（灵枢经脉篇）
手太阴之别，名曰列缺，起于腕上分间，并太阴之经，直入掌中，散入于鱼际，（此下即十五络穴也。不曰络而曰别
者，以本经由此穴而别走邻经也。手太阴之络名列缺，在腕后一寸五分，上侧分肉间，太阴自此别走阳明者。其太阴本
经之脉，由此直入掌中，散于鱼际也。人或有寸关尺三部脉不见，自列缺至阳溪见者，俗谓之反关脉，此经脉虚而络脉
满，千金翼谓阳脉逆，反大于气口三倍者是也。）其病实则手锐掌热，虚则欠KT ，小便遗数，取之去腕半寸，别走阳
明也。（掌后高骨为手锐骨。实为邪热有余，故手锐掌热。欠KT ，张口伸腰也。虚因肺气不足，故为欠KT 及小便遗
而且数。通俗文曰∶体倦则伸，志倦则KT 也。治此者取列缺，谓实可泻之，虚可补之。后
诸经皆准此。半寸当作寸半。此太阴之络别走阳明，而阳明之络曰偏历，亦入太阴，以其相为表里，故互为注络以相通
也。他经皆然。KT 音去。）
手少阴之别，名曰通里，去腕一寸半，别而上行，循经入于心中，系舌本，属目系。其实则支膈，虚则不能言，取
之掌后一寸，别走太阳也。（手少阴之络名通里，在腕后一寸陷中。别走手太阳者也。此经入心下膈，故邪实则支膈，谓
膈间若有所支而不畅也。其支者上系舌本。故虚则不能言。当取通里，或补或泻以治之也。）
手心主之别，名曰内关，去腕二寸，出于两筋之间，循经以上系于心包，络心系。实则心痛。虚则为头强，取之两
筋间也。（手厥阴之络名内关，在掌后去腕二寸两筋间，别走手少阳者也。此经系心包，络心系，又去耳后，合少阳完骨
之下。故邪实则心痛，虚则头强不利也。皆取内关以治之。）
手太阳之别，名曰支正，上腕五寸，内注少阴；其别者上走肘，络肩 。实则节弛肘废，虚则生 ，小者如指痂疥，
取之所别也。（手太阳之络名支正，在腕后五寸，走臂内侧，注手少阴者也。此经走肘络肩，故邪实则脉络壅滞而节施肘
废，正虚则血气不行，大则为 ，小则为指间痂疥之类。取之所别，即支正也。 音尤，赘也。瘤也。）
手阳明之别，名曰偏历，去腕三寸，别入太阴；其别者，上循臂，乘肩 ，上曲颊偏齿；其别者，入耳合于宗脉。
实则龋聋，虚则齿寒痹隔，取之所别也。（手阳明之络名偏历，在腕后三寸
上侧间，别走手太阴者也。按本经筋脉皆无入耳上目之文，惟此别络有之。宗脉者，脉聚于耳目之间者也。龋，齿蠹病
也。此经上曲颊偏齿入耳，络肺下膈，故实则为齿龋耳聋，虚则为齿寒内痹而隔。治此者，当取所别之偏历。龋，丘雨
切。）
手少阳之别，名曰外关，去腕二寸，外绕臂，注胸中，合心主。病实则肘挛，虚则不收，取之所别也。（手少阳之络
名外关，在腕后二寸两筋间，别走手厥阴心主者也。此经绕臂，故为肘挛及不收之病。治此者，当取所别之外关。）
足太阳之别，名曰飞阳，去踝七寸，别走少阴。实则鼽窒头背痛，虚则鼽衄，取之所别也。（足太阳之络名飞阳，在
足外踝上七寸，别走足少阴者也。此经起于目内 ，络脑行头背，故其为病如此。治此者，当取所别之飞阳。鼽音求，
鼻塞也。窒音质。衄，女六切，鼻出血也。）
足少阳之别，名曰光明，去踝五寸，别走厥阴，下络足跗。实则厥，虚则痿 ，坐不能起，取之所别也。（足少阳之
络名光明，在外踝上五寸，别走足厥阴者也。此经下络足跗，故为厥为痿 。治此者，当取所别之光明。 音璧，足不
能行也。）
足阳明之别，名曰丰隆，去踝八寸，别走太阴；其别者，循胫骨外廉，上络头项，合诸经之气，下络喉嗌。其病气
逆则喉痹瘁喑，实则狂巅，虚则足不收胫枯，取之所别也。（足阳明之络名丰隆，在外踝上八寸，别走足太阴者也。此经
循喉咙入缺盆，胃为五脏六腑之海，而喉嗌缺盆为诸经之孔道，故合诸经之气下络喉嗌而为病如此。治之者，当取所别
之丰隆也。胫，奚敬切。嗌音益。瘁，悴同，病乏也。喑音音。巅，癫同。）
足太阴之别，名曰公孙，去本节之后一寸，别走阳明；其别者，入络肠胃。厥气上逆则霍乱，实则肠中切痛，虚则
鼓胀，取之所别也。（足太阴之络名公孙，在足大趾本节后一寸，别走足阳明者也。厥气者，脾气失调而或寒或热，
皆为厥气。逆而上行则为霍乱。本经入腹属脾络胃，故其所病如此。治此者，当取所别之公孙也。）
足少阴之别，名曰大钟，当踝后绕跟，别走太阳；其别者，并经上走于心包，下外贯腰脊。其病气逆则烦闷，实则
闭癃，虚则腰痛，取之所别也。（足少阴之络名大钟，在足跟后骨上两筋间，别走足太阳者也。前十二经脉言本经从肺出
络心，此言上走心包，下外贯腰脊，故其为病如此。而治此者，当取所别之大钟也。）
