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味苦，气寒。无毒。一云有小毒。生平泽田野，及篱堑垣墙。一名土瓜，处处俱有。
《月令》∶四月王瓜生，即此是也。作藤蔓发叶，多刺微圆。逢夏至开花，深黄单瓣。实结
一二寸许，成熟七八月间。外壳红黄如栝蒌状，中子紫赤似螳螂头。采入医方，根子
两用。
治小便数遗不禁，润心肺，解蛊毒，却黄病黄胆，用子宜生；疗下痢赤白杂来，驱肠风，除
肺痿，止血溢血泄，用子须炒。根捣汁，去小儿闪癖痞满及天行热疾发狂，痰疟暴生，并可
服也，但少为奇；（多服则吐下。）根煎汤，破妇人血瘕坚症，并扑损瘀血作痛，乳汁不下，
俱当饮之，过多不妙。仍逐骨节中伏水，更消项颈上 疮。去湿痹酸疼，散痈疽 肿。
通经堕孕，益气愈聋。
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味辛、甘，气大热。浮也，阳中之阳也。有小毒。采皮宜冬至，同饵忌生葱。收必阴干
，（勿见火日。）用旋咀片。余剩须密纸重裹，犯风免辛气泄扬。种类多般，地产各处。
桂正圆无骨，（形类竹。）生交趾桂林。牡桂广薄皮，产南海山谷。官桂
品极高而堪充进贡，
（州名，属广东。一说∶世人以观字笔画多，懒书之，故只作宫，如写黄 作柏， 作姜，
同意亦通。）木桂皮极
浓而肉理粗虚，乃发从岭。
筒桂因皮嫩如筒卷束，板桂谓皮老若板坦平。柳桂系至软枝梢，肉桂
指至浓脂肉。桂枝枝梗
小条，非身干粗浓之处；桂心近木黄肉，但去外甲错粗皮。品分既明，欺罔难入。又
各主治，亦须详知。 桂筒桂
相同，（一说∶ 、筒字近似，人误书之，习以成俗也。）养精神，和颜色耐老；牡桂板桂一
类，坚骨节，通血脉堕胎。
四者性并辛温，难作风寒正治。柳桂桂枝味淡，能治上焦头目，兼横行手臂，调荣血，和肌
表，止烦出汗，疏邪散风，
经云气薄则发泄是也；肉桂木桂性热，堪疗下焦寒冷，并秋冬腹疼，泄贲豚，利水道，温筋
暖脏，破血通经。经云气浓
则发热是也。桂心美之之义，性略守，治多在中；官桂贵之之辞，味甚辛，治易解表。如此
之异，盖缘本乎天者亲上，
本乎地者亲下。理之自然，性分所不可移也。然柳桂桂枝，入足太阳之腑；桂心
少阴之经。《本经》注云∶桂
有小毒，亦从类化。与黄芩、黄连为使，小毒何施；与乌头、附子为使，全得热性。与人参、
麦门冬、甘草同用，能调
中益气，实卫护荣；与柴胡、紫石英、干地黄同用，却主吐逆。与巴豆、 砂、干漆、穿山
甲、水蛭、虻虫，如
此有毒之类同用，则小毒化为大毒矣。春夏禁服，秋冬宜煎。
（谟）按∶诸桂所治不同，无非各因其材而致用也。然《本经》谓∶桂止烦出汗。仲景
治伤寒
乃云∶无汗不得服桂枝。又云∶汗过多者，桂枝甘草汤。是又用其闭汗，何特反其经义耶？
抑一药而二用耶？噫！此正所谓殊途而合辙也。盖桂善通血脉。《本经》言∶桂止烦出汗者
，非桂能开腠理而发出汗也，以之调其荣血，则卫气自和，邪无容地，遂自汗出而解矣。仲
景言∶汗多用桂枝者，亦非桂枝能闭腠理而止住汗也，以之调和荣卫，则邪从汗出，邪去而
汗自止矣。昧者不解出汗止汗之意，凡病伤寒，便用桂枝汤，幸遇太阳伤风自汗者，固获奇
效。倘系太阳伤寒无汗者，而亦用之，为害岂浅浅乎？犹有谓仲景之治表虚，而一概同敛虚
汗者，此又大失经旨矣。
味苦，气寒。无毒。另一种说法认为有小毒。生长于沼泽田野以及篱笆、沟渠和墙垣边。又名土瓜，各地都有分布。
《月令》记载：四月王瓜生长，指的就是这种植物。它作为藤蔓植物发出叶片，多刺且形状微圆。逢夏至开花，花朵深黄色，单瓣。果实结成一二寸左右，在七八月间成熟。外壳红黄色，类似栝蒌的形态，里面的种子紫红色，像螳螂的头。采收后入药方使用，根和种子均可入药。
