凡被热汤泼伤者，其尸皮肉皆拆，皮脱，白色。着肉者，亦白，肉多烂赤。
如在汤火内
，多是倒卧，伤在手足、头面、胸前。如因斗打，或头撞、脚踏、手推在汤火内，多是两后
与臀腿上或有打损处，其 不甚起，与其他所烫不同。
凡服毒死者，尸口眼多开，面紫黯或青色，唇紫黑，手、足指甲俱青黯，口、眼、耳、
鼻间有血出。
甲尖黑，喉腹胀作黑色生 ，身或青斑，眼突，口、鼻、眼内出紫黑血，须发浮不堪洗，未
死前须吐出恶物或泻下黑血，谷道肿突，或大肠穿出。
有空腹服毒，惟腹肚青胀，而唇、指甲不青者；亦有食饱后服毒，惟唇、指甲青而腹肚
不青者；又有腹脏虚弱老病之人，略服毒而便死，腹肚、口唇、指甲并不青者，却须参以他
证。
生前中毒而遍身作青黑，多日，皮肉尚有，亦作黑色。若经久，皮肉腐烂见骨，其骨黪
黑色。
死后将毒药在口内假作中毒，皮肉与骨只作黄白色。
凡服毒死或时即发作，或当日早晚；若其药慢，即有一日或二日发。或有翻吐或吐不绝
。仍须于衣服上寻余药，及死尸坐处寻药物器皿之类。
中虫毒，遍身上下、头面、胸心并深青黑色，肚胀或口内吐血，或粪门内泻血。
鼠莽草
毒，(江南有之)亦类中虫，加之唇裂，齿龈青黑色，此毒经一宿一日，方见九窍有血出。
食果实、金石药毒者，其尸上下或有一二处赤肿，有类拳手伤痕，或成大片青黑色，爪甲黑
，身体肉缝微有血，或腹胀，或泻血。
酒毒，腹胀或吐、泻血。
砒霜、野葛毒，得一伏时，遍身发小 ，作青黑色，眼睛耸出，舌上生小刺、 绽出，
口唇破裂，两耳胀大，腹肚膨胀，粪门胀绽，十指甲青黑。
金蚕蛊毒，死尸瘦劣，遍身黄白色，眼睛塌，口齿露出，上下唇缩，腹肚塌。将银钗验
作黄浪色，用皂角水洗不去。
一云如是，只身体胀，皮肉似汤火 起，渐次为脓，舌头、唇
、鼻皆破裂，乃是中金蚕蛊毒之状。
手脚指甲及身上青黑色，口鼻内多出血，皮肉多裂，舌与粪门皆露出，乃是中药毒、菌
蕈毒之状。
如因吐泻瘦弱，皮肤微黑不破裂，口内无血与粪门不出，乃是饮酒相反之状。
若验服毒，用银钗皂角水揩洗过，探入死人喉内，以纸密封，良久取出，作青黑色。
再用皂角水揩洗，其色不去；如无，其色鲜白。
如服毒中毒死人，生前吃物压下入肠脏内，试验无证，即自谷道内试，其色即见。
凡检
验毒死尸，间有服毒已久，蕴积在内，试验不出者，须先以银或铜钗探入死人喉，讫，却用
热糟醋自下罨洗，渐渐向上，须令气透，其毒瓦斯熏蒸，黑色始现。如便将热糟醋自上而
下，则其毒瓦斯逼热气向下，不复可见。或就粪门上试探，则用糟醋当反是。
又一法，用大米或占(粘)米三升炊饭，用净糯米一升淘 洗了，用布袱 盛，就所炊 饭上炊
。取鸡子一个(鸭子亦可)打破，取白拌糯米饭，令匀。根据前袱起，着在前大米、占(粘)米
饭上。以手三指紧握糯米饭如鸭子大，毋令冷，急开尸口，齿外放着。及用小纸三、五张，
搭遮尸口、耳、鼻、臀、阴门之处。仍用新绵絮三、五条，酽醋三、五升，用猛火煎数沸，
将绵絮放醋锅内煮半时，取出。仍用糟盘罨尸，却将绵絮盖覆。若是死人生前被毒，其尸即
肿胀，口内黑臭，恶汁喷来绵絮上，不可近。后除去绵絮，糯米饭被臭恶之汁，亦黑色而臭
，此是受毒药之状；如无，则非也。试验糯米饭封起，申官府之时，分明开说。此检验诀，
曾经大理寺看定。
广南人小有争怒，赖人，自服胡蔓草，一名断肠草，形如阿魏，叶长尖，条蔓生，服三
叶以上即死。干者，或收藏经久，作末食亦死。如方食未久，将大粪汁灌之，可解。其草近
人则叶动，将嫩叶心浸水，涓滴入口即百窍溃血。其法∶急取抱卵不生鸡儿，细研和麻油，
开口灌之，乃尽吐出恶物而苏，如少迟无可救者。
凡是遭受热汤烫伤的人，尸体皮肤和肌肉都会分离脱落，皮肤呈白色。紧贴肉体的部分也是白色，若肌肉较多则腐烂呈赤色。
如果是在汤火中死亡，尸体大多呈倒卧状，受伤部位多在手脚、头面、胸前。如果是因斗殴打斗，或者头部撞击、脚踩、手推落入汤火中，多是背部与臀部、腿部或有被打伤的地方，其肿胀程度不如其他被烫死者那样严重，与其他情况不同。
凡是服毒自杀或中毒死亡的人，尸体口眼多张开，面色紫暗或青色，嘴唇紫黑，手脚指甲均呈青黑色，口、眼、耳、鼻间有血液流出。指甲尖端发黑，咽喉腹部胀大呈黑色并伴有水泡，身体可能出现青色斑块，眼球突出，口、鼻、眼内流出紫黑色的血，胡须头发漂浮难以清洗，死前须吐出恶物或排出黑血，肛门肿胀突出，甚至大肠脱出。
也有空腹服毒的，只有腹部青胀，而嘴唇、指甲不发青；也有吃饱饭后服毒的，只有嘴唇、指甲发青而腹部不青；还有腹脏虚弱、年老患病的人，稍微服毒便死亡，腹部、口唇、指甲都不发青，这些情况必须参考其他症状来综合判断。
