伍氏曰∶痈疽之疾，有三十余证，曰 发、痼发、石发、岩发、蜂窠发、莲子
发，椒眼发、连珠发、竟体发、肠痈内发、脑发、背发、眉发、腮颔发、肺痈、瓜瓠
发，大率随病浅深内外施治，不可迟缓，初发如伤寒，脉浮而紧，是其候也。
又曰∶五脏六腑俞穴皆在背，凡患疮证，有伤脏膜者，多致不救。腑气浮行于
表，故痈肿浮高为易治；脏血沉寒主里，故疽肿内陷为难治。
又曰∶疖者，节也；痈者，壅也；疽者，沮也。一寸至二寸为疖，三寸至五寸
为痈，一尺为疽，一尺至二尺为竟体疽，若脉洪数者难治，脉微涩者易治。初觉宜清
热拔毒，已溃则排脓止痛，脓尽则长肌敷痴，当酌轻重顺逆而审治之。
《发挥》曰∶大抵发背、脑疽、脱疽，肿痛色赤者，乃水衰火旺之色，可治；若
黑若紫，则火极似水之象，乃其肾水已竭，精气枯涸也，决不治。又骨髓不枯，脏腑
不败者，可治；若老弱患此，疮头不起，或
肿硬色夭，坚如牛领之皮，脉更涩，此精气已绝矣，不可治，或不待溃而死，有溃
后气血不能培养者亦死。
《后汉·律历志》∶惊蛰晷长八尺二寸，未当至而至，多病痈疽胫肿。
蒋示吉曰∶夫虚极传变，惊悸怔忡，牙关紧闭，而卧不宁，或发热恶寒作渴，自
汗盗汗，手撒身热，脉洪大，按之如无，俱恶证也。（《说约》）
又曰∶根脚赤晕，口不收，此余毒未尽之故。
又曰∶脓少肉白，肉不长，此停住寒邪之过。
又曰∶破伤风，皆因风袭，破伤湿亦为湿侵。
又曰∶初起宜肿不宜痒，溃后作痒是长肉；溃后宜痒不宜痛，初起不痛是纯阴。
又曰∶不痛大痛非佳兆，或麻或痒最难医。
又曰∶饮食不化脾虚，饮食不思胃弱。
陈实功曰∶夫痈者，壅也，为阳，属六腑，毒腾于外，其发暴而所患浮浅，因
病原于阳分中，盖阳气轻清，浮而高起，故易肿易脓，易腐易敛，诚为不伤筋骨易治
之证。疽者，沮也，为阴，属五脏，毒攻于内，其发缓而所患深沉，因病原禀于阴
分中，盖阴血重浊，性质多沉，故为伤筋蚀骨难治之证也。凡年壮气血胜毒则顺，年
老毒胜气血则险。七情六欲发则为疽，为痰核、瘿瘤之类。七情者，喜伤心，怒伤
肝，忧伤肺，思伤脾，悲伤于魂魄，恐伤肾，惊伤胆。六欲者，耳聪声音，眼观物
色，鼻闻香气，舌贪滋味，心帷天地，意握万方。诸病诸疮，皆由于此等之情欲也。
六淫之气发则为痈，为风癣疥癞之类。六淫者，风为四时不正，浩荡肃杀之气，发
而最能中人。寒乃节候不调，疾风豪雨，冰雪严寒所伤，或口贪生冷之物。暑因亢
酷日，烁火流金，湿热熏蒸而中。湿从坐卧久阴卑湿之地，或身骤临风雨潮气所侵。
燥为阴虚内热，消烁津液，不能滋润脏腑，以致皮肤枯槁便干，为燥火生于心绪烦扰、
醇酒膏粱、房欲不闲所动，邪气客于脏腑经络关节之内，积袭日久，或待内伤，或
因外感邪气，触而发之也。又有膏粱浓味，醇酒肥鲜炙 ，爽口快心，罔顾销阴烁脏，
兴阳涩精，取之快意于一时，不觉阴销。平日大疮恶毒，多起于膏粱，不生于黎藿。但
凡患痈疽，未有不先伤五脏，而后发之者，当辨阴阳顺逆治之。总之疮疡漫肿难治，
肿易愈，漫肿者肉肿疮不肿， 肿者疮肿肉不肿，顺证根脚鲜明，险证四围平塌。经
曰∶气盛兮顶自高而突起，血盛兮根脚束而无疑。此之谓也。（《正宗》）
冯鲁瞻曰∶痈疽之疾，多生膏粱炙 嗜欲之人，虚邪热毒煎熬气血而成。痈者，
壅也，壅滞于阳络也，大而高起，属于阳，其脉浮数，故多由于六腑。疽者，沮也，沮
伏于阴经也，平而内发，属于阴，其脉沉数，故多由于五脏。疖者，如错疖之结着
也。疮者，毒之总名也。经曰∶诸痛痒疮，皆属心火。夫诸疮之中，即惟背疽疔疮最
为急证，次莫如脑疽、肠痈、喉痈，亦其急者也。（《锦囊》）
又曰∶夫人之疮肿，因内热外虚，为风湿之所乘。盖肺主皮毛，脾主肌肉，气
虚则肤腠开，而风湿所乘，且脾虚而内热，即生疮也。肿者，由寒热之毒瓦斯客于经络，
使血涩而不通，壅结成肿；风邪内作者，无头无根，气血相搏者，有头有根；壅结盛
而热胜血，则为脓矣。其毒小者，气血自然能溃能收，不必忧治；大而重者，血气
恐难任之，必假药力佐助气血，以为营运逐毒之本。
又曰∶夫痈疽皆由膏粱之家，湿热气逆所结，且多犯肥白之人，气居于表，中
气必虚者。初起即以凉血活血，散结解毒，大剂连进，内外夹攻，务使消散；即势大
毒盛，一时不能散尽，亦必十消七八，以免后来口舌生疮，内攻之患，纵使溃脓，保
无大害。若失于救治，则热毒内陷，其膜必坏，多致凶危。然书云∶五发痈疽者，谓
发背、发脑、发鬓、发眉、发颐是也。但人之一身，血气稍有壅聚，莫不随所而至，
岂特此五者而已。发背者，乃五脏风热，六腑邪毒，贯于筋骨之间，发于经络之内，外
虽如钱，里可着拳，慎勿忽略。若初起红肿高起者，则易；阴塌平陷者，则难。至
于发脑、发眉、发鬓、发颐，地位不同，总因伏阳结滞，邪毒上壅，随其经络而发。气
血旺者，受毒则轻，气血衰者，每因致危。然云毒者，即气血不和，偏胜壅滞之谓也。
治者必须凭脉以救阴阳气血之偏，则毒滞自散，而危者可安。若误认毒为有迹之物，
寒凉攻削，则阴滞之毒是必愈致其危；即阳盛之毒，亦必难溃难长，盖由气血不和
而致病，岂可更令气血不调而增病乎！
又曰∶夫痈疽之生，始于喜怒哀乐之不时，饮食起居之不节，或金石草药之发
动，寒暑燥湿之不调，阴阳不平而蕴结，荣卫凝涩而腐溃。轻者起于六腑，浮达而为
