观夫天生KT 民，地生百草。人生不无札瘥之常，以致病于寿夭。草有治病之功，用
别花苗实脑。
KT 、众也。实即子，脑即根，各有所宜也。
菖蒲开心明耳目，去湿痹风寒。菊花消湿散痹风，主头眩痛扰。
菖蒲，一名昌阳。须用生石碛上一寸九节者良。味辛温无毒。菊花味苦甘平无毒，主胸
中烦热，明目聪耳。
治渴补虚安脏，快觅人参。温中解毒性平和，无如国老（即甘草）。
人参，一曰人 ，味甘微寒无毒。反藜芦、甘草，味甘平、无毒，主解百毒，为众药之
王，故号国老，反大戟、芫花、甘遂、海藻。
白术益脾止泻呕，若动气不宜。苍术平胃压山岚。用米泔浸炒。
白术，味甘辛无毒，主风寒湿痹，益脾胃，补虚劳，消肿，伤寒有动气者不宜服。
苍术，用米泔浸一宿，换泔浸，炒干去皮，味苦甘辛无毒。治伤寒痹痛，除温疟，可发
散。
生地黄能行血，兼止吐衄、折伤。熟地黄能补血，更治虚劳焦躁。
生地黄大寒，亦治产后血攻心及女人经水闭绝。熟地黄净洗酒浸，蒸两三次焙干，味甘
温无毒。熟干则温补，生干则平宣。熟者止崩漏，安魂魄，治惊悸，补内伤。
天门冬镇心止吐血衄血，性寒而能补大虚。麦门冬解渴开结益心肠，劳热可除烦可保。
用。
地肤子、车前子除热去风明眼目。能使膀胱水谷分。菟丝子、巴戟天添精补髓主延年，
解去腰疼诚有效。
地肤子，即落帚子，味苦寒无毒。车前子，味甘咸寒无毒。能滑胎，止泻痢。菟丝子，
味辛平无毒，水洗澄去砂土，酒浸一宿，蒸过乘热捣成膏，焙干再入药，方可研末。巴戟天
须连珠者，去心酒浸焙干。味辛甘微温无毒，除风强筋益力，治梦与鬼交。
牛膝补虚挛膝痛、月经若闭亦能通，柴胡去热治劳伤，主疗伤寒功力到。
牛膝，为君味苦酸平无毒。柴胡味苦平，性微寒无毒，治湿痹拘挛，可用煎汤浴之，下
气消痰止嗽、伤寒为要。
草决明泻肝热，明目驱风兼鼻渊。草龙胆益肝虚，惊惕无忧疳虫埽。
草决明味咸苦甘平微寒无毒。草龙胆味苦寒无毒，益肝明目，最治疳。
子性苦寒，风寒湿痹水皆宽。茵陈蒿性苦冷，时气发黄淋可导。
，处处有之，味苦微寒无毒，久服轻身明目。茵陈蒿，味苦平微寒无毒，治淋难小
便闭涩不通。
远志一名小草，堪收梦里遗精。黄精俗字山姜，久服延年不老。
远志用去骨，以甘草汤浸煮炒干。味苦温无毒，苗名小草。一似麻黄，但无节。令人生
智慧，定心惊。黄精俗呼为山姜，味甘平无毒，然与钩吻相似。但一善一恶，要仔细辨认，
切勿误用钩吻，则伤人至死。
北五味补虚下气，止嗽强筋。南木香止痢健脾，气痛是宝。
五味子，味酸甘咸苦辛，故名五味。性温无毒，止渴消酒毒。木香形如枯骨者佳，不见
火，味辛温无毒，去膀胱冷气，除症瘕，止泻痢。
金疮止血，王不留行，是名剪金花。风疹赤丹，本草景天，即是慎火草。
王不留行，味苦平无毒，可催生产，利月经。景天，味苦酸平无毒，主劳烦大热疮。女
人漏下，用花良。
络石治痈疮，消热毒，苗似龙鳞。川芎医头痛，主筋挛，形如雀脑。
络石，为君，即石鳞，又名龙鳞薜荔。味苦温，微寒无毒，畏贝母菖蒲。川芎，一名川
，明目，疮家止痛，味辛温无毒，蘼芜即其苗也。白芷为之使。
金钗石斛，解使元阳壮，腰疼膝痛并皆驱。鬼脸升麻，能教百毒消，疹痘斑疮宁可较。
风，为伤寒时气之要药也。
烟尘续断，安胎产，疗金疮，速不可迟。染绛茜根，理风寒、止吐血，须宜乎早。
续断味苦辛微寒无毒，最能接骨，因名续断。茜根，一作 ，即今染绛茜草根也。味苦
微寒。解中蛊毒。
虺床蛇床同一种，治风湿痒及阴疮。羌活、独活本来同，头痛筋挛风气挠。
虺床即蛇床，味苦辛甘平无毒。羌活、独活本同类，但紫色而节密者为羌活，黄色而作
块者为独活。味苦甘平，微温无毒。
细辛薯蓣，能温中下气，仍主脑腰疼。薏苡葳蕤，治痹弱筋挛，并医风湿症。
细辛，味辛温无毒，主拘挛风痹，明目疗痿，治妇人血闭。薯蓣，俗名山药，味甘温平
无毒，补心气不足，镇心神。
薏苡仁，味甘寒无毒，主肺气肺痈。葳蕤，叶似黄精，味甘平无毒，切勿误用钩吻，误
用则伤人。
止泻补虚收盗汗，黄 奏莫大之功。消痈散肿有高能，忍冬是至贱之草。
