\r石膏\pj402.bmp\r
味辛、甘，气微寒。气味俱薄，体重而沉，降也，阴中阳也。无毒。青州并徐州多生
，畏铁恶莽草巴豆。细理白泽为上，猛火 软方灵。绝细研成，汤液任使。以鸡子为使，入
肺胃三焦。辛能出汗，解肌上行而理头痛；甘则缓脾，益气生津以止渴消。故风邪伤阳，寒
邪伤阴，总解肌表可愈；任胃热多食，胃热不食，惟泻胃火能愈。仲景加白虎名，（身以前
胃之经，胸者肺之室。邪在阳明，肺受火制，故用石膏辛寒，以清肺，所以号为白虎。）易
老云大寒剂。胃弱食不下者忌服，血虚身发热者禁尝。（比象白虎证，误服白虎汤者死，不
可轻忽。）单研末和醋为丸，治食积痰火殊验。胃脘痛甚，吞服立差。
（谟）按∶丹溪云∶尝观药之命名，固有不可晓者。中间亦多意义，学人不可不察焉。
如以色
而名者，大黄、红花、白前、青黛、乌梅之类是也。以气而名者，木香、沉香、檀香、茴香
、麝香
之类是也。以质而名者，浓朴、干姜、茯苓、生熟地黄之类是也。以形而名者，人参、狗脊
、乌喙、贝母、金铃子之类是也。以味而名者，甘草、苦参、龙胆草、淡竹叶、苦酒之类是
也。以能而名者，百合、当归、升麻、防风、硝石之类是也。以时而名者，半夏、茵陈、冬
葵
、寅鸡、夏枯草之类是也。石膏火 ，研细醋调，封丹炉，其固密甚于石脂。苟非石膏，焉
能为用。此兼质与能而得名，正与石脂同意。阎孝忠妄以方解石为石膏，况石膏味甘辛，本
阳明经药，阳明主肌肉。其甘也，能缓脾益气，止渴去火。其辛也，能解肌出汗，上行至头
。又入太阴，入手少阳。彼方解石，只体重质坚，性寒而已。求其所调有膏，可为三经之主
者，安在哉！医欲责效，不亦难乎？
第一卷知母款后 （谟）按宜参看。
味辛、甘，气微寒。气味都属轻薄，体重而沉，具有沉降之性，属于阴中有阳的药物。无毒。青州和徐州出产较多，畏铁，恶莽草、巴豆。纹理细密、色泽白亮者为上品，猛火煅烧变软后才有效。必须研磨得极细，汤剂或散剂均可使用。以鸡蛋清为使药，入肺、胃、三焦经。辛味能发汗，解除肌表邪气并上行治疗头痛；甘味能缓和脾气，益气生津以止渴消烦。所以风邪伤及阳气，寒邪伤及阴气，总可以通过解肌表的方法治愈；无论是胃热导致的多食易饥，还是胃热导致的不能进食，只有泻胃火才能治愈。张仲景将其加入方剂中命名为白虎汤（身体前部是胃的经脉所过之处，胸部是肺的居所。邪气在阳明经，肺受火热制约，所以用石膏的辛寒之性来清肺，因此被称为白虎），李东垣（易老）称其为大寒之剂。胃弱饮食不下者忌服，血虚身体发热者禁服。（这比喻像白虎证一样，误服白虎汤会致死，不可轻视。）单独研磨成粉末，与醋调和制成丸剂，治疗食积痰火非常有效。胃脘疼痛剧烈时，吞服粉末立刻痊愈。
（陈嘉谟）按语：朱丹溪说：我曾经观察药物的命名，确实有令人难以理解的地方。其中也多含深意，学习的人不可不仔细考察。比如根据颜色命名的，有大黄、红花、白前、青黛、乌梅等；根据气味命名的，有木香、沉香、檀香、茴香、麝香等；根据质地命名的，有厚朴、干姜、茯苓、生地黄、熟地黄等；根据形状命名的，有人参、狗脊、乌喙、贝母、金铃子等；根据味道命名的，有甘草、苦参、龙胆草、淡竹叶、苦酒等；根据功效命名的，有百合、当归、升麻、防风、硝石等；根据时节命名的，有半夏、茵陈、冬葵子、寅鸡、夏枯草等。石膏经过火煅后，研磨细末用醋调匀，封固丹炉，其坚固密封程度胜过石脂。如果不是石膏，怎么能起到这个作用呢？这是兼有质地和功效而得名，正与石脂相同。阎孝忠错误地将方解石当作石膏，况且石膏味甘辛，本是阳明经的药物，阳明经主肌肉。它的甘味，能缓和脾气、益气、止渴、去火；它的辛味，能解除肌表邪气、发汗，上行至头部。又进入太阴经，入手少阳经。那方解石，只是体重质坚，性寒罢了。寻求它所调配出的“膏”状物质，能成为这三经主药的，在哪里呢！医生想要取得疗效，不也很难吗？
Gypsum Fibrosum (Shigao)
Pungent, sweet; slightly cold in nature. Its flavor and qi are both thin and light, heavy in weight and sinking in action, possessing a descending property; it is yang within yin. Non-toxic. It is produced abundantly in Qingzhou and Xuzhou. It fears iron and is adverse to *Aconitum carmichaelii* (Macono/Badou - note: text says Mangcao Badou, likely referring to specific toxic herbs or processing constraints, strictly translating as Mangcao and Badou), and *Croton tiglium* (Badou). Those with fine grain and bright white luster are of the highest grade; it becomes effective only after being calcined in fierce fire until soft. It must be ground into an extremely fine powder for use in decoctions or liquids. Egg white (*Jizi*) serves as an assistant drug; it enters the Lung, Stomach, and Sanjiao meridians. The pungent flavor can induce sweating, release the muscle layer, ascend to treat headache; the sweet flavor can moderate the Spleen, benefit Qi, generate fluids, stop thirst, and dissipate irritability. Therefore, whether wind pathogen injures Yang or cold pathogen injures Yin, they can generally be cured by releasing the muscle layer. Whether due to Stomach heat causing polyphagia or Stomach heat preventing eating, only clearing Stomach Fire can cure them. Zhang Zhongjing added it to formulas, naming it Baihu Tang (White Tiger Decoction) (The anterior body is the pathway of the Stomach meridian, and the chest is the chamber of the Lung. When pathogen is in the Yangming meridian, the Lung is constrained by fire, so Gypsum's pungent-cold nature is used to clear the Lung, hence named White Tiger). Li Dongyuan (Yilao) called