足厥阴之别，名曰蠡沟，去内踝五寸，别走少阳；其别者，循胫上睾，结于茎。其病气逆则睾肿卒疝，实则挺长，
虚则暴痒，取之所别也。（足厥阴之络名蠡沟，在足内踝上五寸，别走足少阳者也。本经络阴器，上睾结于茎，故其所病
如此。而治此者，当取所别之蠡沟。蠡音里。睾音高，阴丸也。茎，英、行二音，阴茎也。）
任脉之别，名曰尾翳，下鸠尾，散于腹。实则腹皮痛，虚则痒搔，取之所别也。（尾翳，误也，任脉之络名屏翳，即
会阴穴，在大便前、小便后、两阴之间，任督冲三脉所起之处。此经由鸠尾下行散于腹，故其为病若此。而治之者，当
取所别之会阴。搔，思高切，爬也。）
督脉之别，名曰长强，挟膂上项，散头上，下当肩胛左右，别走太阳，入贯膂。实则脊强，虚则头重高摇之，挟脊
之有过者，取之所别也。（督脉之络名长强，在尾 骨端，别走任脉足少阴者也。此经上头项走肩背，故其所病如此。头
重高摇之，谓力弱不胜而颤掉也。治此者，当取所别之长强。膂音吕。）
脾之大络，名曰大包，出渊腋下三寸，布胸胁。实则身尽痛，虚则百节尽皆纵，此脉若罗络之血者，皆取之脾之大
络脉也。（脾之大络名大包，在渊腋下三寸，布胸胁，出九肋间，总统阴阳诸络，由脾灌溉五脏者也，故其为病如此。罗
络之血者，言此大络包罗诸络之血，故皆取脾之大络以去之。大络，即大包也。）
凡此十五络者，实则必见，虚则必下，视之不见，求之上下，人经不同，络脉异所别也。（十二经共十二络，而外有
任督之络，及脾之大络，是为十五络也。凡人之十二经脉，伏行分肉之间，深不可见；其脉之浮而可见者，皆络脉也。
然又必邪气盛者脉乃壅盛，故实则必见；正气虚者，脉乃陷下，而视之不见矣。故当求上下诸穴，以相印证而察之，何
也？盖以人经有肥瘦长短之不同，络脉亦异其所别，故不可执一而求也。愚按∶本篇以督脉之长强，任脉之尾翳，合为
十五络，盖督脉统络诸阳，任脉统络诸阴，以为十二经络阴阳之纲领故也。而二十六难以阳跷阴跷合为十五络者，不知
阳跷为足太阳之别，阴跷为足少阴之别，不得另以为言也，学人当以本经为正。又按∶本篇足太阴之别名曰公孙，而复
有脾之大络名曰大包；足阳明之别名曰丰隆，而平人气象论复有胃之大络名曰虚里。然则诸经之络唯一，而脾胃之络各
二。盖以脾胃为脏腑之本，而十二经皆以受气者也。共为十六络，有图。）
（《灵枢·经脉篇》）
手太阴肺经的别络，名叫列缺，起始于手腕上方的分肉间隙，与手太阴肺经并行，直接进入手掌中心，散布在鱼际部位。（以下所述即为十五别络穴。不称为“络”而称为“别”，是因为本经由此穴别行走向相邻的经脉。手太阴肺经的别络名为列缺，位于腕后一寸五分处，上侧分肉之间，手太阴肺经从此别走入手阳明大肠经。至于手太阴肺经的本经经脉，由此直接进入掌中，散布于鱼际。有些人寸、关、尺三部脉象摸不到，而从列缺到阳溪处能摸到脉搏，俗称“反关脉”，这是因为经脉虚弱而络脉充盈，《千金翼方》所说的阳脉逆行，反而比气口大三倍的情况就是如此。）其病证表现为实证时，手腕锐骨处及掌心发热；虚证时，则出现呵欠伸腰、小便失禁或频数，治疗应取去腕横纹半寸处的穴位，使其别走阳明经。（掌后高骨称为手锐骨。实证是由于邪热有余，所以手腕锐骨处和掌心发热。呵欠伸腰，即张口伸腰的动作。虚证是因为肺气不足，所以出现呵欠伸腰以及小便失禁且频数的症状。《通俗文》说：身体疲倦就会伸腰，精神疲倦就会打哈欠。治疗此病应取列缺穴，实证可用泻法，虚证可用补法。后续其他经络的治疗原则都以此为准。“半寸”应当是“寸半”之误。这是手太阴肺经的别络别走阳明经，而手阳明大肠经的别络名叫偏历，也进入手太阴肺经，因为它们互为表里，所以互相注络以相通。其他经络都是这样。KT音同“去”。）
手少阴心经的别络，名叫通里，距离腕横纹一寸半，别行向上，沿着经脉进入心中，联系舌根，归属于目系。实证时，会出现胸膈支撑胀满的感觉；虚证时，则不能说话，治疗应取腕后一寸处的穴位，使其别走太阳经。（手少阴心经的别络名叫通里，位于腕后一寸的凹陷处，别走入手太阳小肠经。这条经脉进入心下膈部，所以邪气盛实会导致胸膈支撑胀满，意思是感觉胸膈间好像有东西支撑而不通畅。它的支脉向上联系舌根。所以虚证时不能说话。应当取通里穴，根据情况采用补法或泻法来治疗。）
手厥阴心包经的别络，名叫内关，距离腕横纹二寸，出于两条筋腱之间，沿着经脉向上联系心包，联络心系。实证时，会出现心痛；虚证时，则会出现头项强直，治疗应取两条筋腱之间的穴位。（手厥阴心包经的别络名叫内关，位于掌后距离腕横纹二寸的两条筋腱之间，别走入手少阳三焦经。这条经脉联系心包，联络心系，又经过耳后，汇合于少阳经完骨穴下方。所以邪气盛实会导致心痛，正气虚弱会导致头项强直不利。都取内关穴来治疗。）
