经曰∶大肠者，传导之官，变化出焉。上受胃家之糟粕，下输于广肠，旧谷出而新谷可进，故字从肉从
易，又畅也。通畅水谷之道也。手阳明经大肠。
又曰∶回肠当脐右，回十六曲，大四寸，径一寸半，长二丈一尺，受谷一斗，水七升半。
\r大肠图\p04-a41a18.bmp\r
又曰∶广肠传脊以受，回肠乃出滓秽之路，大八寸，径二寸，寸之大半，长二尺八寸，受谷九升三合八分
合之一。
又曰∶大肠一名回肠，以其回屈而受小肠之谷，故名之也。
又曰∶大肠脐右回三十六曲。
又曰∶大肠俞在脊十六椎旁，募在脐傍天枢。（俞为阳在背，募为阴在腹。）
又曰∶大肠为白肠。
又曰∶厥气客大肠，则梦田野。
又曰∶大肠有宿食，寒栗发热，有时如疟状。
又曰∶水气客于大肠，疾行则鸣，濯濯如囊裹浆。
又曰∶小肠移热于大肠，为 瘕，为沉。（ 即伏字，瘕，音假。）
又曰∶广肠一名肛门，言其处如车HT 形，故曰∶肛门，即广肠也。
又曰∶直肠受大肠之谷而导出焉。
又曰∶魄门亦为五脏，使水谷不得久藏。
又曰∶是动病，则齿痛 肿，是主津液。（ 音拙。）
手阳明大肠引经药歌∶
卯大肠有升麻（白）芷，薤白（火）麻仁肉（豆）蔻（阿）胶，白石脂（石）膏砂（仁）石（斛）使，将军
（即大黄）麻葛（根）枳（壳）升（麻连）翘。
又曰∶是经多气多血。
《难经》曰∶大肠二斤十一两，肛门重十二两，按回肠者，以其回叠也。广肠即回肠之更大者，直肠又广
肠之末节也，下连肛门，是为谷道，后阴一名魄门，总皆大肠也。
又曰∶上接小肠下口，下接直肠肛门。
又曰∶卯时气血注于大肠。
《本脏篇》云∶皮浓者，大肠浓，皮薄者大肠薄，皮缓腹理大者，大肠大而长，皮急者，大肠急而短，皮
滑者，大肠直，皮肉不相离者，大肠结。
大肠之见证也，大指次指难用，耳聋 ，耳鸣嘈嘈，耳后肩 肘臂外皆痛，气满，皮肤坚而不痛。
经曰∶鼻隧以长，以候大肠。
《灵枢》曰∶天枢以下至横骨，长六寸半，过则回肠广大，不满则狭短。
又曰∶大肠病者，肠中切痛，而鸣濯濯，冬日重感于寒即泄，当脐而痛，不能久立。
又曰∶腹痛肠鸣，气上冲胸，喘不能久立，邪在大肠。
又曰∶肠中寒则鸣飧泄，肠中热则出黄如糜。
经曰∶大肠小肠为泄。
又曰∶大肠乃肺之腑也。
又曰∶肠痹者数饮而出不得，中气喘
争，时发飧泄。
仲景曰∶大肠有寒者，多 溏，有热者便肠垢。
《入门》曰∶肠虚则鸣，又寒气相搏，则为肠鸣。
《灵枢》曰∶黄帝问曰∶胃恶热而喜清冷，大肠恶清冷而喜热，两者不和，何以调之？岐伯对曰∶调此
者，饮食衣服亦欲适寒温，寒无凄沧，暑无出汗，饮食热无灼灼，寒无沧沧，寒温中适，故气将持，乃不致
邪僻也。
大肠热宜泻白汤。大肠寒宜实肠散。
《脉经》曰∶大肠绝不治，何以知之？泄利无度，利绝则死。
补∶牡蛎、粟壳、五倍子、肉豆蔻、莲子、龙骨、诃黎勒。
泻∶枳壳、桃仁、麻仁、石斛、大黄、槟榔、芒硝。
温∶干姜、吴茱萸、肉桂。
凉∶槐花、条芩。
引经报使∶葛根、升麻、白芷上行。石膏下行。
下血属大肠经。
肿胀水肿有十种之分，乍虚乍实，为大肠水。
《黄帝内经》说：大肠是负责传导的器官，食物的变化由此产生。它接受来自胃的糟粕，向下输送到广肠（直肠），旧的食物残渣排出后新的食物才能进入，所以“大”字从肉旁加“易”，又有通畅的意思，即水谷通行的道路。手阳明经属于大肠。
又说：回肠位于肚脐右侧，回旋十六个弯曲，宽四寸，直径一寸半，长二丈一尺，能容纳谷物一斗，水七升半。
[图片：大肠图]
又说：广肠沿着脊柱接受食物，是排出渣滓秽物的通道，宽八寸，直径二寸，每寸大半的长度，总长二尺八寸，能容纳谷物九升三合又八分之一合。
又说：大肠又名回肠，因为它回旋屈曲以接受小肠传来的谷物，所以叫这个名字。
又说：大肠在脐右侧回旋三十六个弯曲。
又说：大肠俞穴位于第十六椎骨旁，募穴在天枢穴（位于脐旁）。（俞穴属阳，在背部；募穴属阴，在腹部。）
