经曰∶肾者，作强之官，伎巧出焉。
又曰∶肾者，任也。主骨，而任周身之事，故强弱系之。
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《甲乙经》曰∶肾者，引也。能引气通于骨髓。
《卮言》曰∶肾者，神也。妙万物而言也。
经曰∶肾附于脊之十四椎下，其合骨也，其荣发也，开窍于二阴。
《难经》曰∶肾有两枚，重一斤二两，藏精与志。
华元化曰∶肾者，精神之舍，性命之根。
肾有两枚，形如豇豆，相并而曲附于脊之两旁，相去各一寸五分，外有黄脂包裹，各有带两条，上条系于
心，下条趋脊下大骨，在脊骨之端，如半手许，中有两穴，是肾经带过处，上行脊髓至脑中，连于髓海。
又曰∶命处于中，两肾左右开阖，正如门中枨 ，故曰命门。一阳处二阴之间，所以成坎也。静而阖，涵
养乎一阴之真水，动而开，鼓舞乎龙雷之相火，静为阳本，阴为阳基也。
又曰∶足少阴经肾。
又曰∶是经常少血多气。
又曰∶酉时气血注于肾。
《黄庭经》∶人身神名曰肾神，玄冥字育婴。
《灵枢》曰∶耳者，肾之官也。肾病者，颧与颜黑，耳枯焦。
象川翁曰∶精生于谷。（然醴郁之味，不能生精。惟恬澹之味，乃能补精生气，气自生神。）
经曰∶精不足者，补之以味。
《黄庭经》曰∶急守精室，勿妄泄闭而宝之，可长活。
经曰∶肾者，主水，受五脏六腑之精
而藏之。（原注∶肾为都会关司之所，非肾一脏独有精也。）
《真诠》曰∶五脏各有藏精，并无停泊于其所。盖人未交感，精涵于血中，未有形状，交感之后，欲火动
极而周身流行之血，至命门而变为精以泄焉。故以人所泄之精，贮于器，拌少盐酒，露一宿则复为血矣。
经曰∶肾者，在天为寒，在地为水，在人为肾，在时为冬，在方为北，在色为黑，通窍于耳。
经曰∶北方水也，万物所以合藏也。
又曰∶脏真下于肾，肾藏骨髓之气也。肺金为母，肝木为子，膀胱为腑，克火主骨，若久立则伤骨，司藏
与志，其类水，其畜彘，其卦坎，其性智，其华在发，其谷豆，其应四时，上为辰星，其病在骨，其音羽，羽
者舒也，阳气将复，万物舒生也。其数六，其臭腐，其声呻，其气吹，其液唾，在变动为栗，其味咸，其虫
鳞，其果栗，其菜藿。下应腰肾而色黑，然黑欲如重漆光泽，不欲如炭。
《灵枢》曰∶肾应骨，密理浓皮者，三焦膀胱浓。更肾主寒，然寒则伤肾，病主为疝。痘主黑陷，若淫欲
过度则伤骨，湿气胜则病，其病之候则面黑恐欠足寒，逆气腹痛，飧泄而后重，脐下动气。肾实则腹膨胀而体
重，少气不言，骨疼飧泄，并小便少；肾虚则欲坠下缩身，面青 白，颅囟开解，下窜畏明，心悬如饥，胸痛
引脊，厥逆溲多而耳鸣。肾绝则反目直视，狂言遗尿，腰折骨枯，然肾绝者四日死。平脉则冬旺七十二日而脉
沉濡石，石者沉濡而滑，举指来疾，其贼则缓而大，并面大黄，皆逆。其危脉则石如转索，去如弹石。
又曰∶肾又为气之脏，主纳。
又曰∶其日壬癸，北方生寒，寒生水，水生咸，咸生肾，肾为阴中之少阴，通于冬气。
《入门》曰∶肾主受水谷之精而至静，
惟子时浊气一动而已。
又曰∶肾与脐相对，与腰相应，腰者肾之外候。
又曰∶腹为阴，阴中之阴，肾也。肾为牝者，阴也。
又曰∶腰者，肾之府，转摇不能，肾将惫矣。
又曰∶骨者，髓之府，不能久立，行则振掉，骨将惫矣。
又曰∶诸寒收引，皆属于肾。
《灵枢》曰∶肾者主为外，使之远听，视耳好恶，以知其性。
又曰∶黑色小理者肾小，粗理者肾大，耳高者肾高，耳后陷者肾下，耳坚者肾坚，耳薄不坚者肾脆，耳好
前居牙车者，肾端正，耳偏高者，肾偏倾也。
又曰∶肾小则脏安难伤，肾大则善病腰痛，易伤于邪，肾高则苦背膂痛，不可以俯仰；肾下则腰尻痛，或
为狐疝。肾坚则不病腰背痛；肾脆则善病消瘅。肾端正则和利难伤；肾偏倾则苦腰尻痛也。
又曰∶呼出心与肺，吸入肾与肝。汗出浴水则伤肾。
《难经》曰∶久坐湿地，强力入水则伤肾。
又曰∶脏各有一，肾独有两者，何也？然肾两者，非皆肾也。其左为肾，其右为命门，命门者，精神之所
舍，元气之所系也。男子以藏精，女子以系胞，故知肾有二也。
《入门》曰∶命门非正脏，三焦非正腑也。
《灵枢》曰∶邪在肾，则病骨痛阴痹，阴痹者，按之而不得，腹胀腰痛，大便难，肩背颈项痛，时眩。
经曰∶肾热者，色黑而齿枯。
又曰∶脾传之肾，病名曰疝瘕。少腹冤热痛，出白一名蛊。（注曰∶出白，谓溲出白液也。）
又曰∶大骨枯槁，大肉陷下，肩髓内
消，动作益衰，真脏来见，期一岁死，见其真脏，乃予之期日。（注曰∶此肾之藏也，期三百六十五日内死。）
《难经》曰∶外证面黑，善恐，数欠。内证脐下有动气，按之牢苦痛，其病逆气，小腹急痛，泄如下重，
足胫寒而逆。
《灵枢》曰∶肾气虚则厥，实则胀。
又曰∶肾实则腹大腔肿，喘咳身重，寝汗出憎风。虚则胸中痛，大腹小腹痛，清厥意不乐。
《入门》曰∶肾虚则心悬如饥善恐。
太乙真人曰∶戒色欲，养精气，咽津液，养脏气。
无名子曰∶天一生水，在人曰精，地二生火，在人曰神。
经曰∶肾藏精与志。志者，专意而不移者也。
又曰∶脏气绝则神见于外。（无锡游氏子，以酒色得疾，常见两女子衣服鲜丽，冉冉至腰而没。医者曰∶
此肾神也，肾绝则神不守舍，故见于外也。）
《灵枢》曰∶恐惧而不解则伤精，精伤则骨酸疼厥，精时自下。
经曰∶其精管自两肾脊骨间发来，绕大肠之右，从溺管下，同出前阴而泄精。
又曰∶水旺于冬，相于秋，废于春，囚于夏，死于季夏，其壬日壬癸，王时人定夜半，困日丙丁，困时禺
中，死日戊己，死时日 。（ ，乃日昃也。）
又曰∶肾俞在十四椎旁，募在京门腰间季胁。
又曰∶肾者主蛰，封藏之本，精之处也。
又曰∶北方黑色，入通于肾，开窍于二阴，藏精于肾。（二阴，前阴后阴。）
又曰∶肾也者，其荣在发。发无润泽者，骨先死。
又曰∶两气通于肾。
又曰∶精气并于肾则恐。
又曰∶肾恶燥。
又曰∶咸走血，血病无多食咸。
又曰∶久立伤骨，劳于肾也。
又曰∶损其肾者，益其精。
又曰∶肾色黑，欲如重漆色，不欲如地苍。
又曰∶黑如乌羽者生，如 者死。（ ，音苔。）
又曰∶肾热者，颐先赤。
又曰∶肾热病者，先腰痛胫酸，苦渴数饮身热，热争则项痛而强， 寒且酸，足下热，不欲言，其逆则项
痛员员澹澹然。（员员，谓似急也。澹澹，谓似欲不足也。）戊己甚，壬癸大汗，气逆则戊己死，刺足少阴太阳。
又曰∶肾开窍于二阴，实则胀满。
又曰∶肾着之病，其人从腰以下冷，腰重如带五千钱。
又曰∶肾胀者，腹满引背，央央然腰髀痛。
又曰∶肾水者，腹大脐肿腰重，痛不得溺，阴下湿，如牛鼻头汗，其人足逆寒，大便反坚。
又曰∶肾病者，色黑气弱，呼吸少气，两耳若聋，腰痛时时失精食减，膝以下清，其脉沉迟为可治，宜补。
（清，冷也。）
又曰∶肾疟者，令人洒洒，腰脊痛，宛转大便难，目 然，手足寒，刺足太阳少阴。（ ，音绚。目动也。）
又曰∶肺移寒于肾，为涌水，涌水者，按腹不坚，水气客于大肠，疾行则鸣，濯濯如囊裹浆，治主于肺，
肺移热于肾，传为柔 。（ ，音次。恶也。）