手太阳小肠经的别络，名叫支正，在腕上五寸处，向内注入手少阴心经；其分支向上走到肘部，联络肩髃穴。实证时，关节松弛、肘部废用；虚证时，则生赘生物，小的像手指上的痂疥，治疗应取该别络所在穴位。（手太阳小肠经的别络名叫支正，位于腕后五寸处，沿手臂内侧行走，注入手少阴心经。这条经脉经过肘部联络肩髃，所以邪气盛实时脉络壅滞导致关节松弛、肘部废用，正气虚弱时气血运行不畅，大的形成赘生物，小的形成指间痂疥之类。取其所别之处，即支正穴。 音同“尤”，意为赘生物。瘤也。）
手阳明大肠经的别络，名叫偏历，距离腕横纹三寸，别行进入手太阴肺经；其分支，向上沿着手臂，经过肩部，上行至曲颊并偏连牙齿；其另一分支，进入耳朵汇合于宗脉。实证时，会出现龋齿或耳聋；虚证时，则会出现牙齿寒冷、痹阻隔塞，治疗应取该别络所在穴位。（手阳明大肠经的别络名叫偏历，位于腕后三寸的上侧间，别走入手太阴肺经。按本经的经筋和经脉都没有进入耳朵和眼睛的记载，只有这个别络有。宗脉，是指汇聚在耳目之间的经脉。龋，是牙齿蛀蚀的病。这条经脉上行至曲颊偏连牙齿进入耳朵，联络肺脏下行穿过膈部，所以实证会导致牙齿龋坏耳聋，虚证会导致牙齿寒冷内部痹阻而隔塞。治疗此病，应当取所别的偏历穴。龋，丘雨切。）
手少阳三焦经的别络，名叫外关，距离腕横纹二寸，向外环绕手臂，注入胸中，汇合于心主（心包）。实证时，会出现肘部拘挛；虚证时，则手部不能收持，治疗应取该别络所在穴位。（手少阳三焦经的别络名叫外关，位于腕后二寸的两条筋腱之间，别走入手厥阴心包经。这条经脉环绕手臂，所以会导致肘部拘挛及手部不能收持的病证。治疗此病，应当取所别的外关穴。）
足太阳膀胱经的别络，名叫飞阳，距离内踝七寸，别走足少阴肾经。实证时，会出现鼻塞、头痛背痛；虚证时，则会出现鼻塞、鼻出血，治疗应取该别络所在穴位。（足太阳膀胱经的别络名叫飞阳，位于足外踝上七寸处，别走足少阴肾经。这条经脉起始于目内眦，联络脑部，行于头部和背部，所以它引起的病证是这样的。治疗此病，应当取所别的飞阳穴。鼽音求，意为鼻塞。窒音质。衄，女六切，意为鼻出血。）
足少阳胆经的别络，名叫光明，距离内踝五寸，别走足厥阴肝经，向下联络足背。实证时，会出现厥逆；虚证时，则会出现痿软无力，坐起困难，治疗应取该别络所在穴位。（足少阳胆经的别络名叫光明，位于外踝上五寸处，别走足厥阴肝经。这条经脉向下联络足背，所以会导致厥逆和痿软无力的病证。治疗此病，应当取所别的光明穴。 音璧，意为足不能行走。）
足阳明胃经的别络，名叫丰隆，距离内踝八寸，别走足太阴脾经；其分支，沿着胫骨外侧缘，向上联络头部和项部，汇合各经之气，向下联络咽喉。其病证若气机上逆，则会出现喉痹、声音嘶哑；实证时，会出现狂躁或癫疾；虚证时，则会出现足部不能收持、小腿枯瘦，治疗应取该别络所在穴位。（足阳明胃经的别络名叫丰隆，位于外踝上八寸处，别走足太阴脾经。这条经脉沿着喉咙进入缺盆，胃为五脏六腑的海，而咽喉和缺盆是各经的孔道，所以汇合各经之气向下联络咽喉从而引起这样的病证。治疗者，应当取所别的丰隆穴。胫，奚敬切。嗌音益。瘁，同悴，意为病乏。喑音音。巅，同癫。）
足太阴脾经的别络，名叫公孙，距离足大趾本节后方一寸，别走足阳明胃经；其分支，进入联络肠胃。若厥气上逆，则会出现霍乱；实证时，肠中剧烈疼痛；虚证时，则会出现鼓胀，治疗应取该别络所在穴位。（足太阴脾经的别络名叫公孙，位于足大趾本节后一寸处，别走足阳明胃经。厥气，是指脾气失调，无论是寒是热，都称为厥气。逆而上行则导致霍乱。本经进入腹部属脾络胃，所以它引起的病证是这样。治疗此病，应当取所别的公孙穴。）
足少阴肾经的别络，名叫大钟，位于脚踝后方绕跟骨，别走足太阳膀胱经；其分支，与本经并行向上走到心包，向下外贯腰脊。其病证若气机上逆，则会出现烦闷；实证时，会出现小便闭癃；虚证时，则会出现腰痛，治疗应取该别络所在穴位。（足少阴肾经的别络名叫大钟，位于足跟后骨上两筋之间，别走足太阳膀胱经。前十二经脉讲述本经从肺出发联络心脏，这里说向上走到心包，向下外贯腰脊，所以它引起的病证是这样。治疗此病，应当取所别的大钟穴。）