又说：大肠被称为白肠。
又说：大肠中有宿食停滞，会出现发冷战栗、发热，有时像疟疾一样的症状。
又说：水气客居大肠，快速行走时肠鸣音响亮，像囊袋包裹着浆液一样。
又说：小肠的热邪移注到大肠，会形成瘕积（腹中结块），或表现为沉伏之证。（“ ”通“伏”字，瘕读作jiǎ。）
又说：广肠又名肛门，说这个部位像车轮的辐条汇聚于轴心的形状，所以叫肛门，也就是广肠。
又说：魄门（肛门）也是五脏功能的延伸，使水谷不能在体内久留。
又说：手阳明大肠经发生变动引起的病症，会出现牙齿疼痛、牙龈肿胀，该经主要主管津液。（“ ”读作zhuō。）
手阳明大肠经引经药歌诀：
卯时大肠经有升麻、白芷，薤白、火麻仁、肉豆蔻、阿胶，白石脂、石膏、砂仁、石斛、使君子，将军（即大黄）、麻黄、葛根、枳壳、连翘。
《难经》说：大肠重二斤十一两，肛门重十二两，按回肠来说，是因为它层层回旋重叠。广肠就是比回肠更大的部分，直肠又是广肠的最末端，下面连接肛门，这叫做谷道，后阴又称魄门，总归都属于大肠。
《灵枢·本脏篇》说：皮肤厚的人，大肠也厚；皮肤薄的人，大肠也薄；皮肤松弛且纹理粗大的人，大肠大而长；皮肤紧绷的人，大肠急而短；皮肤光滑的人，大肠直；皮肉紧密结合不分离的人，大肠结滞。
大肠病的见证表现主要有：食指和拇指难以正常使用，耳聋，耳鸣嘈杂，耳后、肩部、肘部、手臂外侧都疼痛，气机胀满，皮肤坚硬但不痛。
经文说：鼻道长的人，可以据此推断大肠的情况。
《灵枢》说：从天枢穴以下至横骨，长度六寸半，超过这个长度则回肠宽大，不满这个长度则狭短。
又说：大肠患病时，肠中剧烈疼痛，肠鸣音濯濯作响，冬天再次受寒就会腹泻，肚脐周围疼痛，不能久站。
又说：腹痛肠鸣，气向上冲撞胸部，气喘不能久立，这是邪气在大肠。
又说：肠中有寒则肠鸣并伴有完谷不化的泄泻，肠中有热则排出黄色如粥糜样的粪便。
又说：肠痹症表现为多次饮水却排尿困难，腹中气喘争鸣，时常发作完谷不化的泄泻。
张仲景说：大肠有寒的人，大便多稀溏；有热的人，大便排出的肠垢污浊。
《医宗入门》说：肠虚则肠鸣，如果是寒气相互搏结，也会引起肠鸣。
《灵枢》记载：黄帝问道：胃喜欢清凉厌恶燥热，而大肠喜欢温热厌恶清凉，两者性质不和，如何调和？岐伯回答说：调和这一点，饮食衣服也要适应寒温，寒冷时不要过于凄惨冰冷，暑热时不要大汗淋漓，饮食太热不要灼烫，太冷不要冰凉，寒温适中，这样正气就能保持，就不会导致邪僻之病。
The *Huangdi Neijing* (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon) states: The Large Intestine is the official responsible for conduction, where transformations occur. It receives waste from the Stomach and transports it downward to the Broad Intestine (Rectum). When old grain is expelled, new grain can enter; hence the character "Da" (Large) consists of the flesh radical and "Yi" (change/easy), implying smoothness and unimpeded flow, referring to the pathway through which water and grain pass. The Hand-Yangming Meridian belongs to the Large Intestine.