生前中毒且全身呈现青黑色，经过多日后，皮肉尚存，也呈黑色。若时间久远，皮肉腐烂见骨，骨头呈灰黑色。
凡是服毒死亡，有的立即发作，有的在当天早晚；如果药性缓慢，可能过一天或两天才发作。有的呕吐不止或翻胃呕吐。仍须在衣服上寻找残留药物，以及在死者坐处寻找药物器皿等物品。
中虫毒者，全身上下、头面、胸心都呈深青黑色，肚子胀大或口内吐血，或肛门内泻血。
鼠莽草毒（江南地区有），也类似中虫毒，加上嘴唇开裂，齿龈呈青黑色，此毒经过一夜一天后，才会出现九窍流血的症状。
食用果实、金石类药物中毒者，尸体上下可能有一两处红肿，形状类似拳打伤痕，或形成大片青黑色，爪甲变黑，身体肌肉缝隙间微有出血，或腹胀，或泻血。
砒霜、野葛毒，经过一个时辰（约两小时），全身发出小疹子，呈青黑色，眼睛耸出，舌头上生小刺并绽开，口唇破裂，两耳胀大，腹部膨胀，肛门胀裂，十个指甲青黑。
金蚕蛊毒，死尸消瘦瘦弱，全身黄白色，眼睛塌陷，口齿露出，上下嘴唇收缩，腹部塌陷。用银钗检验呈黄浪色，用皂角水洗不掉。
另一种说法是，仅身体肿胀，皮肉像被汤火烫起水泡一样，逐渐化为脓液，舌头、嘴唇、鼻子都破裂，这是中金蚕蛊毒的症状。
手脚指甲及身上青黑色，口鼻内多出血，皮肉多裂开，舌头与肛门皆露出，这是中药毒、菌蕈毒的症状。
如因吐泻导致瘦弱，皮肤微黑但不破裂，口内无血且肛门不出血，这是饮酒过量相克的症状。
若检验服毒，用银钗经皂角水揩洗后，探入死人喉内，用纸密封，许久取出，若呈青黑色则为中毒。
再用皂角水揩洗，颜色若不褪去，确认为中毒；如颜色鲜白，则未中毒。
如服毒中毒死亡，生前吃的食物压入肠脏内，试验无证据，就从肛门内试探，颜色即可显现。
凡检验毒死尸体，间有服毒已久，毒素蕴积在内，试验不出来的，须先用银或铜钗探入死人喉内，完毕后，再用热糟醋从下往上熏洗，渐渐向上，必须让热气透达，使毒气熏蒸，黑色才会显现。如果直接用热糟醋从上往下浇，则毒气会被热气逼向下，不再可见。或者就在肛门上试探，则使用糟醋的方法应当相反。
又一种方法，用大米或粘米三升蒸饭，用净糯米一升淘洗干净，用布包好，放在所蒸的大米、粘米饭上一起蒸。取鸡蛋一个（鸭子也可）打破，取蛋清拌入糯米饭，使其均匀。根据前面的包裹提起，放在前大米、粘米饭上。用手三指紧握糯米饭如鸭蛋大小，不要让它冷，急忙打开尸口，放在牙齿外面。然后用小纸三、五张，遮盖住尸口、耳、鼻、臀、阴门等处。再用新棉絮三、五条，浓醋三、五升，用猛火煎煮几滚，将棉絮放入醋锅内煮半小时，取出。仍用糟盘覆盖尸体，再将棉絮盖在上面。如果是死人生前被毒，尸体就会肿胀，口内黑臭，恶汁喷到棉絮上，不可靠近。后来除去棉絮，糯米饭被臭恶之汁浸染，也变黑且发臭，这是受毒药的症状；如果没有，则不是。试验后的糯米饭封存起来，申报官府时要清楚说明。此检验秘诀，曾经大理寺核定。
广南人小有争执愤怒，诬赖他人，自服胡蔓草，一名断肠草，形状像阿魏，叶子长尖，条蔓生长，服用三片以上即死。干燥的，或收藏经久，磨成粉末食用也会死。如果刚吃不久，灌入大粪汁，可以解毒。这种草靠近人时叶子会动，将嫩叶心浸泡水中，涓滴入口即百窍溃血。其解法：急忙取抱卵不生小鸡一只，细细研磨混合麻油，开口灌入，便能尽吐恶物而苏醒，如稍迟则无可救药。
Those who have been scalded by hot water will show separation and shedding of skin and flesh, with the skin appearing white. Areas adhering to the flesh are also white, while areas with more muscle tissue may rot and appear reddish.
If death occurs in boiling water or fire, the body is often found lying prone, with injuries primarily on the hands, feet, head, face, and chest. If caused by a struggle, or if the head was bumped, foot stepped on, or hand pushed into the hot liquid/fire, injuries are more likely on the back, buttocks, and legs, possibly accompanied by contusions. The swelling is less pronounced compared to other types of scalding injuries.