痈；重者发于五脏，沉涩而为疽；浅者为疖，实者为痈，深则为疽也。发于外者，为
背痈、脑疽、鬓眉等疽；发于内者，为肝痈、肺痈、肠脐等痈。外证易识，内证难
明。太阳经虚从背而出，少阳经虚从鬓而出，阳明经虚从髭而出，督脉经虚从脑而出。
齐德之曰∶大凡生疽，皆只如黍粟粒许大，其状至微，人多不以为急，此蕴大
患，宜速辨之，不可自忽。若能防止于未形，理之于未成，或朝觉而夕治，求治于
良医，则必无危困矣。若因循慢忽，询于庸医，致令脓血结聚，委之于命，束手待
毙，不已去道远乎！以致筋骨败遗，穿通脏腑，死者十有八九矣，可不慎与！盖疮
疽之人，托命庸医，任意措置，危殆立至，若用良医，则可保痊愈，不可不择，辨之
何难。若能饱读经书，久谙证候，汤药熟娴，洞明色脉，性情仁善，孝义忠信，临
事不惑，处治有决，方为良医，委用勿疑。然后要在病患自克，不可恚怒悲忧，叫呼
忿恨，骄恣性情，信任口腹，驰骋劳役，惟宜清静恬澹，耐烦为宜。（《精义》）
又曰∶脑疽，头项、咽喉生疽，古法多为不治。湿热上壅者，十之二三，阴火
上炎者，十之八九，调治得当，庶可保全。
岐天师曰∶人有背生痈疽，或生于胸腹之间，或生于头面之上，或生于手足之
际，皆是五日之内，犹当内散，五日之外，必须动刀。五日之内，以消毒圣神丹一剂
即消，二剂全愈，不必三剂。倘五日之内，不曾服过消毒圣神丹，其疮必致成脓奔溃，
外口必小，而内宅自大，譬如贼居深山，关隘必窄，而其中巢穴自必修广，若不直捣
其坚，则延蔓无已，是必民化为盗，故须用金刃去其口边腐肉，使内毒之气不藏，用
三寸长刀，阔止三分，两边俱利，其锋浓半分少尖，一边手执定，眼看定，心注定，
一刀横画，一刀直画，人必少厥，不必惊慌，少顷自定后，以末药敷上，膏药贴之，
大约一个膏药敷末药二钱，粘贴即止痛，败脓尽出，一连三日，即消尽矣。内服托里
圣神丹二剂，可以不须多服，此治阳证疮疡之法也。阳证疮疡，必然突起寸余，其
色红肿发光，疼痛呼号者是。若阴证痈疽，内消之法，与阳证同治，至于破溃之治法，
绝不相同。大约阴证痈疽，其色必黑暗，痛亦不甚，但觉沉沉身重昏闷，其疮口必不
突起，或现无数小疮口，以欺世人，急用散寒救阴至圣丹，总之阴证宜用温热散之，
不可用寒凉解之也。外用膏药加生肌末药五钱贴之，一日两换始可。盖阴证痈疽，多
生于富贵膏粱之客，功名失志之人，心肾不交，阴阳俱耗，又加忧愁抑郁，拂怒号
呼，其气不散，乃结成大毒。无论在背在头，在腹在胁，在手在足，俱是危证。若
服吾药，又用吾阴阳至圣膏，无不生全。盖阳证可以凉解，而阴证必须温散也。（《秘录》）
雷真君曰∶血燥肺干，而又生痈疽者，
多不可救，恐无血以济之也。此等病多得之膏粱之人，纵情房帏，精血大耗，又忍
精而战，精不化而变为脓血，乃阴毒非阳毒也，若以治阳毒法治之，则死矣。当以
化痈汤主之，一剂而阴变为阳矣，二剂而未溃者全消，已溃者生肉，三剂即愈，四
剂收功，神效之极。倘疮口大溃大烂，已成坏证者，肯服此方，亦断无性命之忧，坚
守长服，断必收功。盖此方消毒而不散气，尚补而不尚攻，治阴毒之痈疽，实有鬼神
莫测之妙。（《秘录》）
华真君曰∶夫痈疽之作，皆五脏六腑蓄毒不流，气血壅滞而成病，其发也有处，
其生也有归。假令发于喉舌者，心之毒；发于皮毛者，肺之毒；发于肌肉者，脾之毒；
发于筋脉者，肝之毒；发于骨髓者，肾之毒；发于内者，五脏之毒；发于外者，六
腑之毒。故在外曰溃，在内曰坏；在上曰从，在下曰逆；发于上，得之速；发于下，
得之缓；感于六腑则易治，受于五脏则难疗。凡痈疽之近骨者多冷，近肤者多热。近
骨者，久不愈则化血为虫；近肤者，久不愈则传气成漏。成虫者则多痒少痛，成漏
者则多痛少痒。内虚外实者，则痛多而痒少；外虚内实者，毒易肿而易消。血出不
止者，内多死脓；脓清不浓者，元阳不足。疮溃而呕吐无度，饮食少进者，皆痈疽毒
炽使然，肿候证之多端，务宜详察施治。（《秘录》）
汪省之曰∶疮疡虽火之属，须分内外以治其本。经曰∶膏粱之变，足生大疔。其
源在里，发于表也，受如持虚，言内结而发于外，皆是从虚而出也。假如太阳经虚，
从鬓而出，阳明经虚，从髭而发，督脉经虚，从脑而发，治当疏通以绝其源。经曰∶
地之湿气，感则害人皮肉筋脉，其源在外，感则内行也，治当托里，以防邪气内侵。
经曰∶营气不从，逆于肉里，乃生痈肿。此
邪气至盛，遏绝经络，故发痈肿，是内外之中者，治当和营卫为主。（《理例》）
又曰∶凡发背、脑疽、脱疽，肿痛赤色，乃水衰火旺之色，尚可治。若黑或紫，
火极似水，为肾水已竭，精气已涸，决不治。
窦梦麟曰∶发背内攻平塌，用手按之如牛颈之皮，上有黄泡出腥水，乃毒入于
肺，若不速治，即死。（《经验全书》）
周文采曰∶凡人年四十以上，顶、项、鬓、颐、背、膂、腰、胁，或筋骨之上，所
视不见之处，稍有疮疖，便不可轻易待之。若视之怠慢，以为常疾，每见至微至着丧
命者多矣，便宜急治之，庶几得救。譬之救火，初起则易救，至于燎原之势，不可
扑灭耳。（《集验》）
又曰∶夫五发痈疽者，谓发背、发脑、发鬓、发眉、发颐是也。人之一生，血气
周流而无间，稍有壅聚，莫不随所至而发焉，又岂特五者哉。俗以癌、痼、瘭附于
痈疽之列，以是为五发，岂知瘭与痼癌，不过壅疽之一物，古书仅有所谓瘭疽，则瘭
亦同出而异名也。若癌与痼，前所未闻，合是为五发，其可乎？夫发背者，乃五脏风