又曰∶精脱者耳聋。
《仙经》曰∶背后有三关，脑后曰玉枕关，夹脊曰辘轳关，水火之际曰尾闾关，皆精气往来之道路也。若
得斗柄之机斡运，则上下循环，如天河之流转也。
谦甫曰∶夫肾藏天一，以悭为事，志意内治则精全而涩。若思想外淫，房室太甚，则固有淫佚不守，辄随
溲尿而下。然本于筋 者，以宗筋弛纵也。
经曰∶其不御女漏者，或闻淫事，或
见美色，思想无穷，所愿不得，或入房太甚，宗筋弛纵，发为筋痿，而精自出者，谓之白淫，宜乎渗漏而不止也。
丹溪曰∶精滑专主湿热，宜知、柏、蛎、蛤。
经曰∶思想无穷，所愿不得，意淫于外，入房太甚，宗筋弛纵，发为筋痿，及为白淫。
《入门》曰∶少时欲过肠脱而遗泄者，宜金锁正元丹。
又曰∶欲心一动，精随念去，碍滞久则茎中疼痛，常如欲小便然，或小便而出，或不从便出而自流者，谓
之遗精，比之梦遗尤甚。（《纲目》曰∶一人虚而泄精，脉弦大，用五倍子一两，白茯苓二两为丸，服之良
愈，涩脱之功，敏于龙蛎。）
又曰∶不因梦而自泄者，谓之精滑，皆相火所动也。
东垣曰∶面色白而不泽，悲愁欲哭，脉按之空虚，是为脱精脱神，宜峻补肝肾，收敛补气，补益元阳。
《医鉴》曰∶童男阳盛，情动于中，志有所慕而不得，遂成夜梦而遗精，慎不可补，宜清心定志。
张子和曰∶茎中作痛，痛极则痒，或阴茎挺纵不收，或出白物如精，随溲而下，得之于房室劳伤，及邪术
所使，谓之白淫，宜以降心火之剂下之。
《真诰》曰∶精者人之神，明者身之宝，劳多则精散，营兢则明消。
经曰∶心火旺盛，肾水不足，心有所欲，速于感动，疾于施泄。
又曰∶肾在志为恐。
又曰∶胃为恐。（注曰∶胃热则肾气微弱，故为恐。）
又曰∶精气并于肾则恐，由心虚而肾气并之，故为恐。
《灵枢》曰∶足少阴之脉病，善恐。
又曰∶恐惧而不解则伤精。
又曰∶恐惧者神荡散而不收。
又曰∶恐则气下。（注曰∶上焦固禁下焦气还，故气不行矣。）
子和曰∶肝藏血，血不足则恐。
《纲目》曰∶恐与惊相似，然惊者，为自不知也。恐者，为自知也。盖惊者闻响乃惊，恐者自知如人将捕
之状，及不能独自坐卧，必须人为伴侣，方不恐，或夜必用灯烛，亦恐惧者是也。
《灵枢》曰∶肾盛怒而不止则伤志，志伤则善忘其前言。
经曰∶肾在志为恐，恐伤肾，思胜恐。
丹溪曰∶恐伤肾者，以思胜之，以忧解之。
经曰∶主闭藏者，肾也。司疏泄者，肝也。二脏皆有相火，而其系上属于心，心，君火也，为物所感则易
动，则相火亦动，动则精自走，相火翕然而起，虽不交会，亦暗流而疏泄矣。所以圣人只是教人收心养心，其
旨微矣。
《直指》曰∶精之主宰在心，精之脏制在肾，气虚不能管摄，因小便而出者，曰尿精，因见闻而出者，曰漏精。
《入门》曰∶初因君火不宁，久则相火擅权，精元一于走而不固，甚则夜失连连，日亦滑流不已，宜坎离
丸。知柏用童便九蒸、九晒、九露，地黄煎膏丸，盐汤下。
又曰∶梦遗不可作虚冷，亦有经络热而得之。
《脉经》曰∶男子脉微弱而涩，为无子精气清冷也。
又曰∶涩脉为精血不足之候，丈夫脉涩号伤精。
又曰∶涩为精竭血枯。
《脉诀》曰∶遗精血浊，当验与尺，结芤动紧，二证之的。
《医鉴》曰∶微涩伤精。
戴氏曰∶梦遗精滑，皆相火所动，久则有虚，而无寒也。
又曰∶梦遗日久，气下陷宜升提肾气以归原。
《本事》曰∶肾气闭，即泄精。
又曰∶肾藏精，盖肾能摄精气，以生育人伦者也。或育或散，皆主于肾，今肾气衰，则一身之精气无所管
摄，故妄行而出不时。
《纲目》曰∶梦遗属郁滞者居大半，庸医不知其郁，但用涩剂固脱，殊不知愈涩愈郁，其病反甚。
仲景曰∶失精家，小腹弦急，阴头寒，目眩发落，脉极虚芤迟，为清谷亡血失精。男子失精，女子梦交。
经曰∶肾气通于耳，肾和则能闻五音矣。
《灵枢》曰∶有所用力举重，若入房过度，汗出浴水，则伤肾。
经曰∶病在肾，愈在春，春不愈，甚于长夏，长夏不死，持于秋，起于冬。
又曰∶肾病者，愈在甲乙，甲乙不愈，甚于戊己，戊己不死，持于庚辛，起于壬癸。
又曰∶肾病夜半慧，四季甚，下晡静。
又曰∶肾苦燥，急食辛以润之，开腠理，致津液，通气也。肾欲坚，急食苦以坚之，用苦补之，咸泻之。
又曰∶肾病禁犯 HT ，热食温炙衣。
《纲目》曰∶肾本无实，不可泻。
钱氏曰∶只有补肾地黄丸，无泻肾之药。
《纲目》曰∶左肾属水，水不足则阴虚，宜六味地黄丸。右肾属火，火不足则阳虚，宜八味丸，加减八味丸。
又曰∶六味地黄丸，血虚阴衰，熟地黄为君；精滑山茱萸为君；小便若多，或少，或赤，或白，茯苓为君；
小便淋涩，泽泻为君；心气不足，丹皮为君；皮肤干涩，山药为君。
《入门》曰∶小便清利，脉沉迟，是冷气归肾。小便赤涩，脉沉数，是热气归命门。是肾与命门脉同者，
谓其所受之病同归于膀胱一府也。
经曰∶少阴终者，面黑齿长而垢，腹胀闭塞，上下不通而终矣。
金匮真言论曰∶冬气者，病在四肢，肾之应也。
《内经》说：肾是作强之官，技巧由此产生。
又说：肾，意为“任”，主管骨骼，承担全身的事务，所以身体的强弱取决于它。
[图片：肾图]
《甲乙经》说：肾，意为“引”，能够引导气通达骨髓。
《卮言》说：肾，意为“神”，精妙地化生万物并以此言说。
《内经》说：肾附着在脊柱第十四椎下方，其外合于骨，其荣华表现在头发，开窍于前阴和后阴。
《难经》说：肾有两个，重一斤二两，藏纳精和志。
华元化说：肾是精神的居所，性命的根本。
肾有两个，形状像豇豆，并列弯曲附着在脊柱两旁，距离各一寸五分，外面有黄色脂肪包裹，各有两条系带，上条连接心脏，下条趋向脊柱下端的大骨，在脊骨的最末端，大约半只手长的地方，中间有两个穴位，是肾经系带经过的地方，向上通过脊髓到达脑中，连接于髓海。
又说：命门位于中间，两肾左右开阖，就像门中的横木（枨），所以称为命门。一阳爻处于两个阴爻之间，从而构成坎卦。静止时闭合，涵养一阴的真水；运动时开启，鼓舞龙雷之相火。静是阳的根本，阴是阳的基础。
又说：足少阴经属于肾。
又说：这条经脉经常表现为血少气多。
又说：酉时气血灌注于肾。
《黄庭经》：人体中名为肾的神叫玄冥，字育婴。
《灵枢》说：耳朵是肾的外候（器官）。肾病的人，颧骨和面色发黑，耳朵干枯焦躁。
象川翁说：精由谷物化生。（然而甜美浓郁的味道，不能生精。只有恬淡清淡的味道，才能补精生气，气自然能生神。）
《内经》说：精气不足的人，用厚味的食物来补益。
《黄庭经》说：急切守住精室，不要妄加泄闭而珍视它，可以长寿。
《内经》说：肾主水，接受五脏六腑的精微而贮藏起来。（原注：肾是汇聚关司的地方，并非只有肾这一脏独有精。）
《真诠》说：五脏各自藏精，并没有停泊在固定的地方。大概人未发生交感之时，精涵蓄在血液中，没有形状，交感之后，欲火动极，周身流行的血液，到了命门就变成精而排泄出来。所以把人排出的精，储存在器皿里，拌入少许盐和酒，暴露一夜就会重新变成血了。
《内经》说：肾，在天为寒，在地为水，在人属肾，在季节为冬，在方位为北，在颜色为黑，通窍于耳。