In cases of fatal poisoning, the corpse's mouth and eyes are often open, with a purplish-dark or cyanotic complexion, purple-black lips, and cyanotic nails on hands and feet. Blood may exude from the mouth, eyes, ears, and nose. The tips of the nails turn black, and the throat and abdomen become distended and blackened, sometimes with blisters. The body may exhibit cyanotic patches, protruding eyeballs, and flow of dark purple-black blood from the mouth, nose, and eyes. Hair and beard may float and be difficult to wash. Prior to death, the victim may vomit foul matter or pass black blood. The anus may swell and protrude, or even the large intestine may prolapse.
There are exceptions: those who poison themselves on an empty stomach may present only with abdominal cyanosis and distension, without cyanosis of the lips or nails. Those who poison themselves after a full meal may show cyanosis of the lips and nails but not the abdomen. Additionally, elderly or chronically ill individuals with weak internal organs may die from small doses of poison without showing cyanosis in the abdomen, lips, or nails; these cases require comprehensive assessment based on other symptoms.
If poisoning occurred during life and the body turned cyanotic-black over several days, the skin and flesh remain intact but black. If time passes long enough for decomposition, revealing bones, the bones turn greyish-black.
If poison is placed in the mouth post-mortem to simulate poisoning, the skin, flesh, and bones will appear yellowish-white.
Poisoning can manifest immediately or within hours of ingestion. Slow-acting poisons may take one or two days to cause symptoms. Vomiting may be intermittent or continuous. Investigators should search clothing for residual poison and look for containers near where the deceased was sitting.
