（《食物》）
【释名】 （音医）、水 。
时珍曰∶鸥者浮水上，轻漾如沤也。 者，鸣声也。 者，形似也。在海者名海鸥，在
江者名江鸥，江夏人讹为江鹅也。海中一种随潮往来，谓之信凫。
【集解】时珍曰∶鸥生南方江海湖溪间。形色如白鸽及小白鸡，长喙长脚，群飞耀日，
三月生卵。罗氏谓青黑色，误矣。
肉
【气味】缺。
（音烛玉。《拾遗》）
【释名】 。
时珍曰∶ 名义未详。案∶许慎《说文》云∶ ，凤属也。又江中有 ，似凫而
大，赤目。据此则 ，乃 声转。盖此鸟有纹彩如凤毛，故得同名耳。
【集解】藏器曰∶ ，山溪有水毒处即有之，因为食毒虫所致也。其状如鸭而大，长
项，赤目斑嘴，毛紫绀色，如 色也。
时珍曰∶案∶《三辅黄图》及《事类合璧》，并以今人所呼白鹤子者为 ，谓其鸟洁
白如玉也。与陈氏似鸭紫绀之说不同。白鹤子状白如鹭，长喙高脚，但头无丝耳。姿标如鹤
，故得鹤名。林栖水食，近水处极多。人捕食之，味不甚佳。
毛及屎
【主治】烧灰水服，治溪毒、砂虱、水弩、射工、蜮、短狐、虾须等病。亦
人，即能 人身，讫，以物承之，当有沙出，其沙即含沙射人之箭也。又可笼鸟近人，令鸟
气相吸（藏器）。
【发明】藏器曰∶以上数病大略相似，俱是山水间虫含沙射影所致。亦有无水处患者。
或如疟，或如天行寒热，或有疮无疮。但夜卧时以手摩身体，有辣痛处，熟视当有赤点如针
头，急捻之。以芋叶入内，刮出细沙，以蒜封之则愈，否则寒热渐深也。惟虾须疮最毒，十
活一二，桂岭独多。但早觉时，以芋及甘蔗叶，屈角入肉，勾出其根如虾须状则愈。迟则根
入至骨，有如疔肿，最恶，好着人隐处。
时珍曰∶水弩、短狐、射工、蜮，一物也。陈氏分为四，非矣。溪毒，有气无形。砂虱
，沙中细虫也。
（收录于《食物》部）
【释名】 鸥（音同“医”）、水鸟。
李时珍说：鸥这种鸟浮游在水面上，轻盈荡漾如同水泡。 “鸥”是它的鸣叫声，“鸥”是它的外形特征。在海里生活的叫海鸥，在江里生活的叫江鸥，江夏地区的人误称为江鹅。海里有一种随着潮水往来迁徙的鸟，被称为信凫。
【集解】李时珍说：鸥生长在南方江河、湖泊和溪流之间。外形颜色像白鸽和小白的鸡，嘴长脚长，成群飞翔时阳光照耀下耀眼夺目，三月产卵。罗氏说它是青黑色的，这是错误的。
肉
【气味】记载缺失。
（音同“烛玉”。出自《本草拾遗》）
【释名】 鸬。
李时珍说：鸬的名称含义不详。查考许慎的《说文解字》说：鸬属于凤凰一类。又有记载说江中有鸬，形状像野鸭但体型较大，眼睛红色。据此推断，鸬乃是鸥的声音转注。大概这种鸟有花纹色彩如同凤凰羽毛，所以得了相同的名字。
【集解】陈藏器说：鸬在山溪中有水毒的地方就会出现，是因为吃了有毒的虫子所致。它的形状像鸭子但较大，脖子长，眼睛红，嘴巴有斑点，羽毛呈紫青色，就像绀色一样。
李时珍说：查考《三辅黄图》及《事类合璧》，都将今人所说的白鹤子称为鸬，说是因为这种鸟洁白如玉。这与陈氏所说像鸭子且羽毛紫青的说法不同。白鹤子形状洁白如白鹭，嘴长脚高，只是头上没有丝状饰羽。姿态标格像鹤，所以得名鹤。栖息于树林，以水中生物为食，靠近水边的地方非常多。人们捕捉食用它，味道不是很佳。
毛及粪便
【主治】烧成灰后用水冲服，治疗溪毒、砂虱、水弩、射工、蜮、短狐、虾须等病症。也能用于驱除人体内的寄生虫，即能让鸟靠近人，使鸟的气场与人相吸引（陈藏器）。
【发明】陈藏器说：以上几种病症大致相似，都是山水间的虫子含沙射影所致。也有在没有水的地方患病的。有的症状像疟疾，有的像流行性寒热病，有的有疮，有的没有疮。只是在夜间睡觉时用手摩擦身体，如果有辣痛之处，仔细观看会有像针头一样的红点，急忙捏住它。用芋叶插入伤口，刮出细沙，用大蒜敷贴即可痊愈，否则寒热症状会逐渐加深。只有虾须疮最毒，十个人中只有一两个人能活下来，桂岭地区特别多。如果在早期发现时，用芋叶及甘蔗叶，弯曲角插入肉中，勾出其根部，形状像虾须那样则能痊愈。如果拖延，根部深入至骨骼，就像疔肿一样，最为凶险，喜欢长在人的隐蔽部位。
李时珍说：水弩、短狐、射工、蜮，其实是同一种东西。陈氏将其分为四种，这是不对的。溪毒，是有气无形。砂虱，是沙中的细小虫子。
(Recorded in the "Food" section)
[Names] Ou (pronounced like "Yi"), water bird.
