《素问·奇病论》帝曰∶有病庞然如有水状，切其脉大紧，身无痛者，形不瘦，不能食，食少，名为何
病？岐伯曰∶病生在肾，名为肾风。肾风而不能食，善惊，惊已，心气痿者死。
庞然如有水状者，身面皆肿也。水肿其脉必沉弱，今脉大且紧，即所谓真脏脉也。此肾亏阳气化风，故
名肾风。肾气逆，中不和，故不能食，虽食亦少，肾水亏，肝失养，故善惊，惊已，心气痿者，木枯不生心火，
心气消索，则生机已绝而死矣。上文《风论》所云肾风多汗恶风，面庞然肿，其身不肿，是外邪之风伤肾也；
此肾水枯，虚阳化风，是内伤病也，以至肝木心火，皆无生气，则死。
《素问·评热病论》帝曰∶有病肾风者，面 庞然壅，害于言，可刺不？岐伯曰∶虚不当刺，不当刺而
刺，后五日其气必至。帝曰∶其至何如？岐伯曰∶至必少气时热，时热从胸背上至头，汗出，手热，口干苦
渴，小便黄，目下肿，腹中鸣，身重难以行，月事不来，烦而不能食，不能正偃，正偃则咳，病名风水，论
在《刺法》中。帝曰∶愿闻其说。岐伯曰∶邪之所凑，其气必虚。阴虚者，阳必凑之，故少气时热而汗出也；
小便黄者，少腹中有热也；不能正偃者，胃中不和也；正偃则咳甚，上迫肺也；诸有水气者，微肿先见于目下
也。帝曰∶何以言？岐伯曰∶水者，阴也，目下，亦阴也，腹者，至阴之所居，故水在腹者，必使目下肿也；
真气上逆，故口苦舌干，卧不得正偃，正偃则咳出清水也；诸水病者，故不得卧，卧则惊，惊则咳甚也；腹中
鸣者，病本于胃也；薄脾则烦不能食；食不下者，胃脘膈也；身重难以行者，胃脉在足也；月事不来者，胞脉
闭也，胞脉者，属心而络于胞中，今气上迫肺，心气不得下通，故月事不来也。
经曰∶面肿曰风，足胫肿曰水。 ，足面也，头面足 ，皆庞然壅肿，此因肾虚水泛，风邪由太阳而入肾
经，风鼓水涌，故名风水，以肾为水脏，与太阳为表里也。肾经之脉，上连舌本，邪壅经气不得上达，舌不能
转，故害于言。此虚证，不当刺而刺之，五日后其病气必然复至，则更重，遂现所叙诸病。经衣冠文物晰，毋须赘
注。卧则惊者，以胃不和，肝气被郁也；薄脾者，邪盛迫脾，以遏心火，故烦；胃气格逆，故食不下；而胃气
不得下达于足，故身重难行；心气遏而不下通，则胞脉闭，月事不来也。此正虚挟邪之病，与上两证之肾风，
皆各不同也。
《素问·水热穴论》帝曰∶少阴何以主肾？肾何以主水？岐伯曰∶肾者，至阴也，至阴者，盛水也，肺
者，太阴也，少阴者，冬脉也，故其本在肾，其末在肺，皆积水也。帝曰∶肾何以能聚水而生病？岐伯曰∶
肾者，胃之关也。关门不利，故聚水而从其类也。上下溢于皮肤，故为 肿， 肿者，聚水而生病也。帝曰∶
诸水皆生于肾乎？岐伯曰∶肾者，牝脏也，地气上者，属于肾，而生水液也，故曰至阴。勇而劳甚，则肾汗出，
肾汗出，逢于风，内不得入于脏腑，外不得越于皮肤，客于玄府，行于皮里，传为 肿，本之于肾，名曰风
水。所谓玄府者，汗空也。
冬为寒水主令，肾为水脏，故水之本出于肾；水为金子，子能令母实，故其末在肺。肺肾气不通调，则三
焦输化失职，以致积水为病。所以然者，肾开窍于二便，水液滓浊由之而出，故为胃之关，关门不利，则胃中
水饮壅积，与肾水类聚，上下漫溢于皮肤经络，而 肿为病也。诸水皆生于肾者，以肾为牝脏，牝者，阴也，
阴气从阴，故地气之上蒸者，属于肾而生水液，盖物以类聚，所谓水流湿也。以阴从阴，故曰至阴。若其勇而
劳力甚，则肾汗出而经络疏，逢于风，内不得入于脏腑，外不得越于皮肤，而客于玄府，行于皮里，传为 肿。
玄府为汗空，即毛窍也。因用力汗出而窍开，风邪客之，其水本于肾，与风邪相鼓于皮里肌肤而成肿病，故名
风水也。
帝曰∶水俞五十七处者，是何主也？岐伯曰∶肾俞五十七穴，积阴之所聚也，水所从出入也。尻上五行，
行五者，此肾俞。故水病下为 肿、大腹，上为喘呼、不得卧者，标本俱病，故肺为喘呼，肾为水肿，肺为