治疗小便频数、遗尿不禁，滋润心肺，解除蛊毒，消除黄疸和黄胆病，使用种子宜生用；治疗下痢赤白相间，驱除肠风，清除肺痿，止血溢、血泄等出血症，使用种子须炒用。将根捣取汁液，可去除小儿闪癖、痞满以及天行热疾发狂、痰疟突然发作等症状，都可以服用，但效果较为奇特；（若多服则会引起呕吐腹泻。）将根煎汤，可破除妇人血瘕坚积之症，并治疗跌打损伤瘀血作痛、乳汁不下等情况，都应当饮用，但不可过量。此外，还能驱逐骨节中潜伏的水湿，更消除颈项部的疮疡。去除湿痹酸痛，消散痈疽肿胀。通经堕胎，益气治愈耳聋。
味辛、甘，气大热。性浮，属于阳中之阳。有小毒。采集树皮适宜在冬至时节，食用时禁忌与生葱同食。收获后必须阴干，（不要见火或日晒）。使用时需切成薄片。剩余的药材需用密纸层层包裹，防止风吹以免辛散之气泄漏。种类很多，产地遍布各处。
桂正圆无骨，（形状类似竹子），产于交趾桂林。牡桂皮广而薄，产于南海山谷。官桂品质极高，足以充作贡品，（州名，属广东。一说：世人因“观”字笔画繁多，懒得书写，故只写作“宫”，如同写“黄”作“柏”，写“姜”省略偏旁一样，意思相通。）木桂皮极厚而肉质纹理粗疏，乃是从岭南山地所产。
筒桂因为皮嫩如筒状卷束，板桂谓皮老若平板坦平。柳桂系至软的枝梢，肉桂指至浓厚的脂肉。桂枝是细小的枝条梗，并非主干粗壮之处；桂心靠近木质部的黄色肉质部分，仅去掉外层粗糙的皮。品种区分既然明确，欺诈便难以混入。另外各品种的主治功效，也必须详细了解。
桂筒桂相同，（一说：“桂”、“筒”二字近似，人们误书，习以为俗罢了。）养精神，调和面色，延缓衰老；牡桂板桂是一类，坚固骨节，通血脉，堕胎。
这四种药性皆辛温，难以作为风寒病的正治之法。柳桂、桂枝味道淡，能治疗上焦头目疾病，兼治手臂横向疼痛，调和营血，和解肌表，止烦出汗，疏邪散风，正如经典所说“气薄则发泄”；肉桂、木桂性热，可治疗下焦寒冷，以及秋冬季节腹痛，治疗奔豚气，利水道，温筋暖脏，破血通经。正如经典所说“气浓则发热”。桂心是美好的称谓，药性略守中，主治多在中间部位；官桂是尊贵的称谓，味道甚辛，主治易于解表。如此差异，大概是因为源于天的亲近上方，源于地的亲近下方。这是自然的道理，本性分类不可移易。然而柳桂、桂枝，入足太阳膀胱腑；桂心入少阴肾经。《本经》注释说：桂有小毒，也随同类转化。与黄芩、黄连为伍，小毒何施？与乌头、附子为伍，全得热性。与人参、麦门冬、甘草同用，能调中益气，实卫护营；与柴胡、紫石英、干地黄同用，却主要治疗吐逆。与巴豆、砂仁、干漆、穿山甲、水蛭、虻虫，如此有毒之类同用，则小毒化为大毒了。春夏禁止服用，秋冬适宜煎服。
（陈嘉谟）按语：各种桂所治疗的病症不同，无非是各自根据其材质特性而发挥作用。然而《本经》说：桂止烦出汗。张仲景治疗伤寒却说：无汗不得服桂枝。又说：汗过多者，用桂枝甘草汤。这又是用它来闭汗，为何特别违背经文原义呢？抑或是一药而有两种用途呢？唉！这正是所谓殊途而同归。盖因桂善于通血脉。《本经》言：桂止烦出汗者，并非桂能开腠理而发出汗来，而是通过调和其营血，则卫气自然和谐，邪气无处容身，于是自汗出而病解矣。张仲景言：汗多用桂枝者，也并非桂枝能闭腠理而止住汗，而是通过调和营卫，则邪气随汗而出，邪去而汗自止矣。愚昧之人不解出汗与止汗之意，凡是患伤寒病，便用桂枝汤，幸好遇到太阳伤风自汗者，固然获得奇效。倘若属于太阳伤寒无汗者，也使用它，危害难道不浅吗？还有人说张仲景治疗表虚，一概用来收敛虚汗，这又大大失掉了经文旨意了。
Trichosanthes cucumerina (Wang Gua)
Bitter in taste, cold in nature. Non-toxic. Another view holds that it has slight toxicity. It grows in marshes, fields, and along fences, ditches, and walls. Also known as Tu Gua (Earth Melon), it is found everywhere.
