咳嗽者，固有数类，但分冷热虚实，随证疏解。国中时未有不因感冒而伤于肺，《内
经》曰∶肺之令人咳何也？岐伯曰∶皮毛者，肺之合也。皮毛先受邪气，邪气得从其合。故
《难经》云∶形寒饮冷则伤肺，使气上而不下，逆而不收，冲壅咽膈，淫淫如养，习习如梗，
是令咳也。乍暖脱着，暴热遇风，邪气侵于皮肤，肺先受之，而为咳嗽。若初得时面赤
唇红，气粗发热，嗽来痰鸣，此是伤风痰壅作嗽，用清肺饮、五拗汤及小柴胡汤、羌活
散，皆可解表，次青木香汤。有小儿汗出未干，遽尔戏水，亦致伤风咳嗽，外证眼胞微
浮，额汗痰鸣，亦宜清肺饮、泻肺汤，与之疏风化痰，解利邪热，小柴胡汤亦可。若嗽
日久，津液枯耗，肺经虚矣。肺为诸脏华盖，卧开而坐合，所以卧则气促，坐则稍宽，乃
因攻肺下痰之过，名为虚嗽。声连不断，喉中痰鸣，气息欲绝，嗽罢则吐白沫或干呕，此
肺虚而气不顺也。面唇皆白而惨，嗽过额上多汗，哽气长出，乳食减少，致脾虚而胃亦
虚，宜其有吐，投茯苓浓朴汤及藿香饮，次温脾润肺，理中汤加杏仁、北五味，水煎服。
盖此药补脾而益肺，藉土气以生金，则自愈矣。或咳而夹红，有紫黯色，于理中汤内再
加干姜为用，亦良法也。有脾虚亦能作嗽，当投补剂，用醒脾散、茯苓浓朴汤，令脾气实，
然后间以清肺饮煎服，疏解肺经风寒，及藿香饮助脾养胃，亦救子益母之法也。有一证，
咳嗽至极时，顿呕吐乳食与痰俱出，尽方少定，此名风痰，壅成肝木克脾土，宜以白附
饮，投之即效。百日内婴孩，偶咳嗽痰壅，睡中不宁，亦因产后感风而得，但不可过用发
散之剂，先以解表散一二服，次投贝母汤及惺惺散为治。小儿喘疾，重于咳嗽，然有虚
实冷热之分，不可概举。实热者投清肺饮加五和汤，水姜葱煎，及泻肺汤、碧玉丸为治。
经云∶喘急多因气有余，盖肺主气故也。虚冷者，投枳实汤，水姜煎，并如意膏、补肺
散、坎离汤，自效。此肺虚感风，气不升降，致有是证。及用定喘饮常验。不拘冷热皆可
服。涎壅失音，二圣散主之。 一证，郭氏曰∶小儿此疾，本因暑湿所侵，未经发散，
邪传心肺，壅而为热，有热生风，有风生痰，痰实不化，因循日久，结为顽块，丸如豆粒，
遂成痰母。细推其原，或啼哭未休，遽与乳食，或饲以酸咸，气郁不利，致令生痰，或
节令变迁，风寒暑湿侵袭，或堕水中，水入口鼻，传之于肺，故痰母发动，而风随之。风
痰潮紧，气促而喘，乃成痼疾。急宜去风化痰，先以五苓散同宽气饮宽热饮，用少姜汁
和百沸汤调服，次进知母汤、雄黄散、如意膏、半夏丸。
咳嗽，确实分为多种类型，但主要区分为寒、热、虚、实四类，应根据具体证候进行疏解治疗。当今社会，人们无不因感冒而损伤肺脏。《黄帝内经》说：“肺为什么会让人咳嗽呢？”岐伯回答说：“皮毛是肺的外合部位。皮毛先受到邪气侵袭，邪气便顺着这个合口进入体内。”所以《难经》说：“形体受寒或饮食生冷会损伤肺脏，导致肺气上逆而不能下行，气机逆乱而不收敛，冲撞阻塞咽喉胸膈，感觉像虫爬行一样不适，又像有异物梗塞喉咙，这就是引起咳嗽的原因。”忽冷忽热时衣着不当，或突然受热又遇风邪，邪气侵入皮肤，肺脏首先受病，从而引发咳嗽。如果在发病初期出现面红唇赤、呼吸粗重、发热、咳嗽时痰鸣音明显，这是伤风导致的痰壅咳嗽，可以使用清肺饮、五拗汤以及小柴胡汤、羌活散来解表，随后服用青木香汤。如果有小儿出汗未干就立刻去戏水，也会导致伤风咳嗽，外在表现为眼睑微浮、额头出汗、痰鸣，也适宜使用清肺饮、泻肺汤，以疏风化痰，解除邪热，小柴胡汤也可以使用。如果咳嗽日久，津液枯竭耗损，肺经变得虚弱。肺被称为五脏中的华盖（覆盖其他脏腑的最高脏器），其特点是卧时张开而坐时闭合，所以躺着时气息急促，坐着时稍感舒缓，这是因为之前过度攻伐肺部、下痰造成的，称为虚嗽。声音连续不断，喉中痰鸣，气息微弱欲绝，咳嗽停止后吐出白沫或干呕，这是肺虚导致气机不顺。面色和嘴唇都苍白惨淡，咳嗽时额头多汗，频繁叹气且长吁短叹，乳食减少，导致脾虚且胃也虚弱，容易出现呕吐症状，应投用茯苓浓朴汤及藿香饮，随后温补脾胃、滋润肺脏，使用理中汤加杏仁、北五味子，用水煎服。因为这些药物能补脾益肺，借助土气（脾胃）来生金气（肺脏），疾病自然痊愈。或者咳嗽夹杂血丝，颜色紫暗，在理中汤内再加干姜使用，也是良法。脾虚也能引起咳嗽，应当投用补益剂，使用醒脾散、茯苓浓朴汤，使脾气充实，然后间歇性服用清肺饮，疏解肺经的风寒，以及藿香饮帮助脾胃养胃，这也是“救子益母”（补脾以养肺）的方法。有一种证候，咳嗽极其剧烈时，突然呕吐出乳汁食物与痰液一同排出，吐完后才稍微平静，这名叫风痰，是由于痰壅导致肝木克制脾土，适宜使用白附饮，投服后立即见效。百日内的婴儿，偶尔出现咳嗽痰壅，睡眠中不安宁，也是因为出生后感受风邪所致，但不可过度使用发散的药物，先服用一两服解表散，随后投用贝母汤及惺惺散进行治疗。小儿喘疾比咳嗽更严重，然而有虚实冷热之分，不能一概而论。实热证者投用清肺饮加五和汤，用水、生姜、葱白煎煮，以及泻肺汤、碧玉丸进行治疗。经文说：“喘急多因气有余，这是因为肺主气的缘故。”虚冷证者，投用枳实汤，用水、生姜煎煮，并配合如意膏、补肺散、坎离汤，自然见效。这是肺虚感受风邪，气机升降失常，导致出现这种证候。另外使用定喘饮也常有效。无论冷热证皆可服用。涎液壅盛导致失音，由二圣散主治。另一种证候，郭氏说：小儿这种疾病，本因暑湿所侵，未经发散，邪气传入心肺，壅滞化为热邪，有热则生风，有风则生痰，痰实不化，拖延日久，结为顽固块状物，如豆粒大小，遂成“痰母”。仔细推究其根源，或是啼哭未停就立即给予乳食，或是喂食酸咸之物，导致气机郁滞不利，致使生痰；或是节气变迁，风寒暑湿侵袭，或是坠入水中，水入口鼻，传之于肺，因此痰母发动，风邪随之而来。风痰潮涌紧束，气息急促而喘息，于是成为顽固疾病。急需祛风化痰，先用五苓散同宽气饮、宽热饮，用少量姜汁调和百沸开水调服，随后进服知母汤、雄黄散、如意膏、半夏丸。
Cough is indeed categorized into several types, primarily distinguished as cold, heat, deficiency, and excess patterns, which should be resolved according to the specific syndrome. In contemporary society, people invariably damage the Lung due to common colds. The *Huangdi Neijing* (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon) states: "Why does the Lung cause coughing?" Qibo replies: "The skin and hair are the exterior correspondence of the Lung. When pathogenic factors first invade the skin and hair, they enter through this correspondence." Thus, the *Nanjing* (Classic of Difficult Issues) says: "Exposure to cold and consumption of cold drinks injure the Lung, causing Qi to ascend instead of descending, becoming rebellious and unconsolidated, rushing and obstructing the throat and diaphragm, creating a sensation like insects crawling or an object stuck in the throat; this induces coughing." Improper dressing during fluctuating temperatures, or sudden exposure to wind while overheated, allows pathogenic factors to invade the skin, with the Lung being affected first, resulting in cough. If initially presenting with red face and lips, coarse breathing, fever, and audible phlegm rales during coughing, this is cough caused by wind-attack and phlegm obstruction. Qingfei Yin (Clear the Lung Decoction), Wu'ao Tang (Five Aconite Decoction), Xiaochaihu Tang (Minor Bupleurum Decoction), and Qianghuo San (Notopterygium Powder) can all be used to release the exterior, followed by Qingmuxiang Tang (Aucklandia Decoction). If a child plays in water immediately after sweating without drying, it may also induce wind-cold cough. External signs include slightly swollen eyelids, sweating on the forehead, and phlegm rales. Qingfei Yin and Xiefei Tang (Drain the Lung Decoction) are suitable to disperse wind, resolve phlegm, and clear pathogenic heat; Xiaochaihu Tang is also applicable. If cough persists for a long time, body fluids are depleted, and the Lung channel becomes deficient. The Lung is known as the "Canopy over All Organs" (Huagai), characterized by opening when lying down and closing when sitting upright. Therefore, breathlessness occurs when lying down and improves when sitting, due to excessive prior use of drugs that attack the Lung and drain phlegm; this is termed deficiency cough. Continuous sound, phlegm rales in the throat, nearly exhausted breath, vomiting white foam or dry heaving after coughing cessation indicate Lung deficiency and disharmonious Qi. Pale and wan complexion and lips, excessive sweating on the forehead during coughing, frequent sighing, reduced milk and food intake lead to Spleen and Stomach deficiency, predisposing to vomiting. Fuling Nongpu Tang (Poria and Magnolia Bark Decoction) and Huoxiang Yin (Agastache Decoction) should be administered, followed by warming the Spleen and moistening the Lung using Lizhong Tang (Regulate the Middle Decoction) added with Xingren (Almond) and Bei Wuwei Zi (Schisandra Berry), decocted in water. These herbs tonify the Spleen and benefit the Lung, utilizing Earth Qi (Spleen/Stomach) to generate Metal Qi (Lung), leading to self-healing. If cough includes blood streaks of purple-dark color, adding Ganjiang (Dried Ginger) to Lizhong Tang is also an effective method. Spleen deficiency can also cause cough; tonifying formulas such as Xingpi San (Awaken the Spleen Powder) and Fuling Nongpu Tang should be used to strengthen Spleen Qi, followed intermittently by Qingfei Yin to disperse wind-cold from the Lung