热，六腑邪毒，灌于筋骨之间，发于经络之内，荣卫虚损，气血衰残所致也。其初
发如粟米大，最不可轻忽，后必大发也。若初起红肿高起者，后必不为害，故曰外形
如粟，中可容谷，外貌如钱，里可着拳。如恶毒深管寸长深满，脓血交粘，用药可痊，
若脓臭秽无丝，此血败气衰，阳绝阴盛，必难疗理。
罗曰∶头面赤肿，耳前后尤甚，脉浮紧，按之洪缓，此寒覆皮毛，郁遏经络，热
不得升聚而赤肿。经云∶天寒地冻则水冰，人气在中，皮肤致，腠理闭，汗不出，血
气强，肉坚涩，当是之。善行水者不能注冰，善穿地者不能凿冻，善用针者亦不能
取四厥，必待天温冰释冻解，而水可行，地可穿，人脉亦犹是也。又曰∶冬月闭藏，水
冰地坼，故用药多而少针石也，宜用苦温之剂，温经散寒则已。所谓寒微，腠理以
苦发之，以辛散之也，宜以托里温经汤∶麻黄苦温，发之者也；防风辛温，散之者也。
升麻苦平，葛根甘平解肌，专治阳明经中之邪，故以为臣。血流而不行者则痛，以
香白芷、当归身，辛温以破血散滞；湿热则肿，苍术苦甘温，体轻浮，力虽壮，能
泄皮肤腠间湿热；人参、甘草甘温，白芍药酸微寒，调中益气，使托其里也，故以
伍氏说：痈疽这类疾病，有三十多种证候，包括发、痼发、石发、岩发、蜂窠发、莲子发、椒眼发、连珠发、竟体发、肠痈内发、脑发、背发、眉发、腮颔发、肺痈、瓜瓠发。大体上根据病情的深浅和内外来施治，不可拖延。初起时症状像伤寒，脉象浮而紧，这是其征候。
又说：五脏六腑的俞穴都在背部，凡是患疮疡证，如果损伤了脏膜，大多会导致死亡。腑气浮行于体表，所以痈肿浮高容易治疗；脏血沉寒主里，所以疽肿内陷难以治疗。
又说：疖，是节的意思；痈，是壅塞的意思；疽，是阻滞的意思。直径一寸到二寸的叫疖，三寸到五寸的叫痈，一尺的叫疽，一尺到二尺的叫竟体疽。如果脉象洪数则难治，脉象微涩则易治。初觉不适宜清热拔毒，已经溃破则排脓止痛，脓液排尽后则生肌收口，应当斟酌病情的轻重顺逆来审慎治疗。
《发挥》说：大抵发背、脑疽、脱疽，如果肿痛且颜色发红，这是水衰火旺的颜色，可以治疗；如果颜色黑或紫，则是火极似水的现象，说明肾水已竭，精气枯涸，绝对无法治疗。另外，骨髓不枯、脏腑不败的，可以治疗；如果是老弱之人患此病，疮头不起，或者肿硬颜色晦暗，坚硬如牛颈之皮，脉象更涩，这说明精气已绝，不可治疗。或者尚未溃破就已死亡，也有溃破后因气血不能滋养而死亡的。
《后汉书·律历志》记载：惊蛰时节日影长八尺二寸，如果节气未到而气候先到，多会患上痈疽和小腿肿胀的病。
蒋示吉说：虚损至极发生传变，出现惊悸怔忡，牙关紧闭，卧睡不宁，或者发热恶寒作渴，自汗盗汗，手撒身热，脉象洪大但按之如无，这些都是恶证。（出自《说约》）
又说：根脚周围有赤色晕圈，疮口不收敛，这是因为余毒未尽的缘故。
又说：破伤风，都是因为风邪侵袭所致；破伤湿也是因为湿邪侵入。
又说：初起时宜肿不宜痒，溃破后作痒是长肉的表现；溃破后宜痒不宜痛，初起时不痛是纯阴证。
又说：不痛却突然大痛不是好兆头，或者感到麻木或瘙痒最难医治。
陈实功说：痈，是壅塞的意思，属于阳，关联六腑，毒气腾越于外，发病急骤且患处浮浅，因为病因源于阳分，阳气轻清，浮而高起，所以容易肿胀、容易成脓、容易腐坏、容易收敛，确实是不伤筋骨、容易治疗的证候。疽，是阻滞的意思，属于阴，关联五脏，毒气攻伐于内，发病缓慢且患处深沉，因为病因禀受于阴分，阴血重浊，性质多沉，所以是伤筋蚀骨、难以治疗的证候。凡是年壮气血旺盛能胜毒的则为顺证，年老毒盛气血不足的则为险证。七情六欲发作则形成疽，以及痰核、瘿瘤之类。七情中，喜伤心，怒伤肝，忧伤肺，思伤脾，悲伤魂魄，恐伤肾，惊伤胆。六欲中，耳听声音，眼看物色，鼻闻香气，舌贪滋味，心念天地，意握万方。各种疾病各种疮疡，都由于这些情欲引起。六淫之气发作则形成痈，以及风癣疥癞之类。六淫中，风是四季不正之气，浩荡肃杀，发作时最能中人。寒是节候不调，疾风豪雨，冰雪严寒所伤，或者口贪生冷之物。暑因酷热烈日，烁火流金，湿热熏蒸而中人。湿从坐卧久处阴卑湿之地，或者身体骤然遭遇风雨潮气所侵。燥为阴虚内热，消烁津液，不能滋润脏腑，以致皮肤枯槁便干，这是由于心绪烦扰、醇酒膏粱、房事不节所动，邪气客于脏腑经络关节之内，积袭日久，或者等待内伤，或者因外感邪气，触动而发作。又有膏粱浓味，醇酒肥鲜炙烤，爽口快心，不顾及消耗阴精灼伤脏腑，兴阳涩精，只求一时快意，不觉阴精消耗。平日的大疮恶毒，多起于膏粱厚味，不生于粗茶淡饭。但凡患痈疽，没有不先伤五脏而后发作的，应当辨别阴阳顺逆来治疗。总之，疮疡漫肿难治，肿者易愈，漫肿者是肉肿疮不肿，疮肿肉不肿，顺证根脚鲜明，险证四围平塌。经书说：气盛则顶自高而突起，血盛则根脚束集无疑。说的就是这个道理。（出自《正宗》）
冯鲁瞻说：痈疽这类疾病，多生在喜好膏粱炙烤嗜欲的人身上，由虚邪热毒煎熬气血而成。痈，是壅塞的意思，壅滞于阳络，大而高起，属于阳，其脉浮数，所以多由于六腑。疽，是阻滞的意思，沮伏于阴经，平而内发，属于阴，其脉沉数，所以多由于五脏。疖，如同错疖结着的样子。疮，是毒的总称。经书说：诸痛痒疮，皆属心火。在诸疮之中，只有背疽疔疮最为急证，其次莫过于脑疽、肠痈、喉痈，也是急证。（出自《锦囊》）