黄 ，味甘微温无毒，主虚劳，强筋，治耳聋，止痛排脓。忍冬草，即鹭鸶藤，又名金
银花。其蔓左缠，亦名左缠藤。味甘温无毒，今处处有之。
泽泻会除诸般泻，弭渴疏淋。防风主治一切风，仍蠲痛脑。
泽泻，味甘咸寒无毒，止泄精，逐膀胱水，多服令人眼病。防风，味甘辛温无毒，能解
附子毒，明目止汗疗崩。
蒺藜阴痛煎汤，头痛煎酒。蒲黄行血用生，止血用炒。
蒺藜，味苦辛温，微寒无毒。破血催生，若风疮阴疮，煎汤作浴，头痛煎酒服。蒲黄，
味甘平无毒，生则味滑，炒熟则味涩。
苁蓉扶女子阴绝，与男子阳绝，补精养肾，生自马精。黄连理大人诸热，却小儿疳热，
止痢浓肠，贵称鹰爪。
肉苁蓉，味甘酸咸，微寒无毒。言是马精落地所生，生时似肉，作羹补虚最佳。黄连，
味苦寒无毒，点眼可除热，更治消中、口疮良。
漏芦行乳汁，消瘰 肠风。丹参补胎气，利月经为吉。
漏芦，味苦咸寒无毒，医疮疡，疗眼，理损伤，续筋骨。丹参，味苦微寒无毒，除积聚，
破症瘕，益气去烦满。一名赤参。
更分佐使君臣，是曰神圣功巧。
望而知之谓神，闻而知之谓圣，问而知之谓功，切而知之谓巧。望闻问切，是谓医家之
四知。
看那上天化育万物，大地生长百草。人生在世难免有瘟疫疾疫的常态，从而导致寿命长短不一。草药具有治疗疾病的功效，但使用上需根据花、苗、果实、根部等不同部位加以区别。
KT（通“括”，意为概括、总括），即是众的意思。实即种子，脑即根部，各有所适宜的使用部位。
石菖蒲能开心窍、明耳目，去除湿痹和风寒。菊花能消除湿气、散除风痹，主治头晕目眩及疼痛扰攘。
石菖蒲，又名昌阳。必须选用生长在生石缝隙中、长有一寸九节的为佳。味道辛、温，无毒。菊花味道苦、甘，平，无毒，主治胸中烦热，明目聪耳。
治疗口渴、补虚损、安五脏，快速寻觅人参。温中焦、解毒性味平和，没有比得上国老（即甘草）的。
人参，又称人衔，味道甘、微寒，无毒。反藜芦；甘草，味道甘、平，无毒，主治解除各种毒素，是众多药物中的王药，所以号称国老，反大戟、芫花、甘遂、海藻。
白术能益脾气、止泻呕，若有动气症状则不宜服用。苍术能平胃气、抵御山岚瘴气。需用米泔水浸泡后炒制。
白术，味道甘、辛，无毒，主治风寒湿痹，益脾胃，补虚劳，消肿，伤寒病中有动气者不宜服用。
苍术，用米泔水浸泡一夜，换水再浸，炒干去皮，味道苦、甘、辛，无毒。治疗伤寒痹痛，除温疟，可发散邪气。
生地黄能行血，兼能止吐血、衄血，治疗折伤。熟地黄能补血，更治疗虚劳焦躁。
生地黄大寒，也治疗产后血攻心及女子经闭不通。熟地黄洗净后用酒浸泡，蒸两三次后焙干，味道甘、温，无毒。熟用则温补，生用则平宣。熟地黄能止崩漏，安魂魄，治惊悸，补内伤。
天门冬能镇心、止吐血衄血，性寒而能补大虚。麦门冬能解渴、开结、益心肠，劳热可除，烦闷可保。
地肤子、车前子能除热去风、明眼目。能使膀胱分清泌浊，使水谷分离。菟丝子、巴戟天能添精补髓、主延年益寿，解除腰疼确实有效。
地肤子，即落帚子，味道苦、寒，无毒。车前子，味道甘、咸、寒，无毒。能滑胎，止泻痢。菟丝子，味道辛、平，无毒，水洗澄清去掉砂土，酒浸泡一夜，蒸过后趁热捣成膏，焙干后再入药，方可研末。巴戟天须选连珠状的，去心后用酒浸泡焙干。味道辛、甘、微温，无毒，除风强筋益力，治疗梦遗与鬼交。
牛膝能补虚、缓解膝部挛痛，月经闭阻也能通利；柴胡能退热、治疗劳伤，主治伤寒功力深厚。
牛膝，为君药，味道苦、酸、平，无毒。柴胡味道苦、平，性微寒，无毒，治疗湿痹拘挛，可用煎汤沐浴，下气消痰止咳，是治疗伤寒的要药。
草决明能泻肝热，明目驱风兼治鼻渊。草龙胆能益肝虚，无忧惊惕疳虫。
草决明味道咸、苦、甘、平、微寒，无毒。草龙胆味道苦、寒，无毒，益肝明目，最擅长治疗疳积。
[原文此处缺字，推测为某药名]性苦寒，风寒湿痹皆宽。茵陈蒿性苦冷，时气发黄淋证可导。
[此药]处处都有，味道苦、微寒，无毒，久服轻身明目。茵陈蒿，味道苦、平、微寒，无毒，治疗淋证难、小便闭涩不通。