逆，不得卧，分为相输俱受者，水气之所留也。伏兔上各二行，行五者，此肾之街也，三阴之所交结于脚也。
踝上各一行，行六者，此肾脉之下行也，名曰太冲。凡五十七穴者，皆脏之阴络，水之所客也。
此明所以成水病者。盖肾俞有五十七穴，阴气之所积聚，水者阴类，故从五十七穴而出入。其气郁而不从
三焦水道渗入膀胱，乃由俞穴行于皮肤肌肉，则下为 肿大腹也；子能令母实，故使肺逆而喘呼，肾水泛为肿，
标本俱病也，肺气逆则不得卧，以俞穴之气分布相输，而周身俱受水气，留而不行也。伏兔等穴，为肾气所行
之街，足三阴经交会而结于脚也。踝上等穴，肾脉下行之路也，名太冲。共凡五十七穴，皆脏之阴络，故水蓄
之，即阴从阴、水流湿之理也。
《素问·奇病论》黄帝问道：有一种病，面部浮肿好像有水湿之象，切其脉搏大而紧，身体没有疼痛感，形体也不消瘦，但不能进食，即使进食也很少，这叫什么病？岐伯回答说：病位在肾，名叫肾风。患肾风而不能进食，容易受惊，惊恐之后，若出现心气衰败的症状，就会死亡。
所谓“庞然如有水状”，是指身面和全身都发生肿胀。一般水肿病的脉象必定是沉弱的，现在脉象大而且紧，这就是所谓的真脏脉。这是因为肾亏虚，阳气化生为内风，所以名叫肾风。肾气上逆，中焦脾胃不和，所以不能进食，虽然想吃也吃得很少；肾水亏虚，肝木失去滋养，所以容易受惊；惊恐过后，若心气衰败，是因为肾水枯竭导致肝木枯槁无法生发心火，心气消亡索灭，那么生机已经断绝而死亡。上文《风论》中所说的肾风多汗、怕风，面部浮肿，但身体其他部位不肿，这是外来的风邪伤害肾脏；而这里所说的肾水枯竭，虚阳化风，属于内伤杂病，以至于肝木和心火都没有生气，就会导致死亡。
《素问·评热病论》黄帝问道：有一种患肾风的病人，面部浮肿壅盛，言语不利，可以针刺治疗吗？岐伯回答说：正气虚弱不应当针刺，如果不应当针刺却误刺了，五天后病气必然再次发作。黄帝问道：病气发作时是什么表现？岐伯回答说：发作时必定感到气短、定时发热，热气从胸背向上冲到头部，出汗，手足发热，口苦口干渴，小便黄，眼下浮肿，腹中肠鸣，身体沉重难以行走，月经闭止，心烦不能进食，不能仰卧，如果仰卧则咳嗽加重，这种病名叫风水，相关论述在《刺法》篇中。黄帝道：我想听听其中的道理。岐伯说：邪气聚集的地方，正气必定虚弱。阴虚的时候，阳邪必定凑集于阴分，所以会出现气短、定时发热和出汗；小便黄，是因为下腹部有热；不能仰卧，是因为胃中不和；仰卧则咳嗽加重，是因为邪气上迫于肺；凡是患有水气病的，轻微肿胀首先出现在眼下。黄帝道：为什么这样说？岐伯说：水属阴，眼下也属阴，腹部是至阴之气所居之处，所以水气停留在腹部，必然会导致眼下浮肿；真气上逆，所以口苦舌干，睡觉不能仰卧，仰卧则会咳出清水；凡是水病患者，所以不能平卧，平卧则惊悸，惊悸则咳嗽加重；腹中肠鸣，是因为病根在胃；邪气逼迫脾脏，导致心烦不能进食；食物不下咽，是因为胃脘部膈塞不通；身体沉重难以行走，是因为胃经的经脉循行于足部；月经不来，是因为胞脉闭塞。胞脉属于心并且联络于子宫（胞中），现在气机上逆逼迫肺脏，心气不能下行通达，所以月经不来。
经文说：面部浮肿叫风，足胫浮肿叫水。跗（足背）也是浮肿的部位，头面足跗都浮肿壅盛，这是因为肾虚水液泛滥，风邪由太阳经传入肾经，风鼓动水液涌起，所以名叫风水，因为肾是水脏，与膀胱（太阳）互为表里。肾经的经脉，上行连系舌根，邪气壅滞经气不能上达，舌头不能转动，所以言语不利。这是虚证，不应当针刺却误刺了，五天后病气必然复发，病情加重，于是出现上述叙述的各种病症。关于经络衣冠文物的考证已经很清晰，不需要再赘加注释。平卧则惊悸，是因为胃不和，肝气被郁遏；邪气逼迫脾脏，是因为邪气旺盛压迫脾土，从而遏制心火，所以心烦；胃气格拒上逆，所以食物不下咽；胃气不能下达于足部，所以身体沉重难行；心气被遏制而不能下行通达，导致胞脉闭塞，月经不来。这是正虚挟带邪气的病证，与上面两种证候的肾风，都是各不相同的。