《内经》说：北方属水，是万物收藏的原因。
又说：脏真之气下行至肾，肾藏纳骨髓之气。肺金为母，肝木为子，膀胱为腑，克伐火而主骨，如果久立则伤骨，主管藏精与志，其类属水，其畜养为猪，其卦象为坎，其性质为智，其荣华在头发，其五谷为豆，其对应四季，上天为辰星，其病位在骨，其音为羽，羽者舒展之意，阳气将要回复，万物舒展生长。其数为六，其气味为腐，其声音为呻吟，其气为吹，其液为唾，在变动方面表现为战栗，其味为咸，其虫为鳞虫，其果实为栗，其蔬菜为藿。下应腰肾而色黑，然而黑色要像重漆那样光泽，不喜欢像炭一样。
《灵枢》说：肾对应骨，纹理细密皮肤浓厚的，三焦和膀胱也浓厚。更兼肾主寒，然而寒邪则伤肾，疾病主要体现为疝气。痘疹主黑陷，如果淫欲过度则伤骨，湿气胜则生病，疾病的征候则是面色黑、恐惧、脚冷、气逆腹痛、完谷不化的腹泻且伴有后重感、脐下有动气。肾实则腹部膨胀且身体沉重，少气不愿说话，骨痛、完谷不化的腹泻，并小便少；肾虚则感觉下坠、缩身，面色青白，囟门开解，向下窜动、畏光，心中悬空如饥饿感，胸痛牵引背部，四肢厥冷、小便多且耳鸣。肾绝则眼球反翻直视，胡言乱语、遗尿，腰部折断、骨骼枯槁，然而肾绝者四日死。平脉则冬季旺七十二日而脉象沉濡石，石者沉濡而滑，手指抬起脉搏来势急疾，其贼脉则缓大而面大黄，都是逆证。其危脉则石脉如转索，去势如弹石。
又说：肾又是气的脏器，主纳气。
又说：其日为壬癸，北方生寒，寒生水，水生咸味，咸味生肾，肾为阴中之少阴，通于冬气。
《入门》说：肾主受纳水谷的精微而至静，
只有在子时浊气一动而已。
又说：肾与肚脐相对，与腰相应，腰是肾的外部征候。
又说：腹为阴，阴中之阴，就是肾。肾为牝（雌性），属阴。
又说：腰是肾的府邸，转动摇晃都不能，肾就要衰惫了。
又说：骨是髓的府邸，不能久站，行走则颤抖，骨就要衰惫了。
又说：各种寒冷收缩牵引的症状，都归属于肾。
《灵枢》说：肾主司外部，使它能远听，观察耳朵的好坏，以了解它的本性。
又说：黑色纹理细密的肾小，纹理粗大的肾大，耳朵高的肾高，耳后凹陷的肾低，耳朵坚硬的肾坚实，耳朵薄且不坚硬的肾脆弱，耳朵好且向前居于牙车处的，肾位置端正，耳朵偏高的，肾位置偏斜。
又说：肾小则脏腑安宁难受伤，肾大则容易患腰痛，易被邪气伤害，肾高则苦于背膂疼痛，不能俯仰；肾低则腰尻痛，或形成狐疝。肾坚实则不患腰背痛；肾脆弱则容易患消瘅病。肾端正则调和顺利难受伤；肾偏斜则苦于腰尻痛。
又说：呼出由心和肺主导，吸入由肾和肝主导。出汗后洗冷水澡则伤肾。
《难经》说：久坐湿地，强力涉水则伤肾。
又说：五脏各有一个，唯独肾有两个，为什么呢？那肾的两个，并不都是肾。左边的是肾，右边的是命门，命门，是精神所舍的地方，元气所系结的地方。男子靠它藏精，女子靠它系胞宫，所以知道肾有两个。
《入门》说：命门不是正脏，三焦不是正腑。
《灵枢》说：邪气在肾，则病骨痛阴痹，阴痹者，按压却摸不到痛点，腹胀腰痛，大便困难，肩背颈项痛，时常眩晕。
《内经》说：肾热的人，面色黑且牙齿枯槁。
又说：脾传变给肾，病名叫做疝瘕。小腹冤热痛，排出白色液体，一名蛊。（注曰：出白，指小便排出白色液体。）
又说：大骨枯槁，大肉陷下，肩髓内部消耗，动作更加衰弱，真脏脉出现，预期一年内死，见到真脏脉，就给予死期。（注曰：这是肾的藏绝，预期三百六十五日内死。）
《难经》说：外证见面色黑，容易恐惧，频繁打哈欠。内证见脐下有动气，按压结实且痛苦，其病为气逆，小腹急痛，泄泻伴如下重感，足胫寒冷且逆冷。
《灵枢》说：肾气虚则厥逆，肾实则胀满。
又说：肾实则腹部大腔体肿胀，喘咳身体沉重，睡中出汗且憎恶风邪。肾虚则胸中痛，大腹小腹痛，清冷厥逆意绪不乐。
《入门》说：肾虚则心中悬空如饥饿感且容易恐惧。
太乙真人说：戒除色欲，保养精气，吞咽津液，保养脏气。
无名子说：天一生水，在人称为精，地二生火，在人称为神。
《内经》说：肾藏精与志。志，是专注意志而不移动的东西。
又说：脏气断绝则神显现于外。（无锡游氏之子，因酒色得病，常见两名女子衣服鲜艳华丽，冉冉升至腰部而消失。医生说：这是肾神，肾绝则神不守舍，所以显现于外。）
《灵枢》说：恐惧而不解除则伤精，精伤则骨酸疼厥，精液不时自行滑出。
《内经》说：其精管从两肾脊骨间发出，绕大肠右侧，从尿道下，同出于前阴而泄精。
又说：水旺于冬，相于秋，废于春，囚于夏，死于季夏，其壬日壬癸，王时为人定夜半，困日为丙丁，困时为禺中，死日为戊己，死时为日昃。（日昃，乃太阳偏西也。）
又说：肾俞穴在第十四椎旁，募穴在京门腰间季胁。
又说：肾主蛰伏，是封藏的根本，精的处所。
又说：北方黑色，内通于肾，开窍于二阴，藏精于肾。（二阴，指前阴和后阴。）
又说：肾，其荣华在头发。头发无润泽的，骨先死。
又说：两气通于肾。
又说：精气并于肾则恐惧。
又说：肾厌恶燥。
又说：咸味走血，血病不要多吃咸。
又说：久立伤骨，劳损于肾。
又说：损伤肾的，补益其精。
又说：肾色黑，想要像重漆色，不喜欢像地苍色。
又说：黑得像乌鸦羽毛的生存，像苔色的死亡。（苔，音苔。）
又说：肾热的人，下巴先红。
又说：肾热病的人，先腰痛小腿酸，苦渴多饮身体热，热争则项痛且强直，恶寒且酸，足下热，不想说话，其逆则项痛头晕目眩。（员员，谓似急也。澹澹，谓似欲不足也。）戊己日加重，壬癸日大汗，气逆则戊己日死，刺足少阴太阳经。
又说：肾开窍于二阴，实则胀满。
又说：肾着病，其人从腰以下冷，腰重得像带着五千钱。
又说：肾胀，腹部满闷牵引背部，央央然腰髀痛。
又说：肾水病，腹部大脐肿腰重，痛得不能排尿，阴部潮湿，像牛鼻头出汗，其人足逆冷，大便反而坚硬。
又说：肾病的人，色黑气弱，呼吸少气，两耳像聋，腰痛时时失精食减，膝以下清冷，其脉沉迟为可治，宜补。（清，冷也。）
又说：肾疟，使人洒洒恶寒，腰脊痛，辗转大便难，眼睛跳动，手足寒，刺足太阳少阴经。（绚，音绚。目动也。）
又说：肺移寒于肾，为涌水，涌水者，按腹部不坚硬，水气客于大肠，快走则鸣响，濯濯如囊裹浆，治疗主要在于肺，
肺移热于肾，传变为柔痓。（痓，音次。恶也。）
又说：精脱者耳聋。
《仙经》说：背后有三关，脑后叫玉枕关，夹脊叫辘轳关，水火之际叫尾闾关，都是精气往来的道路。如果能得到斗柄之机斡运，则上下循环，像天河之流转。
谦甫说：肾藏天一，以吝啬为事，志意内守则精全而涩。如果思想外淫，房室太甚，则固有淫佚不守，辄随溲尿而下。然而本于筋弛纵者，因为宗筋弛纵。
《内经》说：那些不御女漏精的，或者听到淫秽之事，或者见到美色，思想无穷，所愿不得，或者入房太甚，宗筋弛纵，发为筋痿，而精自出的，叫做白淫，适宜渗漏不止。
丹溪说：精滑专门主湿热，宜用知母、黄柏、牡蛎、蛤壳。
《内经》说：思想无穷，所愿不得，意淫于外，入房太甚，宗筋弛纵，发为筋痿，及为白淫。
《入门》说：少年时欲望过肠脱而遗泄的，宜用金锁正元丹。