channel, and Huoxiang Yin to assist the Spleen and nourish the Stomach, representing the method of "saving the child and benefiting the mother" (tonifying Spleen to support Lung). One syndrome involves extreme coughing paroxysms leading to sudden vomiting of milk, food, and phlegm together, with slight relief afterward; this is named wind-phlegm, caused by phlegm obstruction leading to Liver Wood overacting on Spleen Earth. Baifu Yin (White Attapulgite Decoction) is indicated for immediate efficacy. Infants within 100 days occasionally suffering from cough and phlegm obstruction with restless sleep often contract wind postpartum. Overuse of dispersing agents should be avoided; administer Jiebiao San (Release the Exterior Powder) one or two doses first, then treat with Beimu Tang (Fritillaria Decoction) and Xingxing San (Shining Powder). Pediatric asthma is more severe than cough but varies by deficiency/excess and cold/heat patterns, so it cannot be generalized. For excess-heat patterns, administer Qingfei Yin plus Wuhe Tang (Five Harmony Decoction) decocted with water, ginger, and scallion, along with Xiefei Tang and Biyu Wan (Jade Green Pill). The classics state: "Asthma and urgency are often due to surplus Qi, as the Lung governs Qi." For deficiency-cold patterns, administer Zhishi Tang (Immature Bitter Orange Decoction) decocted with water and ginger, combined with Ruyi Gao (As You Wish Ointment), Bufei San (Tonify Lung Powder), and Kanli Tang (Kan-Li Decoction), which will prove effective. This condition arises from Lung deficiency with wind invasion, causing failure of Qi ascent and descent. Dingchuan Yin (Stop Asthma Decoction) is also frequently effective and suitable for both cold and heat patterns. Phlegm obstruction causing aphonia is treated with Ersheng San (Two Sages Powder). Another syndrome, according to Guo Shi, originates from summer-dampness invasion without prior dispersion, allowing pathogens to transmit to the Heart and Lung, stagnating and generating heat. Heat generates wind, wind generates phlegm; if phlegm remains solid and undigested, prolonged persistence forms stubborn nodules, bean-sized, becoming the "phlegm mother." Tracing the origin, crying without pause before feeding, or feeding sour/salty foods causes Qi stagnation and phlegm generation. Seasonal changes with wind-cold-summerheat-dampness invasion, or falling into water entering nose/mouth and transmitting to the Lung, trigger the phlegm mother and accompanying wind. Wind-phlegm surges tightly, causing rapid breathing and asthma, becoming a chronic disease. Urgent treatment requires dispelling wind and resolving phlegm. First, administer Wuling San (Five Poria Powder) combined with Kuanqi Yin (Broaden Qi Decoction) and Kuangre Yin (Cool Heat Decoction), mixed with a little ginger juice and boiling water. Subsequently, administer Zhi Mu Tang (Anemarrhena Decoction), Xionghuang San (Realgar Powder), Ruyi Gao, and Banxia Wan (Pinellia Pill).