《素问·水热穴论》黄帝问道：少阴经为什么主司肾脏？肾脏为什么主司水液？岐伯回答说：肾属于至阴，至阴意味着盛藏水液；肺属于太阴；少阴对应冬季的脉象。所以水病的根本在肾，标末在肺，都是由于积水造成的。黄帝问道：肾脏为什么能聚积水液而生病？岐伯回答说：肾是胃的关口。关门不利，所以水液聚积并同类相召。水液上下溢出于皮肤，所以形成浮肿，浮肿就是聚积水液而导致的疾病。黄帝问道：所有的的水病都产生于肾吗？岐伯回答说：肾是牝脏（阴脏），地气上升者，归属于肾，并由此生成水液，所以称为至阴。如果人勇力过度且劳倦甚重，则肾汗外出，肾汗外出后，遇到风邪，内不能进入脏腑，外不能透越皮肤，客居于玄府（汗孔），运行于皮里肉间，传变为浮肿，病本在于肾，名叫风水。所谓玄府，就是汗孔。
冬季是寒水当令的季节，肾是水脏，所以水液的根源出于肾；水在五行中属金之子，子能令母实，所以水病的标末在肺。肺肾之气不通调，则三焦输布转化功能失职，以致积水成病。之所以这样，是因为肾开窍于二便，水液中的浊物由此排出，所以肾被称为胃的关口，如果关门不利，则胃中的水饮壅积，与肾水同类相聚，上下漫溢于皮肤经络，而形成浮肿病。说所有的水病都产生于肾，是因为肾为牝脏，牝即阴，阴气顺从阴类，所以地气上蒸者，归属于肾而生生水液，这就是物以类聚，所谓“水流湿”的道理。因为阴从阴，所以称为至阴。如果人用力劳作导致汗出过多，则肾汗外出而经络腠理疏松，遇到风邪，内不能进入脏腑，外不能透越皮肤，而客居于玄府，运行于皮里肉间，传变为浮肿。玄府就是汗空，也就是毛窍。因为用力汗出导致毛孔张开，风邪客居其中，其水液根源在肾，与风邪相互鼓动于皮里肌肤之间而成浮肿病，所以名叫风水。
黄帝问道：水俞穴有五十七处，它们主要主治什么？岐伯回答说：肾俞有五十七个穴位，是阴气积聚的地方，也是水液出入的途径。尻骨上方有五行穴位，每行五个，这就是肾俞。所以水病在下表现为浮肿、大腹，在上表现为气喘呼叫、不能平卧，这是标本俱病，所以肺表现为气喘呼叫，肾表现为水肿，肺表现为气逆、不能平卧，分为相输传递共同受病的，是水气停留所致。伏兔穴上方各有两行穴位，每行五个，这是肾气通行的街道，也是足三阴经交会结于脚部的地方。踝关节上方各有一行穴位，每行六个，这是肾脉下行的路径，名叫太冲。总共五十七个穴位，都是脏的阴络，是水气客居的地方。
这里阐明之所以形成水病的原因。大概肾俞有五十七个穴位，是阴气所积聚之处，水属于阴类，所以水液从这五十七个穴位出入。如果气机郁滞而不通过三焦水道渗入膀胱，而是由俞穴运行于皮肤肌肉之间，则在下表现为浮肿和大腹；因为子能令母实，所以使肺气上逆而气喘呼叫，肾水泛溢为浮肿，导致标本俱病；肺气上逆则不能平卧，由于俞穴之气分布相输，周身都受到水气的影响，停留而不运行。伏兔等穴位，是肾气所通行的街道，足三阴经交会结于脚部。踝上等穴位，是肾脉下行的道路，名叫太冲。总共五十七个穴位，都是脏的阴络，所以水液蓄积于此，即符合阴从阴、水流湿的原理。
In the *Suwen: Qibing Lun* (Treatise on Rare Diseases), the Yellow Emperor asked, "There is a disease where the face appears swollen as if there were water retention. The pulse is large and tight, the body has no pain, the form is not emaciated, the patient cannot eat, or