又说：人的疮肿，因为内热外虚，被风湿所乘。肺主皮毛，脾主肌肉，气虚则肤腠开泄，风湿乘虚而入，且脾虚而生内热，就会生疮。肿，是由寒热毒瓦斯客于经络，使血涩不通，壅结而成肿；风邪在内作祟的，无头无根；气血相搏的，有头有根；壅结盛而热胜血，就化为脓了。毒小的，气血自然能溃能收，不必担忧治疗；大而重的，气血恐怕难以胜任，必须借助药力辅助气血，作为营运逐毒的根本。
又说：痈疽都是由膏粱之家，湿热气逆所结，而且多犯肥白之人，气居于表，中气必虚。初起即用凉血活血，散结解毒，大剂量连续服用，内外夹攻，务必使其消散；即使势大毒盛，一时不能完全消散，也必定消除七八成，以免后来口舌生疮、内攻的祸患，纵使溃脓，也能保证无大害。如果失于救治，则热毒内陷，膜必坏，多导致凶危。然而书云：五发痈疽，是指发背、发脑、发鬓、发眉、发颐。但是人之一身，血气稍有壅聚，无不随所在之处而发作，岂止这五种呢？发背，是五脏风热，六腑邪毒，贯于筋骨之间，发于经络之内，外表虽然如铜钱大小，里面可能拳头大，千万不要忽略。如果初起红肿高起的，则易治；阴塌平陷的，则难治。至于发脑、发眉、发鬓、发颐，部位不同，总因伏阳结滞，邪毒上壅，随其经络而发。气血旺的，受毒则轻；气血衰的，每每因此致危。所谓毒，就是气血不和，偏胜壅滞的意思。治疗者必须凭脉象来救阴阳气血之偏，则毒滞自散，而危者可安。如果误认毒为有形之物，用寒凉攻削，则阴滞之毒必定更加危险；即使是阳盛之毒，也必定难溃难长，盖由气血不和而致病，岂可再令气血不调而加重病情呢！
又说：痈疽的产生，始于喜怒哀乐的不适时，饮食起居的不节制，或者金石草药的发动，寒暑燥湿的不调，阴阳不平而蕴结，营卫凝涩而腐溃。轻的起于六腑，浮达而为痈；重的发于五脏，沉涩而为疽；浅的为疖，实的为痈，深的为疽。发于外的，为背痈、脑疽、鬓眉等疽；发于内的，为肝痈、肺痈、肠脐等痈。外证易识，内证难明。太阳经虚从背而出，少阳经虚从鬓而出，阳明经虚从髭而出，督脉经虚从脑而出。
齐德之说：大凡生疽，起初都像黍粟粒那样大，形状极其微小，人们多不以为急，这是蕴藏大患，应该迅速辨别，不可轻视。如果能防止于未成形时，治理于未形成时，或者早晨发觉晚上就治疗，寻求良医诊治，则必然没有危困了。如果因循慢忽，咨询庸医，致使脓血结聚，委之于命，束手待毙，不是离道太远了吗！以至于筋骨败坏遗留，穿通脏腑，死者十有八九了，能不谨慎吗！大概疮疽之人，托付性命给庸医，任意措置，危殆立即到来，如果用良医，则可以保全痊愈，不可不选择，辨别有什么难的。如果能饱读经书，久谙证候，汤药熟练，洞明色脉，性情仁善，孝义忠信，临事不惑，处治有决断，这才是良医，委托任用不要怀疑。然后关键在于病患自我克制，不可恚怒悲忧，叫呼忿恨，骄恣性情，信任口腹，驰骋劳役，只宜清静恬澹，耐烦为宜。（出自《精义》）
又说：脑疽，头项、咽喉生疽，古法多认为是不治之症。湿热上壅的，十之二三，阴火上炎的，十之八九，调治得当，或许可以保全。
岐天师说：人有背生痈疽，或者生于胸腹之间，或者生于头面之上，或者生于手足之际，都是五日之内，还应当内服消散，五日之外，必须动刀。五日之内，以消毒圣神丹一剂即可消散，二剂全愈，不必三剂。倘若五日之内，不曾服用过消毒圣神丹，其疮必定成脓奔溃，外口必小，而内宅自大，譬如贼居深山，关隘必窄，而其中巢穴自必修广，若不直捣其坚，则延蔓无已，这是百姓化为盗贼，所以须用金刃去掉其口边腐肉，使内毒之气不藏，用三寸长刀，阔仅三分，两边都锋利，其锋浓半分稍尖，一边手持定，眼看定，心注定，一刀横画，一刀直画，人必定稍微昏厥，不必惊慌，片刻自定后，以末药敷上，膏药贴之，大约一个膏药敷末药二钱，粘贴即止痛，败脓尽出，一连三日，即消尽矣。内服托里圣神丹二剂，可以不须多服，这是治阳证疮疡的方法。阳证疮疡，必然突起寸余，其色红肿发光，疼痛呼号的是。若阴证痈疽，内消的方法，与阳证同治，至于破溃的治疗方法，绝不相同。大抵阴证痈疽，其色必黑暗，痛亦不甚，但觉沉沉身重昏闷，其疮口必不突起，或现无数小疮口，以欺世人，急用散寒救阴至圣丹，总之阴证宜用温热散之，不可用寒凉解之也。外用膏药加生肌末药五钱贴之，一日两换始可。盖阴证痈疽，多生于富贵膏粱之客，功名失志之人，心肾不交，阴阳俱耗，又加忧愁抑郁，拂怒号呼，其气不散，乃结成大毒。无论在背在头，在腹在胁，在手在足，俱是危证。若服吾药，又用吾阴阳至圣膏，无不生全。盖阳证可以凉解，而阴证必须温散也。（出自《秘录》）
雷真君说：血燥肺干，而又生痈疽的，多不可救，恐怕无血以济之。这种病多得之于膏粱之人，纵情房帏，精血大耗，又忍精而战，精不化而变为脓血，乃阴毒非阳毒也，若以治阳毒法治之，则死矣。当以化痈汤主之，一剂而阴变为阳矣，二剂而未溃者全消，已溃者生肉，三剂即愈，四剂收功，神效之极。倘疮口大溃大烂，已成坏证者，肯服此方，亦断无性命之忧，坚守长服，断必收功。盖此方消毒而不散气，尚补而不尚攻，治阴毒之痈疽，实有鬼神莫测之妙。（出自《秘录》）