又说：欲心一动，精随念去，碍滞久则茎中疼痛，常像想小便一样，或者小便而出，或不从便出而自流者，叫做遗精，比之梦遗更严重。（《纲目》说：一人虚而泄精，脉弦大，用五倍子一两，白茯苓二两做成丸药，服用后良愈，涩脱之功，灵敏于龙骨牡蛎。）
又说：不因梦而自泄的，叫做精滑，都是相火所动。
东垣说：面色白而无光泽，悲愁想哭，脉按之空虚，这是脱精脱神，宜峻补肝肾，收敛补气，补益元阳。
《医鉴》说：童男阳盛，情动于中，志有所慕而不得，遂成夜梦而遗精，慎不可补，宜清心定志。
张子和说：茎中作痛，痛极则痒，或者阴茎挺纵不收，或者出白物如精，随溲而下，得之于房室劳伤，及邪术所使，叫做白淫，宜以降心火的药剂下之。
《真诰》说：精是人的神，明是身的宝，劳多则精散，营兢则明消。
《内经》说：心火旺盛，肾水不足，心有所欲，速于感动，疾于施泄。
又说：肾在志为恐。
又说：胃为恐。（注曰：胃热则肾气微弱，故为恐。）
又说：精气并于肾则恐，由心虚而肾气并之，故为恐。
《灵枢》说：足少阴之脉病，善恐。
又说：恐惧而不解除则伤精。
又说：恐惧者神荡散而不收。
又说：恐则气下。（注曰：上焦固禁下焦气还，故气不行矣。）
子和说：肝藏血，血不足则恐。
《纲目》说：恐与惊相似，然而惊，是因为自己不知道。恐，是因为自己知道。大概惊者是闻响乃惊，恐者是自知如人将捕之状，以及不能独自坐卧，必须人为伴侣，方才不恐，或者夜里必用灯烛，也是恐惧的表现。
《灵枢》说：肾盛怒而不止则伤志，志伤则善忘其前言。
《内经》说：肾在志为恐，恐伤肾，思胜恐。
丹溪说：恐伤肾的，以思胜之，以忧解之。
《内经》说：主闭藏的是肾，司疏泄的是肝。二脏皆有相火，而其系上属于心，心，君火也，为物所感则易动，则相火亦动，动则精自走，相火翕然而起，虽不交会，亦暗流而疏泄矣。所以圣人只是教人收心养心，其旨微矣。
《直指》说：精的主宰在心，精的脏制在肾，气虚不能管摄，因小便而出的，叫尿精，因见闻而出的，叫漏精。
《入门》说：初因君火不宁，久则相火擅权，精元一于走而不固，甚至夜失连连，日亦滑流不已，宜用坎离丸。知柏用童便九蒸、九晒、九露，地黄煎膏丸，盐汤下。
又说：梦遗不可作虚冷论治，也有经络热而得的。
《脉经》说：男子脉微弱而涩，是无子精气清冷。
又说：涩脉是精血不足的征候，丈夫脉涩号伤精。
又说：涩为精竭血枯。
《脉诀》说：遗精血浊，应当验于尺脉，结芤动紧，是这两个证的确实表现。
《医鉴》说：微涩伤精。
戴氏说：梦遗精滑，都是相火所动，久了则有虚，而无寒。
又说：梦遗日久，气下陷宜升提肾气以归原。
《本事》说：肾气闭，即泄精。
又说：肾藏精，大概肾能摄精气，以生育人伦者也。或育或散，皆主于肾，今肾气衰，则一身之精气无所管摄，故妄行而出不时。
《纲目》说：梦遗属郁滞者居大半，庸医不知其郁，但用涩剂固脱，殊不知愈涩愈郁，其病反甚。
仲景说：失精家，小腹弦急，阴头寒，目眩发落，脉极虚芤迟，为清谷亡血失精。男子失精，女子梦交。
《内经》说：肾气通于耳，肾和则能闻五音矣。
《灵枢》说：有所用力举重，若入房过度，汗出浴水，则伤肾。
《内经》说：病在肾，愈在春，春不愈，甚于长夏，长夏不死，持于秋，起于冬。
又说：肾病的人，愈在甲乙日，甲乙日不愈，甚于戊己日，戊己日不死，持于庚辛日，起于壬癸日。
又说：肾病夜半慧，四季甚，下晡静。
又说：肾苦燥，急食辛以润之，开腠理，致津液，通气也。肾欲坚，急食苦以坚之，用苦补之，咸泻之。
又说：肾病禁犯 HT ，热食温炙衣。
《纲目》说：肾本无实，不可泻。
钱氏说：只有补肾地黄丸，无泻肾之药。
《纲目》说：左肾属水，水不足则阴虚，宜六味地黄丸。右肾属火，火不足则阳虚，宜八味丸，加减八味丸。
又说：六味地黄丸，血虚阴衰，熟地黄为君；精滑山茱萸为君；小便若多，或少，或赤，或白，茯苓为君；小便淋涩，泽泻为君；心气不足，丹皮为君；皮肤干涩，山药为君。
《入门》说：小便清利，脉沉迟，是冷气归肾。小便赤涩，脉沉数，是热气归命门。是肾与命门脉同者，谓其所受之病同归于膀胱一府也。
《内经》说：少阴终者，面黑齿长而垢，腹胀闭塞，上下不通而终矣。
金匮真言论说：冬气者，病在四肢，肾之应也。
Kidney, Bladder, Pericardium, Sanjiao (Triple Burner)
The *Classic of Internal Medicine* (*Huangdi Neijing*) states: The Kidney is the official of strength and vigor, from which skills and dexterity arise.
It further states: The Kidney means "to bear" or "to undertake." It governs the bones and undertakes the affairs of the whole body; thus, physical strength and weakness depend on it.
[Image: Diagram of the Kidney]
The *Jia Yi Jing* (*Classics of Jia Yi*) states: The Kidney means "to guide," capable of guiding Qi to penetrate the bone marrow.
The *Zhi Yan* states: The Kidney means "Spirit" (*Shen*), wondrously generating all things and speaking thereof.
The *Classic of Internal Medicine* states: The Kidneys are attached below the fourteenth vertebra of the spine. Their exterior correspondence is the bones, their luster manifests in the hair, and they open into the two yin openings (anterior and posterior orifices).
The *Nan Jing* (*Classic of Difficult Issues*) states: There are two kidneys, weighing one jin and two liang, storing Essence (*Jing*) and Will (*Zhi*).