足厥阴肝经的别络，名叫蠡沟，距离内踝五寸，别走足少阳胆经；其分支，沿着胫骨向上到达睾丸，结聚于阴茎。其病证若气机上逆，则会出现睾丸肿胀、突发疝气；实证时，会出现阴茎挺长；虚证时，则会出现突然瘙痒，治疗应取该别络所在穴位。（足厥阴肝经的别络名叫蠡沟，位于足内踝上五寸处，别走足少阳胆经。本经络属阴器，向上至睾丸结聚于阴茎，所以它引起的病证是这样。治疗此病，应当取所别的蠡沟穴。蠡音里。睾音高，意为阴丸。茎，英、行二音，意为阴茎。）
任脉的别络，名叫尾翳（此处有误，任脉之络名屏翳，即会阴穴），位于鸠尾之下，散布于腹部。实证时，腹皮疼痛；虚证时，则会出现瘙痒抓挠感，治疗应取该别络所在穴位。（尾翳，是错误的说法，任脉的别络名叫屏翳，也就是会阴穴，位于大便前、小便后、两阴之间，是任脉、督脉、冲脉三条经脉起始的地方。这条经脉由鸠尾下行散布于腹部，所以它引起的病证如此。治疗者，应当取所别的会阴穴。搔，思高切，意为爬挠。）
督脉的别络，名叫长强，挟脊柱上行至项部，散布于头部，向下当肩胛左右，别走足太阳膀胱经，进入贯穿脊柱。实证时，会出现脊柱强直；虚证时，则会出现头重、高高摇晃不稳，挟脊部位有病变的，治疗应取该别络所在穴位。（督脉的别络名叫长强，位于尾骨端，别走任脉和足少阴肾经。这条经脉上头项走肩背，所以它引起的病证如此。头重高高摇晃，是指力量弱承受不住而颤抖掉落。治疗此病，应当取所别的长强穴。膂音吕。）
脾的大络，名叫大包，出于渊腋下三寸，布散于胸胁。实证时，全身疼痛；虚证时，则全身关节松弛无力，这条脉如同罗网般络属诸络之血，治疗都应取脾的大络脉。（脾的大络名叫大包，位于渊腋下三寸，布散于胸胁，出于第九肋骨间，总统阴阳各条络脉，由脾灌溉五脏，所以它引起的病证如此。罗络之血，是说这个大络包罗诸络之血，所以都取脾的大络来治疗。大络，即大包穴。）
凡是这十五条别络，实证时必然显现（充盈可见），虚证时必然陷下（隐伏不见），如果视而不见，就要上下寻找。人的经脉各不相同，络脉别出的位置也有差异。（十二经脉共有十二条别络，外加任脉、督脉的别络，以及脾的大络，共十五条别络。凡人的十二经脉，伏行在分肉之间，深不可见；那些浮显可见的脉，都是络脉。然而又必须邪气盛实，脉才会壅盛，所以实证时必然显现；正气虚弱，脉才会陷下，因而视而不见。所以应当寻求上下各穴位，相互印证来观察，为什么呢？因为人的经脉有肥瘦长短的不同，络脉别出的位置也各异，所以不能固执一端去求索。我按语：本篇将督脉的长强、任脉的尾翳（实为会阴），合为十五络，大概是因为督脉统摄诸阳，任脉统摄诸阴，作为十二经络阴阳的纲领的缘故。而《难经·二十六难》将阳跷、阴跷合为十五络，是不知阳跷是足太阳之别，阴跷是足少阴之别，不应另列为言，学习者应以本经为正。另外按语：本篇足太阴的别名叫做公孙，而复有脾的大络名叫大包；足阳明的别名叫做丰隆，而《平人气象论》复有胃的大络名叫虚里。那么各经的络只有一条，而脾胃的络各有两条。大概是因为脾胃是脏腑的根本，而十二经都依赖它们受气。共为十六条络，有图。）
(The *Ling Shu: Jing Mai* Chapter)
The divergent collateral of the Hand-Taiyin Lung Meridian is named **Lieque** (LI4, though technically LU7). It originates in the intermuscular space above the wrist, runs parallel with the Hand-Taiyin meridian, enters directly into the palm, and scatters into the thenar eminence (**Yuji**, LU10). (The following describes the fifteen collaterals. They are called "divergent" (*bie*) rather than just "collateral" (*lu*) because the main channel diverges here to connect with an adjacent meridian. The collateral of the Hand-Taiyin Lung Meridian is named Lieque, located 1.5 cun distal to the wrist crease, in the lateral