远志需去骨，用甘草汤浸泡煮后炒干。味道苦、温，无毒，苗名为小草。形状似麻黄，但没有节。能令人产生智慧，定心惊神。黄精俗呼为山姜，味道甘、平，无毒，然而与钩吻相似。但一善一恶，要仔细辨认，切勿误用钩吻，否则伤人至死。
五味子，味道酸、甘、咸、苦、辛，故名五味。性温，无毒，止渴消酒毒。木香形状像枯骨的为佳，不见火，味道辛、温，无毒，去膀胱冷气，除症瘕，止泻痢。
金疮止血，王不留行，名叫剪金花。风疹赤丹，本草景天，即是慎火草。
王不留行，味道苦、平，无毒，可催产，利月经。景天，味道苦、酸、平，无毒，主治劳烦大热疮。女人漏下，用花效果好。
络石治疗痈疮，消热毒，苗似龙鳞。川芎医治头痛，主筋挛，形如雀脑。
络石，为君药，即石鳞，又名龙鳞薜荔。味道苦、温，微寒，无毒，畏贝母、菖蒲。川芎，一名川芎，明目，疮家止痛，味道辛、温，无毒，蘼芜即其苗也。白芷为之使。
金钗石斛，解使元阳壮，腰疼膝痛并皆驱。鬼脸升麻，能教百毒消，疹痘斑疮宁可较。
风，为伤寒时气之要药也。（注：此处原文似乎有脱漏或排版错误，结合上下文应指升麻或相关药物特性，但依原文直译）
烟尘续断，安胎产，疗金疮，速不可迟。染绛茜根，理风寒、止吐血，须宜乎早。
续断味道苦、辛、微寒，无毒，最能接骨，因名续断。茜根，一作茜草，即今染绛茜草根也。味道苦、微寒。解中蛊毒。
虺床蛇床同一种，治风湿痒及阴疮。羌活、独活本来同，头痛筋挛风气挠。
虺床即蛇床，味道苦、辛、甘、平，无毒。羌活、独活本同类，但紫色而节密者为羌活，黄色而作块者为独活。味道苦、甘、平，微温，无毒。
细辛薯蓣，能温中下气，仍主脑腰疼。薏苡葳蕤，治痹弱筋挛，并医风湿症。
细辛，味道辛、温，无毒，主治拘挛风痹，明目疗痿，治妇人血闭。薯蓣，俗名山药，味道甘、温、平，无毒，补心气不足，镇心神。
薏苡仁，味道甘、寒，无毒，主肺气肺痈。葳蕤，叶似黄精，味道甘、平，无毒，切勿误用钩吻，误用则伤人。
止泻补虚收盗汗，黄芪奏莫大之功。消痈散肿有高能，忍冬是至贱之草。
黄芪，味道甘、微温，无毒，主虚劳，强筋，治耳聋，止痛排脓。忍冬草，即鹭鸶藤，又名金银花。其蔓左缠，亦名左缠藤。味道甘、温，无毒，今处处有之。
泽泻，味道甘、咸、寒，无毒，止泄精，逐膀胱水，多服令人眼病。防风，味道甘、辛、温，无毒，能解附子毒，明目止汗疗崩。
蒺藜，味道苦、辛、温，微寒，无毒。破血催生，若风疮阴疮，煎汤作浴，头痛煎酒服。蒲黄，味道甘、平，无毒，生则味滑，炒熟则味涩。
肉苁蓉扶女子阴绝，与男子阳绝，补精养肾，生自马精。黄连理大人诸热，却小儿疳热，止痢浓肠，贵称鹰爪。
肉苁蓉，味道甘、酸、咸，微寒，无毒。言是马精落地所生，生时似肉，作羹补虚最佳。黄连，味道苦、寒，无毒，点眼可除热，更治消中、口疮良。
漏芦，味道苦、咸、寒，无毒，医疮疡，疗眼，理损伤，续筋骨。丹参，味道苦、微寒，无毒，除积聚，破症瘕，益气去烦满。一名赤参。
更分佐使君臣，是曰神圣功巧。
望而知之谓神，闻而知之谓圣，问而知之谓功，切而知之谓巧。望闻问切，是谓医家之四知。
Behold, Heaven nurtures all things, and the Earth produces a hundred herbs. Human life inevitably encounters the normalcy of epidemics and diseases, leading to variations in longevity. Herbs possess the merit of curing diseases, yet their application differs according to whether one uses the flower, sprout, fruit, or root.
"Kuò" (Generalization) means "all." "Shi" refers to seeds, and "Nao" refers to roots; each has its appropriate usage.