华真君说：痈疽之作，皆五脏六腑蓄毒不流，气血壅滞而成病，其发也有处，其生也有归。假令发于喉舌者，心之毒；发于皮毛者，肺之毒；发于肌肉者，脾之毒；发于筋脉者，肝之毒；发于骨髓者，肾之毒；发于内者，五脏之毒；发于外者，六腑之毒。故在外曰溃，在内曰坏；在上曰从，在下曰逆；发于上，得之速；发于下，得之缓；感于六腑则易治，受于五脏则难疗。凡痈疽之近骨者多冷，近肤者多热。近骨者，久不愈则化血为虫；近肤者，久不愈则传气成漏。成虫者则多痒少痛，成漏者则多痛少痒。内虚外实者，则痛多而痒少；外虚内实者，毒易肿而易消。血出不止者，内多死脓；脓清不浓者，元阳不足。疮溃而呕吐无度，饮食少进者，皆痈疽毒炽使然，肿候证之多端，务宜详察施治。（出自《秘录》）
汪省之说：疮疡虽属火，须分内外以治其本。经书说：膏粱之变，足生大疔。其源在里，发于表也，受如持虚，言内结而发于外，皆是从虚而出也。假如太阳经虚，从鬓而出，阳明经虚，从髭而发，督脉经虚，从脑而发，治当疏通以绝其源。经书说：地之湿气，感则害人皮肉筋脉，其源在外，感则内行也，治当托里，以防邪气内侵。经书说：营气不从，逆于肉里，乃生痈肿。此邪气至盛，遏绝经络，故发痈肿，是内外之中者，治当和营卫为主。（出自《理例》）
又说：凡发背、脑疽、脱疽，肿痛赤色，乃水衰火旺之色，尚可治。若黑或紫，火极似水，为肾水已竭，精气已涸，决不治。
窦梦麟说：发背内攻平塌，用手按之如牛颈之皮，上有黄泡出腥水，乃毒入于肺，若不速治，即死。（出自《经验全书》）
周文采说：凡人年四十以上，顶、项、鬓、颐、背、膂、腰、胁，或筋骨之上，所视不见之处，稍有疮疖，便不可轻易待之。若视之怠慢，以为常疾，每见至微至着丧命者多矣，便宜急治之，庶几得救。譬之救火，初起则易救，至于燎原之势，不可扑灭耳。（出自《集验》）
又说：夫五发痈疽者，谓发背、发脑、发鬓、发眉、发颐是也。人之一生，血气周流而无间，稍有壅聚，莫不随所至而发焉，又岂特五者哉。俗以癌、痼、瘭附于痈疽之列，以是为五发，岂知瘭与痼癌，不过壅疽之一物，古书仅有所谓瘭疽，则瘭亦同出而异名也。若癌与痼，前所未闻，合是为五发，其可乎？夫发背者，乃五脏风热，六腑邪毒，灌于筋骨之间，发于经络之内，荣卫虚损，气血衰残所致也。其初发如粟米大，最不可轻忽，后必大发也。若初起红肿高起者，后必不为害，故曰外形如粟，中可容谷，外貌如钱，里可着拳。如恶毒深管寸长深满，脓血交粘，用药可痊，若脓臭秽无丝，此血败气衰，阳绝阴盛，必难疗理。
罗说：头面赤肿，耳前后尤甚，脉浮紧，按之洪缓，这是寒覆皮毛，郁遏经络，热不得升聚而赤肿。经书云：天寒地冻则水冰，人气在中，皮肤致，腠理闭，汗不出，血气强，肉坚涩，当是之。善行水者不能注冰，善穿地者不能凿冻，善用针者亦不能取四厥，必待天温冰释冻解，而水可行，地可穿，人脉亦犹是也。又说：冬月闭藏，水冰地坼，故用药多而少针石也，宜用苦温之剂，温经散寒则已。所谓寒微，腠理以苦发之，以辛散之也，宜以托里温经汤：麻黄苦温，发之者也；防风辛温，散之者也。升麻苦平，葛根甘平解肌，专治阳明经中之邪，故以为臣。血流而不行者则痛，以香白芷、当归身，辛温以破血散滞；湿热则肿，苍术苦甘温，体轻浮，力虽壮，能泄皮肤腠间湿热；人参、甘草甘温，白芍药酸微寒，调中益气，使托其里也，故以
Wu stated: Diseases of carbuncle and ulcer (Yongju) have more than thirty types of syndromes, including Fa (Hair-like eruption), Gu Fa (Stubborn eruption), Shi Fa (Stone eruption), Yan Fa (Rock eruption), Feng Ke Fa (Honeycomb eruption), Lian Zi Fa (Lotus seed eruption), Jiao Yan Fa (Pepper eye eruption), Lian Zhu Fa (String of pearls eruption), Jing Ti Fa (Whole body eruption), Chang Yong Nei Fa (Internal eruption of intestinal abscess), Nao Fa (Brain eruption), Bei Fa (Back eruption), Mei Fa (Eyebrow eruption), Sai Han Fa (Cheek and jaw eruption), Fei Yong (Lung abscess), Gua Hu Fa (Gourd eruption). Generally, treatment should be administered according to the depth and location (internal or external) of the disease, without delay. At the initial stage, symptoms resemble Taiyang disease (Diseases affecting the Taiyang channel), with a floating and tight pulse, which is its characteristic sign.