Hua Yuanhua stated: The Kidney is the residence of Spirit and Mind, and the root of life and nature.
There are two kidneys, shaped like cowpeas, lying side by side and curved, attached to both sides of the spine, each at a distance of one cun five fen. They are wrapped externally in yellow fat and have two ligaments each. The upper ligament connects to the Heart, and the lower ligament tends toward the large bone at the lower end of the spine, approximately half a hand's length from the tip of the spinal column. In the middle are two acupoints where the Kidney meridian passes through, ascending via the spinal cord to the brain, connecting to the Sea of Marrow.
It further states: The Gate of Life (*Mingmen*) is located in the center. The left and right kidneys open and close like the crossbar of a door, hence the name Gate of Life. One Yang line lies between two Yin lines, thereby forming the Kan trigram. In stillness, it closes, nourishing the true Water of one Yin; in movement, it opens, stirring the ministerial Fire of dragons and thunder. Stillness is the root of Yang, and Yin is the foundation of Yang.
It further states: The Foot Shaoyin Meridian belongs to the Kidney.
It further states: This meridian often presents with little blood and abundant Qi.
It further states: At the You hour (5-7 PM), Qi and Blood pour into the Kidney.
The *Huang Ting Jing* (*Yellow Court Classic*): The spirit named after the Kidney in the human body is called Xuanming, courtesy name Yuying.
The *Ling Shu* (*Spiritual Pivot*) states: The ears are the external organs of the Kidney. In Kidney disease, the cheekbones and face turn black, and the ears become dry and brittle.
Xiang Chuanweng said: Essence is generated from grains. (However, rich and sweet flavors cannot generate essence. Only bland and pure flavors can tonify Essence and generate Qi, and Qi will naturally generate Spirit.)
The *Classic of Internal Medicine* states: For those lacking Essence, tonify them with substantial flavors.
The *Huang Ting Jing* states: Guard the chamber of Essence urgently; do not recklessly leak or close it, but treasure it, and you can live long.
The *Classic of Internal Medicine* states: The Kidney governs Water and receives the Essence of the Five Zang and Six Fu organs to store it. (Original note: The Kidney is a hub and gatekeeper; it is not that only the Kidney organ possesses Essence.)
The *Zhen Quan* states: Each of the Five Zang organs stores Essence, but none has a fixed abode. Generally, before sexual intercourse, Essence is contained within the Blood, having no shape. After intercourse, when desire moves excessively, the Blood circulating throughout the body reaches the Gate of Life and transforms into Essence to be discharged. Thus, if the discharged Essence is stored in a vessel, mixed with a little salt and wine, and exposed overnight, it reverts to Blood.