*Changpu* (Acorus tatarinowii Rhizome) opens the heart orifices, brightens the eyes and ears, and dispels dampness, bi-syndrome, wind, and cold. *Juhua* (Chrysanthemi Flos) dissipates dampness, scatters wind-bi, and primarily treats dizziness, vertigo, and painful disturbance.
*Changpu*, also known as *Changyang*, is best when harvested from crevices in living rocks, specifically those with nine joints per inch. It tastes pungent and warm, and is non-toxic. *Juhua* tastes bitter and sweet, is neutral, and non-toxic; it primarily treats vexing heat in the chest, brightens the eyes, and sharpens hearing.
To treat thirst, tonify deficiency, and calm the viscera, quickly seek *Renshen* (Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma). To warm the middle jiao and detoxify with a mild nature, none surpasses *Guolao* (i.e., *Gancao*, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma).
*Renshen*, also called *Renxian*, tastes sweet and slightly cold, and is non-toxic. It is incompatible with *Lilü* (Veratri Radix); *Gancao* tastes sweet and neutral, is non-toxic, primarily resolves various toxins, and is the king of all herbs, hence the title *Guolao*. It is incompatible with *Daji* (Euphorbiae Pekinensis Radix), *Yuanhua* (Genkwa Flos), *Gansui* (Kansui Radix), and *Haizao* (Sargassum).
*Bai Zhu* (Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma) benefits the spleen, stops diarrhea and vomiting, but should not be used if there is moving qi. *Cang Zhu* (Atractylodis Rhizoma) levels the stomach and suppresses mountain miasma. It should be soaked in rice wash water and stir-fried.