eats very little. What is this disease called?" Qibo replied, "The pathology originates in the Kidney, and it is named Kidney Wind (Shen Feng). In Kidney Wind, if the patient cannot eat, is prone to fright, and after the fright subsides, the Heart Qi becomes flaccid and exhausted, death ensues."
The description 'swollen as if there were water' refers to edema of the body and face. Typically, the pulse in edema must be deep and weak. Now that the pulse is large and tight, this is what is referred to as the True Zang Pulse (Zhen Zang Mai). This occurs because Kidney deficiency leads to Yang transforming into internal Wind, hence the name Kidney Wind. When Kidney Qi rebels and the Middle Jiao is disharmonious, the patient cannot eat, or eats very little even if they try. Due to Kidney Water deficiency, Liver Wood loses nourishment, leading to frequent fright. After the fright, if Heart Qi becomes flaccid, it signifies that withered Kidney Water fails to generate Heart Fire through withered Liver Wood. As Heart Qi dissipates, vital life force is extinguished, resulting in death. The earlier text in the *Feng Lun* (Treatise on Wind) mentioned that Kidney Wind often presents with sweating, aversion to wind, facial swelling, but without swelling elsewhere in the body; this indicates external Wind pathogen injuring the Kidney. In contrast, the current case describes Kidney Water exhaustion with deficient Yang transforming into Wind, which is an internal injury disease. Consequently, both Liver Wood and Heart Fire lose their vitality, leading to death.