It is also stated: The Hui Chang (Looping Intestine) is located to the right of the umbilicus, looping sixteen times, four cun wide, one and a half cun in diameter, and two zhang one chi long. It can hold one dou of grain and seven sheng and a half of water.
[Image: Diagram of the Large Intestine]
It is also stated: The Guang Chang (Broad Intestine/Rectum) follows the spine to receive food; it is the pathway for expelling dregs and filth. It is eight cun wide, two cun in diameter, with a length of two zhang eight chi (calculated as slightly more than half a cun per unit segment), and can hold nine sheng, three he, and one-eighth of a he of grain.
It is also stated: The Large Intestine is also called Hui Chang because it loops and curves to receive grain from the Small Intestine, thus named accordingly.
It is also stated: The Large Intestine loops thirty-six times to the right of the umbilicus.
It is also stated: Dachangshu (BL25) is located beside the sixteenth vertebral process; its Front-Mu point is Tianshu (ST25) beside the umbilicus. (Shu points are Yang and located on the back; Mu points are Yin and located on the abdomen.)
It is also stated: The Large Intestine is called Bai Chang (White Intestine).
It is also stated: If Jue Qi (Rebellious Qi) lodges in the Large Intestine, one dreams of fields.
It is also stated: If retained food stagnates in the Large Intestine, there will be chills and fever, sometimes resembling malaria.
It is also stated: If Water Qi lodges in the Large Intestine, walking quickly causes loud bowel sounds, gurgling like a bag containing liquid.
It is also stated: Heat transferring from the Small Intestine to the Large Intestine results in Jia masses (abdominal lumps) or Chen syndrome (deep-seated conditions). (" " is a variant of "Fu" (hidden/deep); Jia is pronounced jiǎ.)
It is also stated: The Guang Chang is also called Gangmen (Anus), describing its shape as resembling the hub of a wheel, hence the name Gangmen, which is the Guang Chang.
It is also stated: The Zhi Chang (Straight Intestum) receives grain from the Large Intestine and导 (guides/expels) it out.
It is also stated: Pomen (Anus) is also an extension of the Five Zang Organs' functions, preventing water and grain from staying inside for too long.
It is also stated: When the meridian undergoes pathological changes, symptoms include toothache and gingival swelling. This meridian primarily governs Jin Ye (Body Fluids). (" " is pronounced zhuō.)
Song of Meridian-Guiding Herbs for the Hand-Yangming Large Intestine:
At Mao hour, the Large Intestine involves Shengma (Cimicifugae Rhizoma), Baizhi (Angelicae Dahuricae Radix), Xiebai (Allii Macrostemonis Bulbus), Huo Ma Ren (Cannabis Fructus), Rou Dou Kou (Myristicae Semen), Ejiao (Colla Corii Asini), Baishi Zhi (Halloysitum Rubrum), Shigao (Gypsum Fibrosum), Sharen (Amomi Fructus Rotundus), Shihu (Dendrobii Caulis), Shijunzi (Quisqualis Fructus), Jiangjun (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, i.e., Dahuang), Mahuang (Ephedrae Herba), Gegen (Puerariae Lobatae Radix), Zhike (Aurantii Fructus Immaturus), Qiao (Forsythiae Fructus).
It is also stated: This meridian is abundant in Qi and Blood.
The *Nanjing* (Classic of Difficult Issues) states: The Large Intestine weighs two jin eleven liang; the anus weighs twelve liang. Regarding the Hui Chang, it is so named because it overlaps and loops. The Guang Chang is the larger portion following the Hui Chang; the Zhi Chang is the terminal segment of the Guang Chang, connecting below to the anus. This is called Gudao (Grain Pathway), and the posterior orifice is also called Pomen; collectively, they all belong to the Large Intestine.
It is also stated: It connects above to the lower opening of the Small Intestine and below to the Zhi Chang and anus.