intermuscular space; from here, the Lung Meridian diverges to connect with the Yangming Meridian. The main channel of the Lung Meridian proceeds directly into the palm and scatters at Yuji. In some individuals, the pulse cannot be felt at the Cunkou (inch, bar, cubit) positions, but can be felt from Lieque to Yangxi, a condition commonly known as "reverse Guan pulse." This occurs when the main channel is deficient and the collateral is full, as described in the *Qianjin Yi Fang*: "when the Yang pulse reverses, it becomes three times larger than the Qi Kou.") When the disease manifests as excess, there is heat in the hand shao (radial styloid area) and palm; when it manifests as deficiency, there are yawning and stretching, along with urinary incontinence or frequency. Treatment involves selecting the point half a cun from the wrist [Note: Text corrects this to 1.5 cun], where it diverges to the Yangming meridian. (The high bone behind the palm is called the hand shao bone. Excess indicates surplus pathogenic heat, hence the heat in the hand shao and palm. Yawning and stretching refers to opening the mouth and extending the waist. Deficiency is due to insufficiency of Lung Qi, leading to yawning/stretching and frequent/incontinent urination. The *Tongsu Wen* states: "When the body is tired, one stretches; when the mind/spirit is tired, one yawns." To treat this, select Lieque; for excess, use draining methods; for deficiency, use tonifying methods. The principle applies to all subsequent meridians. "Half a cun" should be read as "one and a half cun." This illustrates how the Lung collateral diverges to the Yangming, while the Yangming collateral, named Pianli, also enters the Lung meridian, as they are exterior-interior pairs and thus mutually connect via collaterals. This applies to other meridians as well. KT sounds like "qu".)