In the *Suwen: Ping Re Bing Lun* (Treatise on Evaluating Heat Diseases), the Yellow Emperor asked, "A patient suffering from Kidney Wind presents with severe facial swelling and obstruction in speech. Can acupuncture be used?" Qibo answered, "When there is deficiency, acupuncture is contraindicated. If one acupunctures when it is contraindicated, the pathogenic Qi will inevitably return after five days." The Yellow Emperor asked, "What will the condition be like upon its return?" Qibo replied, "Upon return, there will be shortness of breath, intermittent fever, heat rising from the chest and back to the head, sweating, hot hands, bitter dry mouth and thirst, yellow urine, edema under the eyes, borborygmus in the abdomen, heaviness of the body making movement difficult, amenorrhea, irritability preventing eating, inability to lie flat on the back, and coughing when lying supine. This disease is named Wind Water (Feng Shui), and the discussion can be found in the *Cifa* (Methods of Acupuncture) chapter." The Yellow Emperor said, "I wish to hear the explanation." Qibo said, "Where pathogenic factors gather, Qi must be deficient. When Yin is deficient, Yang must encroach upon it; thus, there is shortness of breath, intermittent fever, and sweating. Yellow urine indicates heat in the lower abdomen. Inability to lie supine indicates disharmony in the Stomach. Coughing worsens when supine because the pathogen presses upward against the Lung. In all cases of water qi, slight swelling first appears under the eyes." The Yellow Emperor asked, "Why do you say so?" Qibo replied, "Water belongs to Yin, and the area under the eyes also belongs to Yin. The abdomen is the residence of Supreme Yin (Zhi Yin). Therefore, when water resides in the abdomen, it causes swelling under the eyes. When True Qi rebels upward, there is bitterness in the mouth and dryness of the tongue, and one cannot lie supine; if supine, clear fluid is coughed up. All patients with water diseases cannot lie flat; lying flat causes fright, and fright exacerbates coughing. Borborygmus indicates the root of the disease lies in the Stomach. Pathogen pressing on the Spleen causes irritability and anorexia. Food impaction is due to obstruction at the epigastrium. Heaviness and difficulty walking are due to the Stomach Meridian running along the foot. Amenorrhea is due to closure of the Bao Mai (Uterine Vessels). The Bao Mai belongs to the Heart and connects to the Bao Zhong (Uterus). Now, Qi rebels upward pressing on the Lung, and Heart Qi cannot descend to communicate, hence amenorrhea."
The Classics state: "Facial swelling is termed Wind; swelling of the shins and feet is termed Water." The dorsum of the foot is also a site of swelling. Swelling of the head, face, and feet indicates that due to Kidney deficiency and water flooding, Wind pathogen enters the Kidney Meridian from the Taiyang Meridian. Wind agitates and water surges, hence the name Wind Water. Since the Kidney is the Water Organ and shares exterior-interior relationships with Taiyang (Bladder), this connection explains the pathology. The Kidney Meridian connects to the root of the tongue. When pathogen obstructs meridian Qi preventing it from ascending, the tongue cannot move, causing speech difficulties. This is a deficiency syndrome; acupuncturing when contraindicated causes the pathogenic Qi to rebound after five days, worsening the condition and presenting the aforementioned symptoms. Regarding the detailed examination of meridians and attire, no further annotation is needed. Lying flat causing fright is due to Stomach disharmony and constrained Liver Qi. Pathogen pressing on the Spleen implies excess pathogen forcing the Spleen, thereby suppressing Heart Fire, causing irritability. Stomach Qi rebelling prevents food intake. Stomach Qi failing to descend to the feet causes heaviness and difficulty walking. Heart Qi being suppressed and unable to descend closes the Bao Mai, causing amenorrhea. This is a disease of deficiency complicated by pathogen, distinct from the previous two types of Kidney Wind.
