阳证似阴（阳亢于内，逼阴于外∶）阳邪传入阴经（有阴经之名，属胃腑实热）。阳厥当下（热邪传
里失下，热深厥亦深也）。表寒里热（身体厥冷，反不欲衣，寒在皮肤，热在骨髓。）阳盛拒阴（身
虽寒，脉洪数。）火极似水（亢则害，承乃制。）上六证名异病同。初起时身大热，头项痛，阳证
也。六、七日后，热伏于里，阳邪陷入少阴经，外证遍体虽寒，反不欲衣，手足厥冷不过肘膝，或
乍冷乍温。此因失用大黄攻下，伏热已深，阴失其守而避在肌表，亢阳侵于内，为里热表寒之证。
虽有前证，犹有口渴舌燥，谵语昏乱不眠，大便秘或利黑水，小便赤，爪甲红，六脉沉实有力可证
也。正气犹实，六乙顺气汤下之；弱者，如神白虎汤清之；危者，归地养荣汤。误认为阴寒而用热
药者立死。
阴证似阳（阴伏于内，逼阳于外）∶阴盛格阳（淫阴潜亢于里，孤阳飞越于上。）阴厥当温（内外皆
阴无阳，厥逆过乎肘膝。）表热里寒（阴证亦有发热者，热在皮肤，寒在骨髓也。）阴极发躁（阴躁宜
热药温之。）水极似火（物极则反。）阴证（脉弦、乍寒乍热，误作疟治，死者多矣，切当知之。）上六
证名异病同。初起时身不热，头不疼，口不渴，或乍寒乍热，手足常冷，大便泄，或阴寒凝结而大
便秘，小便清长，阴证也。三、四日阴极烦躁，面赤不热，欲坐泥水井中，口微渴，欲饮水，不能
入口，或身热反欲（穿衣又热，脱衣又寒。）此因失用附子温经，伏寒已深，阳失其守而浮于肌表，淫
阴僭于内，为里寒表热之证。虽有前证，犹有恶寒蜷卧，身难转侧，昏沉多睡，爪甲青黑，六脉沉
微无力可证也。宜理中汤、四逆汤、回阳返本汤温散寒邪，使阳气复而微汗出为愈。误认为阳热而
用凉药者立毙。
太阳脉似少阴∶始得病，头疼身热，故为太阳证，脉当浮。今反沉，似少阴脉。多因里虚久寒
，正气衰微，身必痛。故宜救里，使正气内强，逼邪外出，用生附四逆汤。虽曰温里，亦能汗出而解。
少阴证似太阳∶始得病，脉沉细，不头疼，故为少阴证，当无热。今反有热，似太阳证，犹有
寒邪在表，未传入里，腠理郁闭为热，宜麻黄附子甘草汤。熟附温里寒，麻黄散表热。
阳证似阴（体内阳气亢盛，逼迫阴气外浮）：阳邪传入阴经（虽有阴经的名称，但实质属于胃腑的实热证）。阳厥应当使用攻下法（热邪传入里部而未能及时攻下，热邪越深，四肢厥冷也越严重）。表寒里热（身体四肢厥冷，反而不想穿衣，寒气在皮肤表面，热气在骨髓深处）。阳盛拒阴（身体虽然寒冷，但脉象洪大且数急）。火极似水（阳气亢盛会为害，需有制约才能平衡）。以上六种证候名称不同，但病机相同。初起时身体高热，头项疼痛，这是阳证。到了第六、七天，热邪伏于体内，阳邪陷入少阴经，外部表现虽然全身发冷，反而不想穿衣，手足厥冷不超过肘部和膝部，或者时而冷时而温。这是因为误用或未及时使用大黄进行攻下，导致伏热已深，阴气失去守位而逃避到肌表，亢盛的阳气侵袭内部，形成里热表寒的证候。虽然有上述症状，但仍可通过口渴舌燥、说胡话、神志昏乱失眠、大便干结或排出黑色稀水、小便颜色红赤、指甲发红、六脉沉取坚实有力来证实。若正气尚实，可用六乙顺气汤攻下；若正气虚弱，可用如神白虎汤清热；若病情危重，用归地养荣汤。若误认为是阴寒证而使用温热药物，患者会立即死亡。
阴证似阳（体内阴气潜伏，逼迫阳气外浮）：阴盛格阳（阴寒之气潜藏于内，孤阳飞越于上）。阴厥应当使用温法（内外皆属阴而无阳，四肢厥冷超过肘部和膝部）。表热里寒（阴证也有发热的情况，热在皮肤表面，寒在骨髓深处）。阴极发躁（阴躁应当用温热药物治疗）。水极似火（事物发展到极端就会向反面转化）。阴证（脉象弦紧，忽冷忽热，若误作疟疾治疗，死亡者很多，务必知晓）。以上六种证候名称不同，但病机相同。初起时身体不发热，头不痛，口不渴，或者忽冷忽热，手足经常冰冷，大便泄泻，或者因阴寒凝结而导致大便干结，小便清长，这是阴证。第三、四天时，阴气至极出现烦躁，面部发红但身体不热，想要坐在泥水井中，口微渴想喝水，但水无法入口，或者身体发热却反而想穿衣（穿衣又觉得热，脱衣又觉得冷）。这是因为误用或未及时使用附子温经，导致伏寒已深，阳气失去守位而浮越于肌表，淫乱的阴气僭越于内，形成里寒表热的证候。虽然有上述症状，但仍可通过恶寒蜷缩而卧、身体难以转动侧身、昏沉嗜睡、指甲青黑、六脉沉取微弱无力来证实。适宜使用理中汤、四逆汤、回阳返本汤温散寒邪，使阳气恢复并微微出汗即可痊愈。若误认为是阳热证而使用寒凉药物，患者会立即毙命。
太阳脉象似少阴：刚开始患病时，头痛身热，所以是太阳证，脉象应当浮。现在反而沉，看似少阴脉。多因为里虚久寒，正气衰微，身体必定疼痛。所以应当救里，使正气在内增强，逼迫邪气外出，使用生附子四逆汤。虽然说这是温里之法，也能通过出汗而解表。
少阴证似太阳：刚开始患病时，脉象沉细，不头痛，所以是少阴证，应当没有发热。现在反而有发热，看似太阳证，这是因为仍有寒邪在体表，未传入里部，腠理郁闭而化热，适宜使用麻黄附子甘草汤。熟附子温补里寒，麻黄发散表热。