It is also said: The Shu-transport points of the Zang and Fu organs are all located on the back. For any patient suffering from sores and ulcers, if the membrane of the Zang organs is damaged, it often leads to death. Qi of the Fu organs floats on the surface, so swelling that is high and superficial is easy to treat; Blood of the Zang organs is heavy, cold, and governs the interior, so swelling that sinks inward is difficult to treat.
It is also said: "Jie" (Boil) refers to a node; "Yong" (Carbuncle) refers to obstruction; "Ju" (Ulcer/Gangrene) refers to blockage. A lesion one to two cun in diameter is called Jie; three to five cun is called Yong; one chi is called Ju; one to two chi is called Jing Ti Ju (Whole-body Ulcer). If the pulse is surging and rapid, it is difficult to treat; if the pulse is faint and choppy, it is easy to treat. At the initial sensation, clear heat and extract toxins; once ulcerated, drain pus and relieve pain; after pus is exhausted, promote tissue regeneration and apply dressing. Treatment should be carefully considered based on the severity and favorable/unfavorable prognosis.
*Fa Hui* states: Generally, for Back Eruption (Bei Fa), Brain Ulcer (Nao Ju), and Gangrene of the Toes (Tuo Ju), if there is swelling and pain with red color, this indicates Water deficiency and Fire hyperactivity, which is treatable; if the color is black or purple, it is a phenomenon of extreme Fire resembling Water, indicating that Kidney Water has been exhausted and Essence and Qi are withered, which is definitely untreatable. Furthermore, if the bone marrow is not withered and the Zang organs are not ruined, it is treatable; but if an elderly or weak person suffers from this, with the sore head not rising, or swelling hard and dull-colored, firm like the skin of an ox's neck, and the pulse even more choppy, this indicates that Essence and Qi have perished, and it is untreatable. Some may die before ulceration, while others may die after ulceration due to the inability of Qi and Blood to nourish.
*History of Later Han · Treatise on Rhythm and Calendar* records: During the Awakening of Insects (Jingzhe) solar term, the gnomon shadow is eight chi and two cun long. If the climate arrives before the solar term, many people will suffer from carbuncles, ulcers, and lower leg swelling.
Jiang Shiji stated: When deficiency reaches an extreme and transforms, causing palpitations and fright, locked jaw, restlessness in sleep, or fever with aversion to cold, thirst, spontaneous sweating, night sweats, flaccid hands, body heat, and a surging pulse that feels empty upon pressure, these are all ominous signs. (*Shuo Yue*)
It is also said: A red halo around the base of the sore and a mouth that does not close indicate that residual toxins are not yet cleared.
It is also said: Scanty pus and white flesh, with no new tissue growth, is due to the retention of Cold pathogen.
It is also said: Traumatic tetanus (Po Shang Feng) is caused by Wind invasion; traumatic dampness is caused by Damp invasion.
It is also said: At the initial stage, swelling is preferable to itching; itching after ulceration indicates tissue regeneration; itching is preferable to pain after ulceration; lack of pain at the initial stage indicates a Pure Yin syndrome.
It is also said: Sudden severe pain where there was none is not a good omen; numbness or itching is the most difficult to treat.
It is also said: Failure to digest food is due to Spleen deficiency; lack of appetite is due to Stomach weakness.
Chen Shigong stated: "Yong" (Carbuncle) means obstruction; it is Yang, associated with the Fu organs, with toxicity surging outward. It appears suddenly and superficially because the pathology originates in the Yang aspect. Since Yang Qi is light and clear, floating and high-rising, it easily swells, suppurrates, putrefies, and heals. Indeed, it is a condition that does not damage tendons and bones and is easy to treat. "Ju" (Ulcer/Gangrene) means blockage; it is Yin, associated with the Zang organs, with toxicity attacking inward. It appears slowly and deeply because the pathology stems from the Yin aspect. Since Yin Blood is heavy and turbid, with a sinking nature, it damages tendons and erodes bones, making it a difficult-to-treat condition. Generally, young people with strong Qi and Blood overcoming toxicity have a favorable course; old people with toxicity overwhelming Qi and Blood face danger. The Seven Emotions and Six Desires, when activated, cause Ju, as well as Phlegm nodules and Goiter. Among the Seven Emotions: Joy injures the Heart, Anger injures the Liver, Worry injures the Lung, Pensiveness injures the Spleen, Grief injures the Soul and Ethereal Soul, Fear injures the Kidney, Fright injures the Gallbladder. Among the Six Desires: Hearing sounds, seeing colors, smelling fragrances, craving tastes, contemplating heaven and earth, grasping myriad things. All diseases and sores arise from these emotions and desires. The Six Excessive Pathogenic Factors (Liu Yin), when activated, cause Yong, such as Wind eczema, scabies, and leprosy. Among the Six Excesses: Wind is the irregular Qi of the four seasons, vast and killing, capable of striking humans easily. Cold is due to irregular seasons, violent winds, heavy rains, ice, snow, and severe cold, or consuming raw and cold foods. Summerheat is due to intense sun, melting fire and flowing metal, and steaming Damp-Heat. Dampness comes from sitting or lying in damp, low places for long periods, or sudden exposure to wind, rain, and humid air. Dryness is internal heat due to Yin deficiency, consuming fluids, failing to nourish the Zang organs, leading to dry skin and constipation. This is stirred by mental disturbance, rich wine and fatty foods, and excessive sexual activity. Evil Qi lodges in the Zang organs, meridians, and joints. Accumulating over time, or triggered by internal injury or external evil, it erupts. Rich foods, fine wines, and greasy meats please the mouth and mind, ignoring the consumption of Yin and damage to organs, stimulating Yang and obstructing Essence, seeking momentary pleasure while unknowingly destroying Yin. Major toxic sores usually arise from rich diets, not coarse grains. However, anyone suffering from Yong or Ju first injures the Five Zang organs before eruption. One must distinguish between Yin/Yang and favorable/unfavorable patterns for treatment. In short, diffuse swelling (Man Zhong) is difficult to treat; localized swelling heals easily. Diffuse swelling involves muscle swelling without sore swelling, while sore swelling involves muscle without sore swelling. Favorable cases have distinct bases; dangerous cases have flat surroundings. The Classics state: When Qi is abundant, the top rises high; when Blood is abundant, the base gathers tightly. This is what is meant. (*Zheng Zong*)
Feng Luzhan stated: Carbuncles and ulcers mostly occur in people who indulge in rich foods and desires, formed by boiling Qi and Blood with deficient evil and hot toxins. "Yong" means obstruction, stagnating in the Yang collaterals, large and high-rising, belonging to Yang, with a floating and rapid pulse, thus mostly originating from the Fu organs. "Ju" means blockage, lying dormant in the Yin meridians, flat and internally developing, belonging to Yin, with a deep and rapid pulse, thus mostly originating from the Zang organs. "Jie" resembles the knotting of a boil. "Chuang" (Sore) is the general name for toxicity. The Classics state: All pain, itching, and sores belong to Heart Fire. Among all sores, Back Ulcer and Ding Sore are the most urgent, followed by Brain Ulcer, Intestinal Abscess, and Throat Abscess, which are also urgent. (*Jin Nang*)
It is also said: Human sores and swellings occur due to internal heat and external deficiency, allowing Wind-Damp to invade. The Lung governs skin and hair; the Spleen governs muscles. When Qi is deficient, pores open, and Wind-Damp invades. Moreover, Spleen deficiency generates internal heat, leading to sores. Swelling is caused by Cold-Heat toxic qi lodging in meridians, causing blood stasis and obstruction, forming swelling; Wind evil acting internally has no head or root; Qi and Blood struggling have a head and root; when obstruction is severe and Heat overwhelms Blood, pus forms. Minor toxins can be resolved by natural Qi and Blood without worry; major toxins require medicinal assistance to support Qi and Blood in circulating and expelling toxins.