The divergent collateral of the Hand-Shaoyin Heart Meridian is named **Tongli** (HT5). It is located 1.5 cun from the wrist, diverges and ascends, follows the meridian into the heart, connects to the root of the tongue, and belongs to the eye system. When in excess, there is a sensation of obstruction in the chest and diaphragm; when in deficiency, speech is impaired. Treatment involves selecting the point one cun behind the wrist, where it diverges to the Taiyang meridian. (The collateral of the Hand-Shaoyin Heart Meridian is Tongli, located in the depression 1 cun behind the wrist, diverging to the Hand-Taiyang Small Intestine Meridian. This meridian enters below the heart and through the diaphragm; thus, excess pathogenic factors cause obstruction in the diaphragm, feeling as if something is supporting it without smoothness. Its branch ascends to connect to the root of the tongue. Therefore, deficiency leads to inability to speak. One should select Tongli and apply either tonification or drainage depending on the condition.)
The divergent collateral of the Hand-Jueyin Pericardium Meridian is named **Neiguan** (PC6). It is located two cun from the wrist, emerges between the two tendons, follows the meridian upward to connect to the pericardium, and links to the heart system. When in excess, there is heart pain; when in deficiency, there is stiffness of the head and neck. Treatment involves selecting the point between the two tendons. (The collateral of the Hand-Jueyin Pericardium Meridian is Neiguan, located two cun distal to the wrist crease between the two tendons, diverging to the Hand-Shaoyang Sanjiao Meridian. This meridian connects to the pericardium, links to the heart system, passes behind the ear, and converges below the Wanggu point of the Shaoyang meridian. Thus, excess causes heart pain, and deficiency causes head and neck stiffness and discomfort. All are treated by selecting Neiguan.)
The divergent collateral of the Hand-Taiyang Small Intestine Meridian is named **Zhizheng** (SI7). It is five cun above the wrist, internally injecting into the Shaoyin meridian; its branch ascends to the elbow and links to the Jianyu point. When in excess, joints become flaccid and the elbow becomes useless; when in deficiency, growths appear, small ones resembling scabs or scabies on the fingers. Treatment involves selecting the divergent point. (The collateral of the Hand-Taiyang Small Intestine Meridian is Zhizheng, located five cun behind the wrist, running along the medial arm and injecting into the Hand-Shaoyin Heart Meridian. This meridian passes the elbow and links to the shoulder; thus, excess causes collateral stagnation leading to joint flaccidity and elbow dysfunction, while deficiency leads to poor blood and qi circulation, forming large growths or small finger scabs/scabies. Selecting the divergent point refers to Zhizheng. The character sounds like "you," meaning a growth or tumor.)
The divergent collateral of the Hand-Yangming Large Intestine Meridian is named **Pianli** (LI6). It is three cun from the wrist, diverging into the Taiyin meridian; its branch ascends along the arm, traverses the shoulder, goes up to the buccal region, and connects obliquely to the teeth; another branch enters the ear and converges with the Zong vessels. When in excess, there is tooth decay or deafness; when in deficiency, there is cold teeth and bi-syndrome with obstruction. Treatment involves selecting the divergent point. (The collateral of the Hand-Yangming Large Intestine Meridian is Pianli, located three cun behind the wrist in the upper lateral space, diverging to the Hand-Taiyin Lung Meridian. According to the main meridian and sinew channels, there is no mention of entering the ear or eyes, only this collateral does. Zong vessels refer to vessels gathered around the eyes and ears. Chu means dental caries. This meridian ascends to the buccal region, connects to the teeth, enters the ear, links to the Lung, and descends through the diaphragm; thus, excess causes dental caries and deafness, while deficiency causes cold teeth, internal bi-syndrome, and obstruction. Treatment requires selecting the divergent Pianli. Chu is pronounced qiu-yu qie.)
The divergent collateral of the Hand-Shaoyang Sanjiao Meridian is named **Waiguan** (TE5). It is two cun from the wrist, winding around the arm externally, injecting into the chest, and converging with the Heart Master (Pericardium). When in excess, there is elbow contraction; when in deficiency, there is inability to grasp. Treatment involves selecting the divergent point. (The collateral of the Hand-Shaoyang Sanjiao Meridian is Waiguan, located two cun behind the wrist between the two tendons, diverging to the Hand-Jueyin Pericardium Meridian. This meridian winds around the arm, causing elbow contraction and inability to grasp. Treatment requires selecting the divergent Waiguan.)