it a major cold agent. It is contraindicated for those with weak Stomach and inability to digest food, and forbidden for those with blood deficiency and bodily fever. (This analogy resembles the White Tiger syndrome; misusing Baihu Tang leads to death, do not take it lightly.) Ground alone into powder and mixed with vinegar to form pills, it is highly effective for treating food stagnation and phlegm-fire. For severe epigastric pain, swallowing the powder brings immediate relief.
(Chen Jiamo) Commentary: Zhu Danxi said: "I have observed that the naming of medicines often has aspects that are not immediately obvious. There is much meaning involved; students must examine this carefully." For example, those named by color include Rhizoma Curcumae Longae (Dahuang), Flos Carthami Tinctorii (Honghua), Radix Bupleuri (Baiqian - *Note: Baiqian usually refers to Saussurea root, but context implies color*), Folium Isatidis (Qingdai), Fructus Pruni Mume (Wumei). Those named by aroma include Radix Aucklandiae (Muxiang), Lignum Aquilariae Resinatum (Chenxiang), Lignum Santali Albi (Tanxiang), Fructus Foeniculi (Huixiang), Moschus (Shexiang). Those named by substance include Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis (Houpo - *Text says Nongpu, likely variant/typo for Houpo*), Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (Shengjiang), Poria (Fuling), Radix Rehmanniae Preparata (Sheng/Di Huang). Those named by shape include Radix Ginseng (Renshen), Os Spinae Canis (Gouji), Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata (Wuhui), Bulbus Fritillariae Cirrhosae (Beimu), Fructus Loropetal Chinensis (Jinlingzi). Those named by taste include Radix Glycyrrhizae Uralensis (Gancao), Radix Sophorae Flavescentis (Kushen), Radix Gentianae (Longdancao), Folium Phragmitis Communis (Danzhuye), Acetum (Kujiu). Those named by function include Bulbus Lilii (Baihe), Radix Angelicae Sinensis (Danggui), Rhizoma Cimicifugae (Shengma), Radix Saposhnikoviae (Fangfeng), Natrii Sulfas (Xiaoshi). Those named by season include Rhizoma Pinelliae Ternatae (Banxia), Herba Artemisiae Scopariae (Yinchen), Caulis Malvae Tiliifoliae (Dongkui), Yin Ji (Tiger Rooster at Yin hour), Herba Prunellae Spicatae (Xiakucao). Gypsum, after calcination, when ground fine and mixed with vinegar to seal alchemical furnaces, is more tightly sealed than Lithargite (Shizhi). Without Gypsum, how could this function be achieved? This name derives from both its substance and function, consistent with Shizhi. Yan Xiaozhong erroneously treated Calcitum (Fangjieshi) as Gypsum. Moreover, Gypsum is pungent and sweet, originally a herb for the Yangming meridian, which governs the muscles. Its sweetness moderates the Spleen, benefits Qi, stops thirst, and removes fire; its pungency releases the muscle layer, induces sweating, and ascends to the head. It also enters the Taiyin and Hand Shaoyang meridians. Fangjieshi, however, is merely heavy, solid, and cold in nature. Where is the 'paste' it produces that could serve as the chief agent for these three meridians? If physicians seek efficacy, is it not difficult?
After the entry for Radix Anemarrhenae Asphodeloides (Zhimu) in Volume One (Chen Jiamo) Commentary: Suitable for reference.