It is also said: Carbuncles and ulcers result from Qi and Heat rebellion in households of rich food, often affecting fleshy and white individuals whose Qi resides on the surface and Middle Qi is necessarily deficient. Initially, use cooling blood and activating blood herbs, resolve nodules and detoxify, administering large doses continuously to attack internally and externally, ensuring resolution. Even if the pathogen is large and toxic, preventing complete resolution initially, eliminating seven or eight parts prevents later complications like mouth sores and internal attack. Even if ulceration occurs, major harm can be avoided. If treatment is delayed, Heat toxin sinks inward, membranes rupture, leading to critical danger. Books state: The Five Fa Carbuncles refer to Back Eruption, Brain Eruption, Temple Eruption, Eyebrow Eruption, and Cheek Eruption. However, slight congestion of Qi and Blood anywhere can erupt. Back Eruption involves Wind-Heat of the Five Zang and Evil Toxin of the Six Fu penetrating tendons and bones, erupting within meridians. Externally small like a coin, internally large like a fist. Do not neglect it. Initial red swelling and elevation are easy to treat; Yin collapse and depression are difficult. Brain, Eyebrow, Temple, and Cheek eruptions differ in location but share the cause of latent Yang stagnation and upward toxin obstruction along meridians. Abundant Qi and Blood tolerate toxins lightly; deficient Qi and Blood face danger. "Toxin" refers to disharmony, excess, and stagnation of Qi and Blood. Treatment must rely on pulse diagnosis to correct Yin/Yang and Qi/Blood imbalance, dispersing stagnation and saving critical cases. Mistaking toxin for a tangible object and using cold/cool purgatives worsens Yin stagnation; even Yang excess toxins become hard to ulcerate and heal. Since disease arises from Qi/Blood disharmony, further disrupting it increases illness!
It is also said: Carbuncles and ulcers begin with improper emotions, irregular diet and lifestyle, triggering minerals/herbs, or imbalance of Cold/Heat/Dryness/Dampness, leading to Yin/Yang disharmony and accumulation, stagnation of Ying and Wei, and putrefaction. Mild cases originate in Fu organs, surfacing as Yong; severe cases originate in Zang organs, sinking as Ju; shallow are Jie, solid are Yong, deep are Ju. External eruptions include Back Yong, Brain Ju, Temple/Eyebrow Ju; internal eruptions include Liver Yong, Lung Yong, Intestinal Umbilicus Yong. External signs are easy to identify; internal signs are hard to clarify. Taiyang deficiency erupts from the back; Shaoyang from temples; Yangming from whiskers; Du Mai from the brain.
Qi Dezhi stated: Generally, ulcers start small like millet grains, appearing insignificant, leading people to ignore them, hiding great danger. Early prevention and treatment, or morning detection and evening therapy under a good doctor, ensures safety. Delaying consultation with quacks leads to pus/blood accumulation, resignation to fate, and death, damaging tendons/bones and perforating organs, with 80-90% mortality. Entrusting life to quacks brings immediate danger; choosing a good doctor ensures recovery. A good doctor reads classics thoroughly, understands syndromes, masters decoctions, knows complexion and pulse, possesses benevolence, filial piety, loyalty, and trustworthiness, remains calm in crises, and makes decisive treatments. Patients must also self-discipline, avoiding anger, grief, shouting, arrogance, gluttony, and overwork, preferring tranquility and patience. (*Jing Yi*)
It is also said: Brain Ulcer and ulcers on the head, neck, and throat were traditionally considered untreatable. Two or three tenths are due to Damp-Heat ascending; eight or nine tenths are due to Deficient Fire flaming upward. Proper regulation can preserve life.