*Bai Zhu* tastes sweet and pungent, is non-toxic, primarily treats wind-cold-damp bi-syndrome, benefits the spleen and stomach, tonifies deficiency and fatigue, reduces swelling, and should not be taken by those with Taiyang disease presenting with moving qi.
*Cang Zhu* should be soaked in rice wash water overnight, changed to fresh water for another soak, then stir-fried dry and peeled. It tastes bitter, sweet, and pungent, and is non-toxic. It treats Taiyang bi-pain, eliminates warm malaria, and can induce sweating to disperse pathogens.
*Sheng Dihuang* (Rehmanniae Radix) promotes blood circulation, simultaneously stopping hematemesis and epistaxis, and treating traumatic injuries. *Shu Dihuang* (Rehmanniae Radix Preparata) tonifies blood and further treats deficiency-fire with irritability.
*Sheng Dihuang* is very cold; it also treats postpartum blood attacking the heart and amenorrhea in women. *Shu Dihuang* is washed clean, soaked in wine, steamed two or three times, and dried. It tastes sweet and warm, and is non-toxic. Prepared use warms and tonifies, while raw use is neutral and dispersing. Prepared *Dihuang* stops metrorrhagia, calms the soul, treats palpitations, and tonifies internal injury.
*Tianmendong* (Asparagi Radix) settles the heart, stops hematemesis and epistaxis; though cold, it can tonify severe deficiency. *Mendong* (Ophiopogonis Radix) relieves thirst, resolves stagnation, benefits the heart and intestines, removes labor-heat, and alleviates vexation.
*Difuzi* (Kochiae Fructus) and *Cheqianzi* (Plantaginis Semen) clear heat, dispel wind, and brighten the eyes. They enable the bladder to separate clear fluids from turbid food residues. *Tusizi* (Cuscutae Semen) and *Bajitian* (Morindae Officinalis Radix) replenish essence and marrow, promote longevity, and effectively relieve lower back pain.
*Difuzi*, also known as *Luozhuzi*, tastes bitter and cold, and is non-toxic. *Cheqianzi* tastes sweet, salty, and cold, and is non-toxic. It can facilitate childbirth and stop dysentery. *Tusizi* tastes pungent and neutral, and is non-toxic; it should be washed, clarified to remove sand and soil, soaked in wine overnight, steamed, pounded into paste while hot, dried, and then powdered for medicinal use. *Bajitian* must be selected for its bead-like appearance, decentered, soaked in wine, and dried. It tastes pungent, sweet, and slightly warm, and is non-toxic; it dispels wind, strengthens sinews and muscles, enhances strength, and treats nocturnal emissions and hallucinations of sexual intercourse.
*Niuxi* (Achyranthis Bidentatae Radix) tonifies deficiency, relieves knee spasms and pain, and can also unblock amenorrhea. *Chaihu* (Bupleuri Radix) clears heat, treats consumptive disease, and is highly effective in treating Taiyang disease.
*Niuxi*, as the sovereign herb, tastes bitter, sour, and neutral, and is non-toxic. *Chaihu* tastes bitter and neutral, is slightly cold and non-toxic; it treats damp-bi with spasms and can be used as a decoction for bathing. It directs qi downward, resolves phlegm, stops coughing, and is essential for Taiyang disease.
*Caojueming* (Cassiae Semen) drains liver heat, brightens the eyes, dispels wind, and treats nasal sinusitis. *Caolongdan* (Gentianae Radix) benefits liver deficiency, prevents fright and anxiety, and eradicates childhood malnutrition parasites.
*Caojueming* tastes salty, bitter, sweet, neutral, and slightly cold, and is non-toxic. *Caolongdan* tastes bitter and cold, is non-toxic, benefits the liver and brightens the eyes, and is most effective for treating malnutrition.
[Text missing] is bitter and cold, relieving wind-cold-damp bi-syndrome. *Yinchenhao* (Artemisiae Scopariae Herba) is bitter and cold, treats epidemic jaundice, and guides out strangury.
[This herb] grows everywhere, tastes bitter and slightly cold, is non-toxic, and long-term use lightens the body and brightens the eyes. *Yinchenhao* tastes bitter, neutral, and slightly cold, is non-toxic, and treats difficult strangury with blocked and astringent urination.