It is also stated: At Mao hour, Qi and Blood flow into the Large Intestine.
The *Ben Zang Pian* (Chapter on Original Organs) in the *Lingshu* says: Those with thick skin have thick Large Intestines; those with thin skin have thin Large Intestines. Those with loose skin and coarse texture have large and long Large Intestines; those with tight skin have tense and short Large Intestines; those with smooth skin have straight Large Intestines; those whose skin and flesh are tightly adherent have knotted/stagnant Large Intestines.
Manifestations of Large Intestine disease include: difficulty using the index finger and thumb, deafness, tinnitus (buzzing noise), pain behind the ear, shoulder, elbow, and lateral arm, abdominal fullness, and hard skin without pain.
The Classics state: A long nasal passage indicates the condition of the Large Intestine.
The *Lingshu* states: From Tianshu (ST25) down to Henggu (GB29), the length is six and a half cun. If longer, the Hui Chang is broad; if shorter, it is narrow and short.
It is also stated: In Large Intestine disease, there is severe intestinal pain and gurgling bowel sounds. If exposed to cold again in winter, diarrhea occurs, with pain around the umbilicus, making it difficult to stand for long periods.
It is also stated: Abdominal pain with bowel sounds, Qi rushing upward to the chest, wheezing inability to stand long—this indicates pathogenic factors in the Large Intestine.
It is also stated: Cold in the intestines causes rumbling and undigested stool diarrhea; heat in the intestines causes discharge of yellow, porridge-like feces.
The Classics state: Diseases of the Large and Small Intestines lead to diarrhea.
It is also stated: The Large Intestine is the Fu organ of the Lung.
It is also stated: In Chang Bi (Intestinal Obstruction/Stiffness), frequent drinking does not relieve urination needs, there is panting and struggling in the middle jiao, and episodes of undigested stool diarrhea occur.
Zhang Zhongjing states: If the Large Intestine has Cold, stools are often loose; if it has Heat, the excrement is foul and slimy.
The *Ru Men* (Introduction to Medicine) states: Deficiency in the intestines causes rumbling; if Cold Qi clashes, it also causes bowel sounds.
The *Lingshu* records: The Yellow Emperor asked: The Stomach dislikes heat and likes coolness, while the Large Intestine dislikes coolness and likes heat. How to harmonize these two discordant natures? Qibo replied: To regulate this, diet and clothing should suit the temperature. Avoid being overly chilling in cold weather and avoid sweating excessively in hot weather. Food should not be scalding hot nor icy cold. Keeping warm and cool balanced ensures Qi remains stable and prevents deviation by pathogens.
For Large Intestine Heat, Xie Bai Tang (Drain White Decoction) is suitable. For Large Intestine Cold, Shi Chang San (Solidify Intestine Powder) is suitable.
The *Mai Jing* (Pulse Classic) states: If Large Intestine function ceases, it is incurable. How to know? Unremitting diarrhea leads to cessation of defecation, resulting in death.
Supplementary herbs: Muli (Ostreae Concha), Su Ke (Papaveris Pericarpium), Wu Bei Zi (Galla Chinensis), Rou Dou Kou (Myristicae Semen), Lian Zi (Nelumbinis Semen), Long Gu (Fossilia Ossis Mastodi et Scapulae), He Le Le (Terminalia Chebulae Fructus).
Draining herbs: Zhike (Aurantii Fructus Immaturus), Taoren (Persicae Semen), Ma Ren (Cannabis Fructus), Shihu (Dendrobii Caulis), Dahuang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma), Binglang (Arecae Semen), Mangxiao (Natrii Sulfas).
Warming herbs: Ganjiang (Zingiberis Rhizoma), Wuzhuyu (Evodiae Fructus), Rougui (Cinnamomi Cortex).
Cooling herbs: Huaihua (Sophorae Flos), Tiao Qin (Scutellariae Radix).
Meridian-guiding messengers: Gegen (Puerariae Lobatae Radix), Shengma (Cimicifugae Rhizoma), Baizhi (Angelicae Dahuricae Radix) ascend. Shigao (Gypsum Fibrosum) descends.
Blood in stool belongs to the Large Intestine Meridian pathology.
Swelling and edema are divided into ten types; fluctuating between deficiency and excess characterizes Da Chang Shui (Large Intestine Water).