The "Monthly Ordinances" states: "In the fourth month, Trichosanthes cucumerina grows," referring to this plant. It is a vine that produces leaves, is thorny, and slightly round. It flowers at the Summer Solstice with deep yellow, single-petal flowers. The fruits are about one to two cun long, maturing between the seventh and eighth lunar months. The outer shell is red-yellow, resembling Trichosanthes kirilowii (Gua Lou), while the inner seeds are purple-red, resembling the head of a mantis. For medicinal prescriptions, both roots and seeds are used.
It treats frequent urination and involuntary enuresis, moistens the Heart and Lungs, resolves Gu poison (parasitic disease), and eliminates jaundice and icterus; for these indications, seeds should be used raw. It treats dysentery with mixed red and white discharge, expels intestinal wind, clears Lung flaccidity (Fei Wei), and stops hemorrhages such as blood spitting and bloody diarrhea; for these, seeds must be stir-fried. Root juice can remove pediatric conditions like Shan Pi (sudden swelling/mass), fullness, epidemic febrile diseases causing mania, and sudden onset of phlegm-malaria; all may be taken, though effects are considered unique; (excessive intake causes vomiting and diarrhea). Root decoction breaks up firm abdominal masses (Xue Jia) in women, treats pain from traumatic blood stasis, and promotes lactation; these should be drunk, but not in excess. It also expels latent fluid in joints, reduces sores on the neck, removes damp-bi acid pain, and dissipates carbuncles and swellings. It unifies menses and induces abortion, tonifies Qi, and cures deafness.
Official Cinnamon (Guan Gui)
Cinnamon (Gui)
Male Cinnamon (Mu Gui)
Pungent and sweet in taste, hot in nature. Floating, belonging to Yang within Yang. Slightly toxic. Bark should be harvested at the Winter Solstice; it is contraindicated to consume with raw green onions. Harvested bark must be dried in the shade (avoid fire or direct sun). Use by slicing into pieces. Remaining material must be wrapped tightly in paper to prevent wind exposure, which would cause the pungent aroma to dissipate. There are many varieties from various regions.
Zheng Gui (True Cinnamon) is round without bone-like texture (resembling bamboo), produced in Jiaozhi Guilin. Mu Gui (Male Cinnamon) has broad, thin bark, produced in the valleys of Nanhai. Guan Gui (Official Cinnamon) is of high quality, suitable for tribute (a prefecture name in Guangdong. One theory suggests people abbreviated "Guan" due to its complexity, similar to abbreviating other characters, making "Gong" acceptable). Mu Gui (Wood Cinnamon) has very thick bark with coarse, spongy flesh, originating from Lingnan. Tong Gui (Tube Cinnamon) has tender bark rolled like a tube; Ban Gui (Board Cinnamon) has old, flat bark. Liu Gui (Willow Cinnamon) refers to soft branch tips; Rou Gui (Meat Cinnamon) refers to thick, fleshy bark. Gui Zhi (Cinnamon Twig) consists of small twigs, not the thick trunk; Gui Xin (Cinnamon Heart) is the yellowish flesh near the wood, after removing the rough outer bark. Once varieties are clearly distinguished, deception is difficult. Their respective therapeutic actions must also be understood in detail.