The divergent collateral of the Foot-Taiyang Bladder Meridian is named **Feiyang** (BL58). It is seven cun from the malleolus, diverging to the Shaoyin meridian. When in excess, there is rhinitis/nasal congestion, headache, and back pain; when in deficiency, there is rhinitis and epistaxis. Treatment involves selecting the divergent point. (The collateral of the Foot-Taiyang Bladder Meridian is Feiyang, located seven cun above the lateral malleolus, diverging to the Foot-Shaoyin Kidney Meridian. This meridian originates at the inner canthus, links to the brain, and travels over the head and back, hence these symptoms. Treatment requires selecting the divergent Feiyang. Qiu sounds like qiu, meaning nasal congestion. Zhi sounds like zhi. Nu is pronounced nu-liu qie, meaning nosebleed.)
The divergent collateral of the Foot-Shaoyang Gallbladder Meridian is named **Guangming** (GB37). It is five cun from the malleolus, diverging to the Jueyin meridian, and descending to link the foot dorsum. When in excess, there is jue (cold/heat reversal); when in deficiency, there is wei syndrome (atrophy/flaccidity), making it difficult to rise from sitting. Treatment involves selecting the divergent point. (The collateral of the Foot-Shaoyang Gallbladder Meridian is Guangming, located five cun above the lateral malleolus, diverging to the Foot-Jueyin Liver Meridian. This meridian descends to link the foot dorsum, causing jue and wei syndromes. Treatment requires selecting the divergent Guangming. The character sounds like bi, meaning inability to walk.)
The divergent collateral of the Foot-Yangming Stomach Meridian is named **Fenglong** (ST40). It is eight cun from the malleolus, diverging to the Taiyin meridian; its branch follows the lateral border of the tibia, ascends to link the head and neck, converges with the qi of various meridians, and descends to link the throat. If qi rebels, there is throat obstruction and hoarseness; when in excess, there is mania or epilepsy; when in deficiency, there is inability to hold the feet and emaciated shins. Treatment involves selecting the divergent point. (The collateral of the Foot-Yangming Stomach Meridian is Fenglong, located eight cun above the lateral malleolus, diverging to the Foot-Taiyin Spleen Meridian. This meridian follows the throat into the clavicular fossa. The Stomach is the sea of the five zang and six fu organs, and the throat and clavicular fossa are passages for all meridians, thus converging qi to descend and link the throat, causing such diseases. Treatment requires selecting the divergent Fenglong. Jing is pronounced xi-jing qie. Yi sounds like yi. Cui is the same as cui, meaning weakness/sickness. Yin sounds like yin. Dian is the same as dian/epilepsy.)
The divergent collateral of the Foot-Taiyin Spleen Meridian is named **Gongsun** (SP4). It is one cun posterior to the root of the big toe, diverging to the Yangming meridian; its branch enters and links the intestines and stomach. If jue qi rebels upward, there is huoluan (cholera-like vomiting/diarrhea); when in excess, there is cutting pain in the intestines; when in deficiency, there is abdominal distension. Treatment involves selecting the divergent point. (The collateral of the Foot-Taiyin Spleen Meridian is Gongsun, located one cun posterior to the root of the big toe, diverging to the Foot-Yangming Stomach Meridian. Jue qi refers to disharmonious Spleen qi, whether cold or hot, termed jue qi. Rebelling upward causes huoluan. The main meridian enters the abdomen, belongs to the Spleen, and links the Stomach, hence these diseases. Treatment requires selecting the divergent Gongsun.)
The divergent collateral of the Foot-Shaoyin Kidney Meridian is named **Dazhong** (KI4). It is located behind the ankle, wrapping around the heel, diverging to the Taiyang meridian; its branch runs parallel upward to the pericardium and downward externally through the lumbar spine. If qi rebels, there is irritability and oppression; when in excess, there is stranguria/retention; when in deficiency, there is lower back pain. Treatment involves selecting the divergent point. (The collateral of the Foot-Shaoyin Kidney Meridian is Dazhong, located between the two tendons on the bone behind the heel, diverging to the Foot-Taiyang Bladder Meridian. The previous twelve meridians stated the main channel exits the Lung to link the Heart; here it says it goes up to the Pericardium and down through the lumbar spine, hence these diseases. Treatment requires selecting the divergent Dazhong.)