Li Shizhen stated: The Ou floats on the water surface, light and swaying like bubbles. "Ou" refers to its calling sound, and "Ou" refers to its physical appearance. Those living in the sea are named Haio (Seagull), those in rivers are named Jiangou (River Gull), and people in Jiangxia erroneously call them Jiang'e (River Goose). There is a type in the sea that migrates with the tides, called Xinfu (Tidal Duck).
[Collected Explanations] Li Shizhen stated: Ou inhabits rivers, lakes, and streams in the southern regions. Its color and shape resemble white pigeons or small white chickens; it has a long beak and long legs, flies in flocks shining in the sun, and lays eggs in the third lunar month. Luo claimed it was blue-black, which is incorrect.
Meat
[Flavor and Properties] Not recorded.
(Zhu Yu. From *Bencao Shiyi* / Supplement to Materia Medica)
[Names] Lu.
Li Shizhen stated: The etymology of the name Lu is unclear. According to Xu Shen's *Shuowen Jiezi*, Lu belongs to the phoenix category. Another record states there is a Lu in the rivers, resembling a duck but larger, with red eyes. Based on this, Lu is likely a phonetic shift from Ou. This bird likely shares the same name because its plumage patterns resemble those of a phoenix.
[Collected Explanations] Chen Zangqi stated: Lu appears in mountain streams where water toxicity exists, caused by consuming poisonous insects. It resembles a duck but is larger, with a long neck, red eyes, spotted beak, and purple-blue feathers, similar to the color gan (dark blue-purple).
Li Shizhen stated: Consulting *Sanfu Huangtu* and *Shilei Hebi*, both refer to what modern people call Baihezi (White Crane Chick) as Lu, stating it is so named because the bird is white as jade. This differs from Chen's description of it being duck-like with purple-blue plumage. Baihezi is white like an egret, with a long beak and high legs, but lacks filamentous plumes on the head. Its posture resembles a crane, hence the name. It dwells in forests and feeds on aquatic life, abundant near water sources. People capture and eat it, but the taste is not very good.
Feathers and Feces
[Therapeutic Actions] Burned to ash and taken with water to treat Xidu (Stream Poison), Shashi (Sand Louse), Shuinu (Water Bow), Shegong (Shooting Worker), Yu (Shadow Shooter), Duanhu (Short Fox), and Xuxu (Shrimp Whisker) diseases. It can also be used to expel parasites from the human body; by placing the bird near a person, their qi attracts each other (Chen Zangqi).
[Elucidation] Chen Zangqi stated: The aforementioned diseases are roughly similar, all caused by insects in mountains and rivers shooting sand at shadows. Some cases occur even without water. Symptoms may resemble malaria or epidemic fevers, with or without sores. When lying down at night, rubbing the body reveals stinging pain points; careful inspection shows red dots like needle heads. Pinch them urgently. Insert taro leaves into the wound, scrape out fine sand, and apply garlic paste to cure; otherwise, fever symptoms will deepen. Xuxu sore is the most toxic, with only one or two out of ten surviving, particularly common in Guiling. If detected early, insert bent taro or sugarcane leaves into the flesh to hook out the root shaped like shrimp whiskers for a cure. Delay allows the root to penetrate to the bone, resembling a carbuncle, which is extremely malignant and prefers hidden areas of the body.
Li Shizhen stated: Shuinu, Duanhu, Shegong, and Yu are actually the same entity. Chen divided them into four, which is incorrect. Xidu has qi but no form. Shashi refers to tiny insects in the sand.