The *Classic of Internal Medicine* states: The Kidney corresponds to Cold in Heaven, Water in Earth, the Kidney in Humans, Winter in Seasons, North in Directions, and Black in Colors, opening into the ears.
The *Classic of Internal Medicine* states: The North is Water, which is why all things gather and store.
It further states: The True Qi of the Zang organs descends to the Kidney, which stores the Qi of bone marrow. Lung Metal is the Mother, Liver Wood is the Child, and the Bladder is the Fu organ. It overcomes Fire and governs the bones; prolonged standing injures the bones. It governs storage and Will. Its category is Water, its animal is the pig, its trigram is Kan, its nature is Wisdom, its luster is in the hair, its grain is beans, its seasonal correspondence is... [text cuts off slightly but implies winter], its celestial star is Chenxing (Mercury), its disease site is the bones, its musical note is Yu, Yu means relaxation, indicating Yang Qi is about to return and all things grow relaxed. Its number is six, its odor is putrid, its sound is groaning, its Qi is blowing, its fluid is saliva, its change is shivering, its flavor is salty, its insect is scaled creatures, its fruit is chestnut, its vegetable is huos (broad bean leaves). Below it corresponds to the waist and Kidney with black color; however, black should resemble heavy lacquer gloss, not charcoal.
The *Ling Shu* states: The Kidney corresponds to bones. Those with dense skin and fine texture have thick Sanjiao and Bladder. Furthermore, the Kidney governs Cold; however, Cold injures the Kidney, and diseases primarily manifest as hernias. In smallpox, black depression indicates severity. Excessive lust injures the bones; excessive dampness causes disease. Symptoms include black complexion, fear, cold feet, rebellious Qi, abdominal pain, diarrhea with undigested food and tenesmus, and Qi movement below the umbilicus. When the Kidney is Excess, there is abdominal distension and heaviness, shortness of breath, reluctance to speak, bone pain, diarrhea with undigested food, and scanty urination. When the Kidney is Deficient, there is a sensation of falling, curling up, blue-white complexion, open fontanelle, downward crawling, photophobia, a hanging heart feeling like hunger, chest pain radiating to the back, cold limbs, polyuria, and tinnitus. In Kidney Extinction, eyes roll back and stare straight ahead, delirious speech, enuresis, broken waist, and withered bones occur; death follows in four days. A normal pulse in winter is Wang (prosperous) for 72 days, presenting as Chen Ru Shi (Deep, Soft, Stone-like). Shi means deep, soft, and slippery, coming swiftly upon lifting the finger. The controlling pulse is slow and large with a yellowish face, both being adverse. The critical pulse is Stone-like turning like a rope, departing like a flicked stone.
It further states: The Kidney is also the organ of Qi, governing reception (Na).
It further states: Its days are Ren and Gui; the North generates Cold, Cold generates Water, Water generates Salty flavor, Salty flavor generates the Kidney. The Kidney is the Lesser Yin within Yin, communicating with Winter Qi.
The *Ru Men* states: The Kidney receives the Essence of water and grain and remains extremely still,
except for the movement of turbid Qi at the Zi hour.
It further states: The Kidney opposes the umbilicus and corresponds to the waist; the waist is the external indicator of the Kidney.
It further states: The abdomen is Yin, and the Yin within Yin is the Kidney. The Kidney is female (Pin), belonging to Yin.
It further states: The waist is the mansion of the Kidney; if one cannot twist or shake, the Kidney is about to fail.
It further states: The bones are the mansion of Marrow; if one cannot stand for long and trembles while walking, the bones are about to fail.
It further states: All cold conditions involving contraction and pulling belong to the Kidney.
The *Ling Shu* states: The Kidney governs the exterior, enabling distant hearing; observing the condition of the ears reveals its nature.
It further states: A black complexion with fine texture indicates a small Kidney; coarse texture indicates a large Kidney. High ears indicate a high Kidney; hollows behind the ears indicate a low Kidney. Firm ears indicate a firm Kidney; thin and unfirm ears indicate a fragile Kidney. Ears positioned forward near the jaw indicate an upright Kidney; ears positioned higher indicate a tilted Kidney.
It further states: A small Kidney ensures organ peace and resistance to injury; a large Kidney predisposes to lower back pain and susceptibility to pathogens. A high Kidney causes back and spine pain, preventing bending and stretching; a low Kidney causes lower back and sacral pain, or fox hernia. A firm Kidney prevents lower back and spine pain; a fragile Kidney predisposes to Xiao Dan (wasting-thirst disorders). An upright Kidney is harmonious and hard to injure; a tilted Kidney suffers from lower back and sacral pain.
It further states: Exhalation is governed by the Heart and Lungs; inhalation is governed by the Kidneys and Liver. Sweating and bathing in cold water injure the Kidney.
The *Nan Jing* states: Sitting long on wet ground or forcing entry into water injures the Kidney.
It further asks: Why does each Zang have one, but the Kidney has two? The answer is: The two Kidneys are not both Kidneys. The left is the Kidney, the right is the Gate of Life (*Mingmen*). The Gate of Life is where Spirit and Mind reside and where Yuan Qi is tied. Men use it to store Essence, women use it to anchor the uterus; thus, we know there are two Kidneys.
The *Ru Men* states: The Gate of Life is not a proper Zang, and the Sanjiao is not a proper Fu.
The *Ling Shu* states: Pathogens in the Kidney cause bone pain and Yin Bi (obstruction). Yin Bi is characterized by inability to locate pain upon pressure, abdominal distension, lower back pain, difficult defecation, shoulder/back/neck pain, and occasional dizziness.
The *Classic of Internal Medicine* states: Kidney Heat manifests as black complexion and brittle teeth.
It further states: Transmission from Spleen to Kidney results in a disease named Shan Jia (hernia mass). There is heat and pain in the lower abdomen, and discharge of white fluid, also called Gu. (Note: Discharge of white refers to white fluid in urine.)
It further states: Withering of the large bones, sinking of the large muscles, internal consumption of shoulder marrow, increasing decline in activity, and appearance of the True Zang pulse indicate death within one year. Upon seeing the True Zang pulse, the specific day of death is predicted. (Note: This is Kidney exhaustion, predicting death within 365 days.)
The *Nan Jing* states: External signs include black complexion, frequent fear, and yawning. Internal signs include Qi movement below the umbilicus, tenderness upon firm pressure, rebellious Qi, acute lower abdominal pain, diarrhea with tenesmus, and cold/rebellious legs and calves.
The *Ling Shu* states: Kidney Qi Deficiency leads to Jue (cold extremities); Kidney Excess leads to distension.
It further states: Kidney Excess causes large abdomen and cavity swelling, wheezing/coughing, heavy body, night sweats, and aversion to wind. Kidney Deficiency causes chest pain, large and lower abdominal pain, cold extremities, and low spirits.
The *Ru Men* states: Kidney Deficiency causes a hanging heart feeling like hunger and frequent fear.
Taiyi Zhenren said: Abstain from lust, nourish Essence and Qi, swallow saliva, and nourish organ Qi.
