林集要》）
洗澡使婴儿避免出痘：除夕黄昏时，用一条大乌鱼，或两三条小的，煮汤给婴儿洗澡，全身七窍都要洗到。不要嫌弃腥味，用清水洗去即可。如果不相信，只留一只手或一只脚不洗，等到出痘时，未洗的地方痘痘就会特别多。这是异人传授的方法，不可轻易尝试。（出自杨拱《医方摘要》）
肠及肝
【主治】冷败疮中生虫（出自《别录》）。肠子用五味调料炙烤至香。
胆
【气味】味甘，性平。
《日华子本草》说：各种鱼的胆都是苦的，只有这个胆是甘甜的，可以作为食物，这是其独特之处。腊月采集，阴干保存。
【主治】喉痹病势危急即将死亡的，滴入少许胆汁即可痊愈，病情深的用水调服灌下（出自《灵苑方》）。
(Twenty-eight species of scaleless fish, with nine supplementary species)
(Listed as Superior Grade in *Shennong Bencao Jing*)
**Names**: Li Fish (from *Benjing*), Black Snakehead (from *Tujing*), [Missing Character] Fish (pronounced same as "Li", from *Benjing*).
Li Shizhen stated: The head of the Snakehead fish (*Channa argus*) has seven star-like spots. At night, it faces the Big Dipper, demonstrating a natural propriety; hence it is called "Li". It is also similar to the [Missing Character] fish, thus bearing names such as Xuan (dark/black) and Hei (black). Commonly known as the Matchstick Head Fish, this refers to this species. Smaller ones are named [Missing Character]. Previous commentators erroneously claimed that the Li fish is the Grass Carp (*Ctenopharyngodon idellus*); this is incorrect. These erroneous annotations are hereby deleted.
**Collection & Description**: *Mingyi Bielu* states: It lives in the ponds and marshes of the Jiujiang region. It can be caught at any time.
Tao Hongjing stated: It is found everywhere. Some say it transforms from male Oyster Snakes, but it also reproduces through mating. Its nature is extremely difficult to kill, retaining snake-like vitality.
Li Shizhen stated: The body is long and round, with head and tail of equal size. It has fine black scales with spotted patterns, resembling the Viper (*Gloydius*). It possesses a tongue, teeth, and stomach. Fins connect from the back and belly to the tail, which is unbranched. Its appearance is repulsive, its odor foul and fishy, and it is despised as food. People in the South cherish it, while those in the North abhor it. Daoists regard it as a water repellent spirit and forbid its consumption during fasting rituals.
**Flavor & Properties**: Sweet, Cold, Non-toxic. Those suffering from sores should not eat it, as it causes white scars on the skin (from *Bielu*).
Chen Cangqi stated: It has slight toxicity, no nutritional benefit, and should not be eaten.
Su Song stated: It can trigger chronic diseases. In treating illness, only one aspect of its efficacy is utilized.
**Indications**: Treats five types of hemorrhoids, damp-bi syndrome, edema of the face and eyes, and promotes urination and defecation to remove excess water (from *Benjing*. Tao Hongjing added: Boiled with adzuki beans, it is very effective for swelling and fullness). Promotes urination and defecation, resolves qi stagnation. Made into a soup, it is beneficial for patients with Hong Kong Foot (podagra/foot pain and numbness) or wind-disease (from Meng Shen). Mainly treats hydrops during pregnancy (from Su Song).
**Prescriptions**: Three old prescriptions, two new ones.
Ten types of hydrops nearing death: Boil a one-jin Snakehead fish to make juice, mix with winter melon and scallion whites to make a soup and eat (from *Xinjing*).
To move all types of qi stagnation: Meng Shen said: Take one large Snakehead fish, cut open the belly, insert half an ounce of ground pepper and three to two cloves of garlic, sew it up, and cook together with one sheng of adzuki beans until soft. Add three to five radishes and a handful of scallions, chop finely, cook thoroughly, and eat until full on an empty stomach, drinking the broth as well. By night, infinite evil qi will be discharged. Can be repeated every three to five days.
Intestinal hemorrhoids with bleeding: Make the Snakehead fish into a meat paste/soup, eat with minced garlic. Avoid cold and toxic foods (from *Waitai Miyao*).
All wind sores, stubborn tinea, scabies, and leprosy: For long-standing cases that do not heal, two or three doses will suffice. Take one black Matchstick Head Fish (i.e., Black Snakehead), remove intestines and guts, fill with leaves of Xanthium strumarium (Cang Er Zi). Place Cang Er Zi leaves at the bottom of the pot, put the fish on top, add a little water, and simmer slowly over low heat until cooked. Remove skin and bones, eat plain. Do not add salt or soy sauce; the efficacy is great (from *Yilin Jiyao*).
Bathing infants to prevent smallpox: On New Year's Eve at dusk, boil one large black carp or two to three small ones to make a bathwater for the infant, ensuring all seven orifices and the whole body are washed. Do not dislike the fishy smell; rinse with clear water. If skeptical, leave one hand or foot unwashed; when smallpox appears, the unwashed area will have more lesions. This was transmitted by extraordinary persons and should not be taken lightly (from Yang Gong's *Yifang Jiangyao*).
**Intestine and Liver**
**Indications**: Worms in cold, necrotic ulcers (from *Bielu*). The intestine is roasted with five flavors until fragrant.
**Gallbladder**
**Flavor & Properties**: Sweet, Neutral.
*Rihua Bencao* stated: The gall of most fish is bitter, but the gall of this fish is sweet and edible, which is unique. Collect in the twelfth lunar month and dry in the shade.
**Indications**: For severe throat obstruction (Hou Bi) near death, instill a few drops of bile for immediate recovery. For deeper conditions, dilute with water and administer orally (from *Lingyuan Fang*).