Insect venom poisoning presents as deep cyanotic-black discoloration all over the body, including the head, face, chest, and heart area, accompanied by abdominal distension, hematemesis (vomiting blood), or hematochezia (blood in stool).
Rat-bane grass poison (found in Jiangnan) resembles insect venom poisoning but includes cracked lips and cyanotic-black gums. Symptoms typically manifest in the nine orifices (eyes, ears, nose, mouth, urethra, anus) with bleeding after one night to one day.
Poisoning from fruits or mineral/stone medicines may cause localized redness and swelling resembling bruising, or large patches of cyanotic-black discoloration. Nails turn black, slight bleeding may occur in muscle crevices, and symptoms include abdominal distension or bloody diarrhea.
Alcohol toxicity causes abdominal distension, vomiting, or bloody diarrhea.
Arsenic or wild kava poisoning manifests after about two hours (one "fu" period) with small rashes turning cyanotic-black, protruding eyes, spiky and split tongue, ruptured lips, enlarged ears, abdominal distension, anal fissure, and blackening of all ten fingernails.
Golden silkworm gu poison results in a emaciated corpse with yellowish-white skin, sunken eyes, exposed teeth, retracted lips, and collapsed abdomen. Testing with a silver hairpin yields a yellowish color that cannot be removed by soap nut water.
An alternative description states that the body swells, skin blisters like scalds, eventually forming pus, with ruptured tongue, lips, and nose, characteristic of golden silkworm gu poison.
Cyanotic-black discoloration of nails and body, bleeding from mouth and nose, splitting skin, and exposure of tongue and anus indicate herbal or mushroom poisoning.
Emaciation due to vomiting and diarrhea, slightly blackened but unruptured skin, absence of oral blood, and no anal bleeding suggest incompatibility between consumed alcohol and food.
To test for poisoning, clean a silver hairpin with soap nut water, insert it into the deceased's throat, seal with paper, and leave for a while. If it turns cyanotic-black, poisoning is confirmed. Washing with soap nut water again; if the color persists, it confirms poisoning. If it remains bright white, there is no poisoning.
If ingested food has moved into the intestines and testing via the throat yields negative results, test via the anus instead.
For cases where long-term accumulation of poison makes detection difficult, first insert a silver or copper hairpin into the throat. Then, apply hot fermented rice vinegar from the bottom upwards, ensuring heat penetrates to vaporize the toxin. The black color will then appear. Pouring vinegar from top to bottom forces vapors downward, preventing visibility. When testing the anus, reverse the direction of application.
Another method involves steaming three sheng of rice or glutinous rice. Wash one sheng of pure glutinous rice, wrap in cloth, and steam atop the rice. Crack one egg (or duck egg), mix the white with the glutinous rice until uniform. Place this mixture on the steamed rice. Form the glutinous rice into a ball the size of a duck egg with three fingers, keeping it warm. Quickly open the corpse's mouth and place the rice ball outside the teeth. Cover the mouth, ears, nose, buttocks, and genitalia with 3-5 sheets of paper. Boil 3-5 strips of new cotton wadding in 3-5 sheng of strong vinegar over high heat for half an hour. Remove the wadding. Place the corpse on a bed of fermented rice dregs, cover with the boiled wadding. If poisoned during life, the body will swell, emit a foul odor from the mouth, and spray black, foul fluid onto the wadding. After removing the wadding, the glutinous rice will turn black and foul-smelling, confirming poisoning. If unchanged, poisoning is unlikely. Seal the tested rice and report findings clearly to the authorities. This method was verified by the Court of Judicature and Revision.
In Guangnan, disputes sometimes lead individuals to falsely accuse others by committing suicide with Hu Man Cao (Hemlock), also known as Chang Chang Cao (Intestine-Breaking Grass). It resembles Asafoetida, with long, pointed leaves growing on vines. Ingesting three or more leaves is fatal. Dried leaves stored for long periods, ground into powder, are also lethal. If ingested recently, flushing with fecal juice can antidote it. The plant's leaves move when approached. Soaking tender leaf hearts in water creates a solution where even a drop causes bleeding from all orifices. Antidote: Grind a broody hen that fails to hatch eggs, mix with sesame oil, and force-feed through the mouth. This induces vomiting of toxins and recovery. Delay renders it untreatable.