Yang syndrome resembling Yin (Yang hyperactivity within, forcing Yin to the exterior): Yang pathogen transmitting into the Yin meridians (possessing the nomenclature of Yin meridians, but belonging to excess-heat in the Stomach fu). Yang jue (cold limbs) should be treated with purgation (when heat pathogen transmits inward and purgation is missed, the deeper the heat, the deeper the jue/cold limbs). Exterior cold with interior heat (body and limbs are cold, yet there is a reluctance to wear clothes; cold is in the skin, heat is in the bone marrow). Yang abundance rejecting Yin (though the body feels cold, the pulse is surging and rapid). Fire extreme resembling Water (hyperactivity causes harm, control follows to maintain balance). The above six syndromes have different names but share the same pathology. At the onset, high fever and pain in the head and neck indicate a Yang syndrome. After six or seven days, heat lies hidden within, and Yang pathogen sinks into the Shaoyin meridian. Although the exterior presents with generalized coldness and a reluctance to wear clothes, cold limbs do not extend beyond the elbows and knees, or may alternate between cold and warm. This results from the failure or delay in using Rhizoma Pinelliae Preparata (Dahuang, 大黄) for purgation, causing deep-seated latent heat. Yin loses its holding function and retreats to the muscle layer, while hyperactive Yang invades the interior, creating a pattern of interior heat and exterior cold. Despite these symptoms, it can be confirmed by thirst, dry tongue, delirium, restlessness, insomnia, constipation or passage of black watery stool, red urine, red nail beds, and a deep, firm, and forceful pulse in all six positions. If righteous Qi is still substantial, Liu Yi Shun Qi Tang (Six-Earth Smooth-Qi Decoction) should be used to purge; if weak, Rushen Baihu Tang (Miraculous White Tiger Decoction) should be used to clear heat; if critical, Guide Earth Nourish-Younger Decoction (Guidi Yangrong Tang) is indicated. Misidentifying this as Yin-cold and using hot/warm herbs will lead to immediate death.