In the *Suwen: Shuire Xuelun* (Treatise on Water-Related Acupoints), the Yellow Emperor asked, "Why does the Shaoyin Meridian govern the Kidney? Why does the Kidney govern Water?" Qibo replied, "The Kidney is Supreme Yin (Zhi Yin); Supreme Yin means it stores abundant Water. The Lung is Taiyin. Shaoyin corresponds to the Winter pulse. Thus, the root of water disease is in the Kidney, and the branch is in the Lung; both involve water accumulation." The Yellow Emperor asked, "How can the Kidney accumulate water and cause disease?" Qibo replied, "The Kidney is the gate of the Stomach. If the gate is not functional, water accumulates and gathers according to its kind. Overflowing up and down onto the skin, it causes edema. Edema is caused by accumulated water." The Yellow Emperor asked, "Do all water diseases originate from the Kidney?" Qibo replied, "The Kidney is a Yin organ (Pin Zang). Earthly Qi ascending belongs to the Kidney and generates water fluids, hence it is called Supreme Yin. If one exerts great strength and labors excessively, Kidney sweat emerges. If this sweat encounters Wind, it cannot enter the Zang-Fu internally nor escape through the skin externally. It lodges in the Xuanku (pores), travels within the skin layers, and transforms into edema. Rooted in the Kidney, it is named Wind Water. The so-called Xuanku refers to sweat pores."
Winter is the season governed by Cold Water, and the Kidney is the Water Organ; thus, the source of water lies in the Kidney. Water corresponds to Metal in the Five Elements; since the child can strengthen the mother, the branch of water disease lies in the Lung. If Lung and Kidney Qi fail to regulate smoothly, the Sanjiao's transport and transformation functions fail, leading to water accumulation. This is because the Kidney opens into the two orifices (urethra and anus); turbid water fluids exit through them, so the Kidney is called the gate of the Stomach. If the gate is dysfunctional, Stomach water drinks accumulate, gathering with Kidney water, overflowing onto skin and collaterals, causing edema. Saying all water diseases originate from the Kidney is because the Kidney is a Yin organ; Yin follows Yin. Thus, ascending Earthly Qi belongs to the Kidney to generate water fluids. This follows the principle of things gathering by kind, i.e., 'water flows to wet places.' Because Yin follows Yin, it is called Supreme Yin. If excessive labor causes profuse sweating, the meridians become loose. Encountering Wind, the sweat cannot enter internally or escape externally, lodging in the Xuanku and traveling within the skin layers, transforming into edema. The Xuanku is the sweat pore/hair follicle. Excessive labor opens the pores, allowing Wind pathogen to lodge. The water originates from the Kidney, and together with Wind, agitates within the skin and muscles to cause swelling, hence named Wind Water.
The Yellow Emperor asked, "The fifty-seven Water Acupoints, what do they primarily treat?" Qibo replied, "The fifty-seven Kidney Shu points are where Yin Qi gathers and where water enters and exits. Above the sacrum, there are five rows, each with five points; these are the Kidney Shu points. Therefore, water disease manifests below as edema and abdominal distension, and above as wheezing and inability to lie flat. This indicates simultaneous disease of the root and branch. Thus, the Lung manifests as wheezing, the Kidney as edema, and the Lung as rebellion causing inability to lie flat. These are mutually transferring and jointly affected, resulting from water qi stagnation. Above the Futu point, there are two rows on each side, each with five points; these are the streets of the Kidney, where the three Yin meridians of the foot intersect and knot at the ankle. Above each ankle, there is one row with six points; this is the downward path of the Kidney Meridian, named Taichong. All fifty-seven points are the Yin collaterals of the Zang organs and the dwelling places of water qi."
This clarifies the formation of water disease. The fifty-seven Kidney Shu points are where Yin Qi accumulates. Since water belongs to Yin, it enters and exits through these points. If Qi stagnates and does not seep into the Bladder via the Sanjiao water pathways, but instead travels from the Shu points into the skin and muscles, it causes edema and abdominal distension below. Because the child strengthens the mother, it causes Lung rebellion and wheezing, while Kidney water floods causing edema, affecting both root and branch. Lung Qi rebellion prevents lying flat. Due to the distribution and mutual transmission of Qi from the Shu points, the whole body is affected by stagnant water qi. Points such as Futu are streets for Kidney Qi, where the Foot Three Yin meridians intersect at the foot. Points above the ankle are the descending path of the Kidney Meridian, named Taichong. All fifty-seven points are Yin collaterals of the Zang organs; thus, water accumulates there, following the principle of Yin following Yin and water flowing to wet places.