Wumingzi said: Heaven generates Water first, which in humans is Essence; Earth generates Fire second, which in humans is Spirit.
The *Classic of Internal Medicine* states: The Kidney stores Essence and Will. Will is focused attention that does not shift.
It further states: When Organ Qi is exhausted, Spirit appears externally. (A son of the You family in Wuxi fell ill due to alcohol and lust, frequently seeing two women in bright clothes rising to his waist and disappearing. The doctor said: This is the Kidney Spirit. When the Kidney is exhausted, Spirit does not guard its residence, so it appears externally.)
The *Ling Shu* states: Unrelieved fear injures Essence; injured Essence causes bone soreness, pain, Jue, and spontaneous leakage of Essence.
The *Classic of Internal Medicine* states: The spermatic duct originates between the two kidneys and spine, winds around the right side of the large intestine, goes down the urinary tube, and exits together at the anterior orifice to discharge Essence.
It further states: Water prospers in Winter, is strong in Autumn,废弃 (abandoned) in Spring, imprisoned in Summer, and dies in Late Summer. Its prosperous days are Ren and Gui, prosperous hours are Ding Hai (night midnight);困 (trapped) days are Bing and Ding, trapped hours are Yu Zhong (mid-morning); dead days are Wu and Ji, dead hours are Ri Ze (afternoon sun slanting).
It further states: Shenshu acupoint is beside the fourteenth vertebra; Muacupoint is Jingmen at the waist and lateral costal margin.
It further states: The Kidney governs hibernation and is the root of sealing and storing, the place of Essence.
It further states: Northern Black color communicates internally with the Kidney, opens into the two yin openings, and stores Essence in the Kidney. (Two yin openings refer to anterior and posterior orifices.)
It further states: The Kidney's luster is in the hair. Hair lacking luster indicates Bone death first.
It further states: Two Qi communicate with the Kidney.
It further states: Essence and Qi merging in the Kidney causes fear.
It further states: The Kidney dislikes Dryness.
It further states: Salty flavor travels to Blood; in Blood diseases, do not eat too much salty.
It further states: Prolonged standing injures bones, laboring the Kidney.
It further states: To repair the Kidney, benefit its Essence.
It further states: Kidney color is black; it should resemble heavy lacquer, not earth-gray.
It further states: Black like crow feathers indicates survival; black like moss indicates death. (Moss, pronounced Tai.)
It further states: In Kidney Heat, the chin turns red first.
It further states: In Kidney Heat disease, there is initially lower back pain and leg soreness, bitter thirst with frequent drinking, body heat. If Heat contends, there is neck pain and stiffness, aversion to cold and soreness, hot soles, reluctance to speak. If rebellious, there is neck pain and dizziness. (Yuan Yuan means resembling urgency; Dan Dan means resembling insufficiency.) Symptoms worsen on Wu/Ji days, sweat profusely on Ren/Gui days, and death occurs on Wu/Ji days if Qi is rebellious. Acupuncture the Foot Shaoyin and Taiyang meridians.
It further states: The Kidney opens into the two yin openings; Excess causes fullness.
It further states: In Kidney Zhuo disease, the person feels cold from the waist down, and the waist feels heavy as if carrying five thousand coins.
It further states: In Kidney Zhang (distension), there is abdominal fullness radiating to the back, and central lower back/thigh pain.
It further states: In Kidney Water disease, there is abdominal enlargement, swollen umbilicus, heavy waist, painful inability to urinate, dampness in the genital area, sweating like a bull's nose, cold reverse feet, and hard stool.
It further states: In Kidney disease, the complexion is black, Qi is weak, breathing is short, ears seem deaf, lower back pain occurs with frequent loss of Essence and reduced appetite, knees and below feel cold. A deep and slow pulse is treatable and requires tonification. (Cold, pronounced Qing.)
It further states: Kidney Malaria causes shivering, lower back and spine pain, difficulty turning and defecating, eye twitching, and cold hands and feet. Acupuncture the Foot Taiyang and Shaoyin meridians. (Xuan, pronounced Xuan. Eye twitching.)
It further states: Lung transmitting Cold to the Kidney creates Yong Shui (gushing water). In Yong Shui, the abdomen is not firm upon pressure; Water Qi lodges in the Large Intestine, making gurgling sounds when walking quickly, like a bag wrapping soup. Treatment focuses on the Lung. Lung transmitting Heat to the Kidney transmits to Rou Chi (soft spasm). (Chi, pronounced Ci. Evil/Disease.)
It further states: Essence depletion causes deafness.
The *Xian Jing* states: There are three gates behind the back: Yuzhen Gate at the back of the head, Lulu Gate at the夾脊 (paraspinal) region, and Weilu Gate at the junction of Water and Fire. These are all pathways for Essence and Qi. If one obtains the mechanism of the Big Dipper to rotate them, circulation occurs up and down like the Milky Way.
Qianfu said: The Kidney houses Tianyi and acts with stinginess. If Will and Intent are regulated internally, Essence is complete and retained. If thoughts indulge externally and sexual activity is excessive, inherent licentiousness is not guarded, and Essence flows out with urine. However, this stems from flaccidity of the sinews due to relaxation of the Zong Jin (converging sinews).
The *Classic of Internal Medicine* states: Those who do not engage in coitus but leak Essence, either by hearing obscene matters, seeing beautiful colors, endless thoughts, unfulfilled desires, or excessive sexual activity, causing Zong Jin relaxation, develop Jin Wei (sinew flaccidity) and spontaneous Essence discharge, called Bai Yin (white turbidity). Leakage is inevitable and unceasing.
Danxi said: Slippage of Essence is primarily due to Damp-Heat; use Zhi Mu, Huang Bai, Mu Li, and Ge Ke.
The *Classic of Internal Medicine* states: Endless thoughts, unfulfilled desires, mental indulgence externally, and excessive sexual activity cause Zong Jin relaxation, leading to Jin Wei and Bai Yin.
The *Ru Men* states: For young people with excessive desire leading to intestinal prolapse and leakage, use Jin Suo Zheng Yuan Dan.
It further states: When desire moves, Essence follows the thought. Obstruction over time causes pain in the penis, often feeling like the need to urinate, resulting in urination or spontaneous flow. This is called Yi Jing (spontaneous emission), worse than nocturnal emission. (*Ben Cao Gang Mu* states: A man with deficiency and seminal emission had a string-taut and large pulse. Using one liang of Wu Bei Zi and two liang of Bai Fu Ling made into pills cured him well. The astringent power is more敏捷 (agile/effective) than Long Gu and Mu Li.)
It further states: Spontaneous leakage without dreams is called Jing Hua (Essence slipping), all caused by Minister Fire moving.
Dongyuan said: A pale and lusterless complexion, sorrowfulness, desire to cry, and a pulse that is empty upon pressure indicate Exhaustion of Essence and Spirit. Tonify Liver and Kidney vigorously, astringe and tonify Qi, and supplement Yuan Yang.
The *Yi Jian* states: Young men have vigorous Yang. Emotion moves internally, will admires something unattainable, leading to nocturnal seminal emission. Do not tonify; instead, clear the Heart and stabilize the Will.
Zhang Hezi said: Pain in the penis, extreme pain causing itching, or persistent erection, or discharge of white fluid like Essence with urine, caused by sexual fatigue and evil arts, is called Bai Yin. Use formulas to descend Heart Fire.