Heavenly Master Qi stated: Carbuncles/ulcers on the back, chest, abdomen, head, face, hands, or feet should be dissipated internally within five days; beyond five days, surgery is required. Within five days, one dose of Xiao Du Sheng Shen Dan dissipates it, two doses cure it. If not taken within five days, pus forms, the external opening becomes small while the internal cavity expands, like thieves in mountains narrowing passes but widening nests. Without direct assault,蔓延 continues. Use gold blades to remove necrotic tissue at the opening, preventing toxin concealment. Use a three-cun long, three-fen wide knife, sharp on both sides, slightly pointed. Hold firmly, look steadily, focus mind. Make horizontal and vertical cuts. Patient may faint briefly; do not panic. After recovery, apply powder medicine and plaster. One plaster with two qian of powder stops pain, drains foul pus. Three days of continuous treatment clears it. Internally take Tuo Li Sheng Shen Dan for two doses. This treats Yang syndrome sores. Yang sores protrude over one cun, red/swollen/shiny, painful and crying. Yin carbuncles/ulcers use same internal dissipation method, but ulceration treatment differs completely. Yin sores are dark, less painful, feeling heavy/drowsy, openings not raised or showing many tiny holes to deceive. Urgently use San Han Jiu Yin Zhi Sheng Dan. Yin syndromes require warm dispersion, not cold resolution. Externally apply plaster with five qian of Sheng Ji powder, changing twice daily. Yin sores often affect wealthy indulgent people or frustrated scholars, with Heart-Kidney non-interaction, Yin/Yang depletion, sorrow, depression, anger, causing Qi stagnation into major toxin. Regardless of location, they are critical. Taking my medicine and Yin-Yang Zhi Sheng Plaster ensures survival. Yang sores cool/resolve; Yin soars warm/disperse. (*Mi Lu*)
Thunder True Lord stated: Blood dryness and Lung dryness with carbuncles/ulcers are mostly incurable, lacking Blood to nourish. These patients often indulge in sex, depleting Essence and Blood, holding semen during intercourse, transforming unconverted essence into pus/blood. This is Yin Toxicity, not Yang Toxicity. Treating as Yang toxicity causes death. Use Hua Yong Tang. One dose changes Yin to Yang; two doses dissolve un-ulcerated sores and regenerate flesh in ulcerated ones; three doses cure; four doses complete recovery. Extremely effective. Even for large, rotten, bad-prognosis sores, persistent use saves life. This formula detoxifies without dispersing Qi, nourishes rather than attacks, treating Yin Toxicity carbuncles/ulcers with divine efficacy. (*Mi Lu*)
Flower True Lord stated: Carbuncles/ulcers form from accumulated toxins in Zang/Fu organs not flowing, causing Qi/Blood stagnation. They erupt in specific locations and return to specific origins. Eruption on throat/tongue is Heart toxin; on skin/hair is Lung toxin; on muscle is Spleen toxin; on tendons/vessels is Liver toxin; on bone/marrow is Kidney toxin; internal is Zang toxin; external is Fu toxin. Thus, external is "ulcerated," internal is "ruined"; upper is "following," lower is "rebellious"; upper erupts fast, lower slow; Fu infection is easy to treat, Zang infection hard to heal. Near-bone carbuncles are mostly cold; near-skin are mostly hot. Near-bone chronic cases turn blood into worms; near-skin chronic cases transmit Qi into fistulas. Worm formation causes more itch, less pain; fistula formation causes more pain, less itch. Internal deficiency/external excess causes more pain, less itch; external deficiency/internal excess allows toxin to swell and dissipate easily. Unstopping bleeding indicates internal dead pus; thin/clear pus indicates insufficient Primordial Yang. Vomiting excessively and poor intake after ulceration indicates fierce toxin. Observe carefully and treat accordingly. (*Mi Lu*)
Wang Shengzhi stated: Sores belong to Fire but must be treated internally/externally based on root. Classics state: Changes from rich food produce large Ding. Source is internal, manifesting externally, entering through deficiency, meaning internal knotting erupts externally from deficiency. Taiyang deficiency erupts from temples; Yangming from whiskers; Du Mai from brain; treat by clearing source to cut origin. Classics state: Earth's dampness harms skin/muscle/tendons/vessels; source is external, entering internally; treat by supporting interior to prevent evil invasion. Classics state: Ying Qi not following flow, reversing in flesh, generates swelling. This is extreme evil blocking meridians, causing swelling; middle-level external/internal cases treat by harmonizing Ying and Wei. (*Li Li*)
It is also said: Back Eruption, Brain Ulcer, Toe Gangrene with red swelling/pain indicate Water deficiency/Fire hyperactivity, treatable. Black/purple indicates extreme Fire resembling Water, Kidney Water exhausted, Essence depleted, untreatable.
Dou Menglin stated: Back Eruption with internal attack, flat depression, hard like ox neck skin, yellow blisters exuding fishy water, indicates toxin entered Lung. Without rapid treatment, death ensues. (*Experience Complete Book*)
Zhou Wencai stated: People over forty, with sores/boils on crown, neck, temples, cheeks, back, spine, waist, ribs, or hidden bony areas, must not ignore them. Dismissing as common illness often leads to death. Treat urgently for salvation. Like fighting fire, early stages are easy; spreading flames are unstoppable. (*Collected Experiences*)
It is also said: The Five Fa Carbuncles are Back, Brain, Temple, Eyebrow, Cheek eruptions. Qi/Blood flows continuously; slight congestion erupts wherever it goes, not just these five. Popular opinion includes Cancer, Stubborn, and Biao in the list, calling them Five Fa. But Biao and Gu/Cancer are merely types of Yong/Ju. Ancient texts mention Biao Ju, so Biao is same origin, different name. Cancer and Gu are unheard of previously; combining them as Five Fa is incorrect. Back Eruption is Wind-Heat of Five Zang and Evil Toxin of Six Fu pouring into tendons/bones, erupting in meridians, caused by Ying/Wei deficiency and Qi/Blood depletion. Initially millet-sized, never neglect, as it will develop massively. Red/swollen/elevated initially causes no harm later ("External like millet, internal holds grain; external like coin, internal holds fist"). If deep tube fills with sticky pus/blood, medicine cures; if foul pus lacks threads, blood fails/Qi declines, Yang perishes/Yin dominates, untreatable.
Luo stated: Head/face red swelling, worse behind ears, floating/tight pulse, surging/slow upon pressure, indicates Cold covering skin/hair, blocking meridians, Heat unable to rise, accumulating as red swelling. Classics say: Winter freezes water; human Qi stays inside; skin tight, pores closed, no sweat, Qi/Blood strong, flesh stiff. Good water runners cannot pour into ice; good diggers cannot drill frozen ground; good acupuncturists cannot treat Four Reversals until weather warms, ice melts, water flows, ground opens, and meridians follow. Winter storage, frozen ground, uses more medicine, fewer needles. Use bitter-warm formulas to warm meridians/disperse Cold. Mild Cold opens pores with bitter release, pungent dispersion. Use Tuo Li Wen Jing Tang: Mahuang (Ephedrae Herba) bitter-warm releases; Fangfeng (Saposhnikoviae Radix) pungent-warm disperses; Shengma (Cimicifugae Rhizoma) bitter-ping, Gegen (Puerariae Lobatae Radix) sweet-ping resolves muscle, treating Yangming evil, serving as Deputy. Stagnant blood causes pain; Xiang Baizhi (Angelicae Dahuricae Radix) and Danggui Shen (Angelicae Sinensis Radix) pungent-warm break blood/disperse stasis; Damp-Heat causes swelling; Cangzhu (Atractylodis Rhizoma) bitter-gentle-warm, light/floating, drains Damp-Heat from skin/pores; Renshen (Ginseng Radix) and Gancao (Glycyrrhizae Radix) sweet-warm, Shaoyao (Paeoniae Radix Alba) sour-mild-cold regulate middle/nourish Qi, supporting interior, serving as Envoy...