Gui Tong (Cinnamon Tube) is identical to Gui (Cinnamon) (one theory says "Gui" and "Tong" were confused due to visual similarity, becoming a custom). It nourishes spirit, harmonizes complexion, and delays aging. Mu Gui and Ban Gui are of the same category; they strengthen bones and joints, unblock blood vessels, and induce abortion.
All four have pungent-warm properties and are difficult to use as primary treatments for wind-cold. Liu Gui and Gui Zhi have a bland taste; they treat upper Jiao head and eye disorders, extend horizontally to arm pain, harmonize Ying Blood, release the muscle layer, stop irritability and sweating, disperse pathogens and wind. As the classics state: "Thin qi releases and vents." Rou Gui and Mu Gui are hot in nature; they treat lower Jiao cold, autumn and winter abdominal pain, Ben Tun (fleeing tumor/gas), promote water pathways, warm tendons and viscera, break blood stasis, and unblock menses. As the classics state: "Dense qi generates heat."
"Gui Xin" implies beauty/refinement; its action is somewhat stabilizing, treating middle-level issues. "Guan Gui" implies nobility; its taste is very pungent, easily releasing the exterior. These differences arise because what originates from Heaven tends toward the upper, and what originates from Earth tends toward the lower. This is natural law, inherent and unchangeable. However, Liu Gui and Gui Zhi enter the Foot Taiyang Bladder Fu; Gui Xin enters the Shaoyin Kidney Meridian. The "Shennong Ben Cao Jing" notes: Cinnamon has slight toxicity, transforming according to its companions. With Huang Qin (Scutellariae Radix) and Huang Lian (Coptidis Rhizoma), the slight toxicity is neutralized; with Wu Tou (Aconiti Radix) and Fu Zi (Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata), it fully acquires heat properties. With Ren Shen (Ginseng Radix), Mai Dong (Ophiopogonis Radix), and Gan Cao (Glycyrrhizae Radix), it regulates the Middle, tonifies Qi, secures Wei, and protects Ying; with Chai Hu (Bupleuri Radix), Zi Shi Ying (Hematitum), and Shu Di Huang (Rehmanniae Radix Preparata), it primarily treats retching. With Ba Dou (Crotonis Fructus), Sha Ren (Amomi Fructus), Gan Qi (Lac Sumach), Chuan Shan Jia (Manis Squama), Shui Zhi (Hirudo), and Meng Chong (Tabanidae), among other toxic substances, the slight toxicity transforms into major toxicity. Contraindicated in Spring and Summer; suitable for decoction in Autumn and Winter.
(Chen Jiamo) Commentary: The different treatments provided by various Cinnamons are simply applications based on their specific materials. However, the "Ben Cao Jing" states: Cinnamon stops irritability and sweating. Zhang Zhongjing, treating Shang Han (Cold Damage), stated: Do not administer Gui Zhi if there is no sweat. He also said: If sweating is excessive, use Gui Zhi Gan Cao Tang (Cinnamon Twig and Licorice Decoction). This uses it to stop sweating, seemingly contradicting the classic text. Or does one herb have two uses? Alas! This is precisely "different paths leading to the same destination." Cinnamon excels at unblocking blood vessels. When the "Ben Cao Jing" says it stops irritability and sweating, it does not mean Cinnamon opens the Cou Li (pores) to induce sweat. Rather, by harmonizing Ying Blood, Wei Qi becomes balanced, pathogens have no place to reside, and spontaneous sweating occurs, resolving the disease. When Zhang Zhongjing says using Gui Zhi for excessive sweating, it is not that Gui Zhi closes the Cou Li to stop sweat. By harmonizing Ying and Wei, pathogens exit with sweat; once pathogens are gone, sweating stops naturally. Ignorant practitioners misunderstand the concepts of inducing and stopping sweat. They use Gui Zhi Tang (Cinnamon Twig Decoction) for all Cold Damage cases. Fortunately, for Taiyang Wind Strike with spontaneous sweating, it yields miraculous results. But if applied to Taiyang Cold Damage without sweat, the harm would be profound. Some claim Zhang Zhongjing used it solely to consolidate deficiency sweat for exterior deficiency; this is a gross misunderstanding of the classic intent.