The *Zhen Gao* states: Essence is the Spirit of man; Clarity is the treasure of the body. Overwork scatters Essence; struggle dims Clarity.
The *Classic of Internal Medicine* states: Excessive Heart Fire and insufficient Kidney Water, with desires in the Heart, lead to rapid emotional disturbance and swift discharge.
It further states: The Kidney's emotion is Fear.
It further states: The Stomach is associated with Fear. (Note: Stomach Heat makes Kidney Qi weak, hence fear.)
It further states: Essence and Qi merging in the Kidney causes fear because Heart Deficiency allows Kidney Qi to merge, causing fear.
The *Ling Shu* states: Disease of the Foot Shaoyin meridian causes frequent fear.
It further states: Unrelieved fear injures Essence.
It further states: Fear causes Spirit to scatter and dissipate.
It further states: Fear causes Qi to sink. (Note: Upper Jiao restricts Lower Jiao Qi from returning, so Qi does not move upward.)
Hezi said: The Liver stores Blood; insufficient Blood causes fear.
The *Gang Mu* states: Fear and Startle are similar, but Startle arises from ignorance. Fear arises from awareness. Startle is reacting to noise; Fear is knowing oneself as if someone were catching them, unable to sit or lie alone, requiring companionship to avoid fear, or needing lights at night.
The *Ling Shu* states: Unrestrained anger in the Kidney injures Will; injured Will causes forgetfulness of previous words.
The *Classic of Internal Medicine* states: The Kidney's emotion is Fear; Fear injures the Kidney; Thought overcomes Fear.
Danxi said: To counteract Fear injuring the Kidney, use Thought to overcome it and Sorrow to resolve it.
The *Classic of Internal Medicine* states: The Kidney governs sealing and storing; the Liver governs dispersion and drainage. Both organs possess Minister Fire, connected superiorly to the Heart. The Heart is Sovereign Fire; moved by objects, it easily stirs, causing Minister Fire to stir. Stirring causes Essence to walk away. Minister Fire rises suddenly; even without intercourse, Essence secretly flows and drains. Thus, sages teach people to collect and nourish the Heart; the principle is subtle.
The *Zhi Zhi* states: The Heart masters Essence; the Kidney controls Essence. Qi Deficiency fails to manage and hold, causing Essence to exit with urine (called Niao Jing) or with sights/sounds (called Lou Jing).
The *Ru Men* states: Initially due to unsettled Sovereign Fire, later Minister Fire takes authority. Essence flows unrestrained and unstable, leading to continuous nocturnal emissions and daily slipping. Use Kan Li Wan. Zhi Mu and Huang Bai steamed, dried, and dew-exposed nine times each, combined with Rehmannia paste into pills, taken with salt water.
It further states: Nocturnal emission should not always be treated as Cold Deficiency; some are caused by Heat in the meridians.
The *Mai Jing* states: A weak and choppy pulse in men indicates infertility due to cold and clear Essence.
It further states: Choppy pulse indicates insufficiency of Essence and Blood; in men, a choppy pulse signifies injured Essence.
It further states: Choppy indicates Essence exhaustion and Blood withering.
The *Mai Jue* states: For seminal emission and turbid blood, examine the Chi position. Knot, Kou, Dong, and Jin pulses are definitive for these conditions.
The *Yi Jian* states: Subtle choppy pulse injures Essence.
Dai Shi said: Nocturnal emission and Essence slipping are all moved by Minister Fire; long-term results in Deficiency, not Cold.
It further states: For long-standing nocturnal emission with sinking Qi, raise and lift Kidney Qi to return to the source.
The *Ben Shi* states: When Kidney Qi is closed, Essence leaks.
It further states: The Kidney stores Essence; the Kidney captures Essence and Qi to reproduce humanity. Whether nurturing or scattering, it is governed by the Kidney. Now, with declining Kidney Qi, the Essence and Qi of the whole body lack management, thus leaking irregularly.
The *Gang Mu* states: Most cases of nocturnal emission belong to Stagnation. Quack doctors do not recognize the stagnation but use astringents to secure collapse, not realizing that more astringency increases stagnation and worsens the disease.
Zhongjing said: In those losing Essence, there is tightness in the lower abdomen, coldness at the glans, dizziness, and hair loss. The pulse is extremely deficient, Kou, and slow, indicating cold diarrhea, blood loss, and essence loss. Men lose Essence; women have dream intercourse.
The *Classic of Internal Medicine* states: Kidney Qi communicates with the ears; when harmonious, one can hear the five tones.
The *Ling Shu* states: Straining to lift heavy weights, excessive sexual activity, sweating and bathing in water injure the Kidney.
The *Classic of Internal Medicine* states: Diseases in the Kidney heal in Spring; if not healed in Spring, they worsen in Late Summer; if not dying in Late Summer, they persist in Autumn and rise in Winter.
It further states: Kidney disease heals on Jia/Yi days; if not healed, it worsens on Wu/Ji days; if not dying, it persists on Geng/Xin days and rises on Ren/Gui days.
It further states: Kidney disease improves at midnight, worsens during the four seasons (transition periods), and is quiet in the late afternoon.
It further states: The Kidney suffers from Dryness; urgently eat Pungent to moisten it, open the pores, produce fluids, and circulate Qi. The Kidney desires firmness; urgently eat Bitter to firm it. Use Bitter to tonify, Salty to drain.
It further states: Kidney disease prohibits exposure to HT (Heat/Cold extremes?), hot food, and warm roasted clothing.
The *Gang Mu* states: The Kidney essentially has no Excess; do not drain it.
Qian Shi said: There is only Bu Shen Di Huang Wan (Tonify Kidney Rehmannia Pill); there are no drugs to drain the Kidney.
The *Gang Mu* states: The Left Kidney belongs to Water; insufficient Water leads to Yin Deficiency, suitable for Liu Wei Di Huang Wan. The Right Kidney belongs to Fire; insufficient Fire leads to Yang Deficiency, suitable for Ba Wei Wan or Jia Jian Ba Wei Wan.
It further states: In Liu Wei Di Huang Wan: For Blood Deficiency and Yin Decline, Shu Di Huang is the Sovereign herb; for Essence slipping, Shan Zhu Yu is the Sovereign herb; for frequent, scanty, red, or white urine, Fu Ling is the Sovereign herb; for dysuria and astringency, Ze Xie is the Sovereign herb; for Heart Qi Deficiency, Dan Pi is the Sovereign herb; for dry and rough skin, Shan Yao is the Sovereign herb.
The *Ru Men* states: Clear and free urination with a deep, slow pulse indicates Cold Qi returning to the Kidney. Red and astringent urination with a deep, rapid pulse indicates Heat Qi returning to the Gate of Life. The pulses of the Kidney and Gate of Life are the same because the diseases they receive ultimately converge in the Bladder Fu organ.
The *Classic of Internal Medicine* states: At the end of Shaoyin, there is black complexion, elongated and dirty teeth, abdominal distension and blockage, failure of communication between upper and lower, and death ensues.
The *Jin Kui Zhen Yan Lun* states: Winter Qi causes disease in the four limbs, corresponding to the Kidney.