*Yuanzhi* (Polygalae Radix), also known as *Xiaocao*, can consolidate seminal emission during dreams. *Huangjing* (Polygonati Rhizoma), colloquially called *Shanjiang*, promotes longevity and prevents aging when taken for a long time.
*Yuanzhi* requires the removal of the woody core, soaking in licorice decoction, boiling, stir-frying until dry. It tastes bitter and warm, is non-toxic, and its sprout is named *Xiaocao*. It resembles *Mahuang* (Ephedrae Herba) but lacks nodes. It generates wisdom and calms the frightened spirit. *Huangjing* is commonly called *Shanjiang*, tastes sweet and neutral, is non-toxic, but resembles *Gougen* (Gelsemi Radix). One is beneficial, the other harmful; careful identification is required. Do not mistakenly use *Gougen*, as it causes death.
Northern *Wuweizi* (Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus) tonifies deficiency, directs qi downward, stops coughing, and strengthens sinews. Southern *Muxiang* (Aucklandiae Radix) stops dysentery, strengthens the spleen, and is precious for qi pain.
*Wuweizi* tastes sour, sweet, salty, bitter, and pungent, hence the name Five Flavors. It is warm and non-toxic, stops thirst, and resolves alcohol toxicity. *Muxiang* is best when shaped like dry bones, not exposed to fire, tastes pungent and warm, is non-toxic, removes cold qi from the bladder, resolves masses, and stops dysentery.
For metal wounds to stop bleeding, *Wangbuliuxing* (Vaccariae Semen), named *Jianjinhua*, is used. For wind rash and red erysipelas, *Bencao Jingtian* (Sedum aizoon), also known as *Shenhuaocao*, is employed.
*Wangbuliuxing* tastes bitter and neutral, is non-toxic, can induce labor, and regulates menstruation. *Jingtian* tastes bitter, sour, and neutral, is non-toxic, primarily treats vexation, high fever, and sores. For women with leukorrhea, the flowers are best.
*Luo Shi* (Trachelospermi Caulis) treats carbuncles and sores, clears heat and toxins, and its vine resembles dragon scales. *Chuanxiong* (Ligustici Chuanxiong Rhizoma) treats headaches, primarily manages tendon spasms, and resembles a sparrow's brain.
*Luo Shi*, as the sovereign herb, is also called *Shilin* or *Longlin Bili*. It tastes bitter and warm, is slightly cold and non-toxic, and fears *Beimu* (Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus) and *Changpu*. *Chuanxiong*, also known as *Chuanxiong*, brightens the eyes, stops pain in sores, tastes pungent and warm, is non-toxic, and its sprout is *Miwu*. *Baizhi* (Angelicae Dahuricae Radix) acts as its guide.
*Jinchai Shihu* (Dendrobii Nodosi Caulis) restores and strengthens primordial yang, driving away lower back and knee pain. *Guilian Shengma* (Cimicifugae Rhizoma) eliminates hundred toxins, making rashes, pustules, and maculopapular eruptions manageable.
Wind [pathogens], being essential herbs for Taiyang and epidemic diseases.
*Xuduan* (Dipsaci Radix) stabilizes pregnancy and parturition, treats metal wounds, and speed is crucial. *Qian Gen* (Rubiae Cordifoliae Radix) for dyeing crimson, regulates wind-cold, stops hematemesis, and early treatment is advisable.
*Xuduan* tastes bitter, pungent, and slightly cold, is non-toxic, excels at knitting bones, hence the name *Xuduan*. *Qian Gen*, alternatively written as *Qiancao*, is the root of the crimson-dyeing plant today. It tastes bitter and slightly cold. It resolves gu poison.
*Huichuang* (Cnidii Fructus) and *Shechuangzi* (Cnidii Fructus) are the same species, treating wind-damp itching and yin sores. *Qianghuo* (Notopterygii Rhizoma et Radix) and *Duhuo* (Angelicae Pubescentis Radix) originally belong to the same category, treating headaches, tendon spasms, and wind disturbances.
*Huichuang* is *Shechuangzi*, tastes bitter, pungent, sweet, and neutral, and is non-toxic. *Qianghuo* and *Duhuo* are originally similar; however, purple ones with dense nodes are *Qianghuo*, while yellow ones forming clumps are *Duhuo*. They taste bitter, sweet, and neutral, are slightly warm and non-toxic.