Yin syndrome resembling Yang (Yin lurking within, forcing Yang to the exterior): Yin abundance repelling Yang (excessive Yin hides within, lone Yang flies upward). Yin jue (cold limbs) should be treated with warming (interior and exterior are both Yin without Yang, cold limbs exceed the elbows and knees). Exterior heat with interior cold (Yin syndromes can also present with fever; heat is in the skin, cold is in the bone marrow). Yin extreme causing restlessness (Yin restlessness should be treated with warm herbs). Water extreme resembling Fire (extremes reverse). Yin syndrome (pulse is wiry, alternating chills and fever; misdiagnosed as malaria leads to many deaths, must be known). The above six syndromes have different names but share the same pathology. At the onset, no fever, no headache, no thirst, or alternating chills and fever, constantly cold hands and feet, diarrhea, or constipation due to Yin-cold coagulation, and clear, long urination indicate a Yin syndrome. On the third or fourth day, Yin reaches its extreme causing irritability, facial redness without body heat, desire to sit in mud or a well, slight thirst wanting to drink but unable to swallow, or feeling hot on the body yet desiring to wear clothes (hot when clothed, cold when undressed). This results from the failure or delay in using Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata (Fuzi, 附子) to warm the meridians, causing deep-seated latent cold. Yang loses its holding function and floats to the muscle layer, excessive Yin usurps the interior, creating a pattern of interior cold and exterior heat. Despite these symptoms, it can be confirmed by aversion to cold, curling up to sleep, difficulty turning the body, drowsiness, cyanotic/black nail beds, and a deep, faint, and weak pulse in all six positions. Li Zhong Tang (Regulate the Middle Decoction), Si Ni Tang (Frigid Extremities Decoction), or Huiyang Fanben Tang (Restore Yang and Return to Root Decoction) should be used to warm and disperse cold pathogens, allowing Yang Qi to recover and mild sweating to occur for recovery. Misidentifying this as Yang-heat and using cool/cold herbs will lead to immediate death.
Taiyang pulse resembling Shaoyin: Upon initial illness, headache and body heat indicate a Taiyang syndrome, where the pulse should be floating. Now it is instead sunken, resembling a Shaoyin pulse. This is often due to interior deficiency and chronic cold, with decline of righteous Qi, necessarily accompanied by body pain. Therefore, rescue the interior is required to strengthen righteous Qi internally and force pathogens outward, using Raw Radix Aconiti Lateralis Si Ni Tang (Raw Fuzi Frigid Extremities Decoction). Although described as warming the interior, it can also resolve via sweating.
Shaoyin syndrome resembling Taiyang: Upon initial illness, the pulse is deep and fine, without headache, indicating a Shaoyin syndrome which should lack fever. Now there is fever, resembling a Taiyang syndrome. This is because cold pathogen remains in the exterior, not yet transmitted inward, with interstices congested and closed generating heat. Ma Huang Fu Zi Gan Cao Tang (Ephedra, Aconite, and Licorice Decoction) is appropriate. Cooked Radix Aconiti Lateralis warms interior cold, Ephedrae Herba (Mahuang, 麻黄) disperses exterior heat.