*Xixin* (Asari Radix et Rhizoma) and *Shuyu* (Dioscoreae Rhizoma) warm the middle and direct qi downward, still primarily treating head and lower back pain. *Yiyi* (Coicis Semen) and *Weirui* (Polypori Rhizoma) treat bi-syndrome weakness, tendon spasms, and wind-damp conditions.
*Xixin* tastes pungent and warm, is non-toxic, primarily treats spasms and wind-bi, brightens the eyes, treats flaccidity, and manages female blood obstruction. *Shuyu*, commonly known as *Shanyao*, tastes sweet, warm, and neutral, is non-toxic, supplements insufficient heart qi, and calms the divine spirit.
*Yiyiren* (Coicis Semen) tastes sweet and cold, is non-toxic, primarily treats lung qi and lung abscess. *Weirui*, leaves resembling *Huangjing*, tastes sweet and neutral, is non-toxic; do not mistakenly use *Gougen*, as misuse harms people.
Stopping diarrhea, tonifying deficiency, and consolidating night sweats, *Huangqi* (Astragali Membranacei Radix) achieves great merit. Eliminating carbuncles and dissipating swelling with high ability, *Rendong* (Lonicerae Japonicae Flos) is the humblest herb.
*Huangqi*, tastes sweet and slightly warm, is non-toxic, primarily treats deficiency-fatigue, strengthens sinews, treats deafness, stops pain, and expels pus. *Rendong Cao*, also known as *Lusiteng* or *Jinyinhua*, twines to the left, also named *Zuochanteng*. It tastes sweet and warm, is non-toxic, and grows everywhere today.
*Zexie* (Alismatis Rhizoma) removes various types of diarrhea, relieves thirst, and unblocks strangury. *Fangfeng* (Saposhnikoviae Radix) primarily treats all wind conditions, still eliminating head pain.
*Zexie*, tastes sweet, salty, and cold, is non-toxic, stops seminal emission, drives bladder water, and excessive use causes eye disease. *Fangfeng*, tastes sweet, pungent, and warm, is non-toxic, can resolve *Fuzi* (Aconiti Lateralis Radix Preparata) toxicity, brightens the eyes, stops sweating, and treats uterine bleeding.
*Jili* (Tribuli Fructus) for yin pain, decoct in soup; for headache, decoct in wine. *Puhuang* (Typhae Pollen) promotes blood circulation when raw, stops bleeding when stir-fried.
*Jili*, tastes bitter, pungent, and warm, is slightly cold and non-toxic. Breaks blood, induces labor; for wind sores or yin sores, decoct for bathing; for headache, take with wine. *Puhuang*, tastes sweet and neutral, is non-toxic; raw it is slippery, stir-fried it is astringent.
*Rongrong* (Cynomorii Folium) supports female yin exhaustion and male yang exhaustion, replenishes essence, nourishes kidneys, and is said to originate from horse essence. *Huanglian* (Coptidis Rhizoma) regulates various heats in adults, clears childhood malnutrition heat, stops dysentery, thickens the intestines, and is prized as *Yingzhua*.
*Rongrong*, tastes sweet, sour, and salty, is slightly cold and non-toxic. It is said to be born from horse essence falling to the ground, resembling flesh when born, and making soup for tonifying deficiency is best. *Huanglian*, tastes bitter and cold, is non-toxic, drops for eyes to clear heat, further treats diabetes and mouth ulcers.
*Loulu* (Euphorbiae Humifusae Herba) promotes lactation, resolves scrofula and intestinal wind. *Danshen* (Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix) tonifies fetal qi, benefits menstruation, which is auspicious.
*Loulu*, tastes bitter, salty, and cold, is non-toxic, treats sores, heals eyes, manages trauma, and knits sinews and bones. *Danshen*, tastes bitter and slightly cold, is non-toxic, resolves accumulations, breaks masses, supplements qi, and removes vexation. Also known as *Chishen*.
Furthermore, distinguish assistants, ministers, and sovereigns; this is called Divine, Sacred, Meritorious, and Skillful.
Knowing through observation is called Divine; knowing through listening/smelling is called Sacred; knowing through inquiry is called Meritorious; knowing through palpation is called Skillful. Observation, listening/smelling, inquiry, and palpation are called the Four Knowledges of physicians.