The divergent collateral of the Foot-Jueyin Liver Meridian is named **Ligou** (LR5). It is five cun from the medial malleolus, diverging to the Shaoyang meridian; its branch follows the tibia upward to the testis, knotting at the penis. If qi rebels, there is testicular swelling and sudden hernia; when in excess, there is priapism; when in deficiency, there is sudden itching. Treatment involves selecting the divergent point. (The collateral of the Foot-Jueyin Liver Meridian is Ligou, located five cun above the medial malleolus, diverging to the Foot-Shaoyang Gallbladder Meridian. The main meridian links the genitalia, ascends to the testis, and knots at the penis, hence these diseases. Treatment requires selecting the divergent Ligou. Li sounds like li. Gao sounds like gao, meaning testicle. Jing has pronuncings ying or xing, meaning penis.)
The divergent collateral of the Ren Mai (Conception Vessel) is named **Weiyi** (Error: Should be Pingyi/Huiyin). Below Jiwei, it scatters in the abdomen. When in excess, there is pain in the abdominal skin; when in deficiency, there is itching requiring scratching. Treatment involves selecting the divergent point. (Weiyi is incorrect; the Ren Mai collateral is named Pingyi, which is the Huiyin point, located between the anus and genitals, the origin of the Ren, Du, and Chong vessels. This channel descends from Jiwei and scatters in the abdomen, hence these diseases. Treatment requires selecting the divergent Huiyin. Sao is pronounced si-gao qie, meaning to scratch.)
The divergent collateral of the Du Mai (Governor Vessel) is named **Changqiang** (GV1). It flanks the spine, ascends to the nape, scatters on the head, descends below the shoulder blades to the left and right, diverges to the Taiyang meridian, and enters to penetrate the spine. When in excess, there is spinal rigidity; when in deficiency, there is heavy head and unsteady swaying. For lesions flanking the spine, treatment involves selecting the divergent point. (The collateral of the Du Mai is Changqiang, located at the end of the coccyx, diverging to the Ren Mai and Foot-Shaoyin Kidney Meridian. This meridian goes to the head and nape, traverses the shoulder and back, hence these diseases. Heavy head and unsteady swaying means weakness unable to support, leading to trembling. Treatment requires selecting the divergent Changqiang. Lv sounds like lv.)
The Great Collateral of the Spleen is named **Dabao**. It emerges three cun below Yuanxia, spreading over the chest and hypochondrium. When in excess, there is pain throughout the body; when in deficiency, all joints become loose and flaccid. This vessel, like a net, encompasses the blood of all collaterals; treatment involves selecting the Great Collateral of the Spleen. (The Great Collateral of the Spleen is Dabao, located three cun below Yuanxia, spreading over the chest and hypochondrium, emerging between the ninth ribs, commanding all yin and yang collaterals, irrigating the five zang organs via the Spleen, hence these diseases. "Blood encompassing the collaterals" means this great collateral encompasses the blood of all collaterals, so treating the Spleen's Great Collateral removes the pathology. Great Collateral refers to Dabao.)
All these fifteen collaterals manifest visibly in excess conditions and sink/disappear in deficiency conditions. If not visible upon inspection, seek them above and below. Human meridians vary, and collateral divergence points differ. (There are twelve collaterals corresponding to the twelve meridians, plus the collaterals of the Ren and Du, and the Great Collateral of the Spleen, totaling fifteen. The twelve meridians of humans run deep within the muscles and are invisible; those that float and are visible are collaterals. However, only when pathogenic qi is excessive do the collaterals become full and visible (excess); when healthy qi is deficient, the collaterals sink and are invisible (deficiency). Therefore, one must seek points above and below to verify and observe. Why? Because human meridians vary in thickness, length, and shortness, and collateral divergence points differ, so one cannot rely on a single fixed method. Commentary: This chapter combines Changqiang of the Du Mai and Weiyi (actually Huiyin) of the Ren Mai to form the fifteen collaterals, likely because the Du Mai governs all Yang and the Ren Mai governs all Yin, serving as the guideline for the yin-yang of the twelve meridians. The *Nan Jing* Chapter 26 combines Yang Qiao and Yin Qiao to form fifteen collaterals, not realizing that Yang Qiao is a branch of Foot-Taiyang and Yin Qiao is a branch of Foot-Shaoyin, so they should not be listed separately. Students should take this chapter as authoritative. Another commentary: This chapter names the alias of Foot-Taiyin as Gongsun, and also mentions the Great Collateral of the Spleen named Dabao; the alias of Foot-Yangming is Fenglong, and the *Ping Ren Qi Xiang Lun* mentions the Great Collateral of the Stomach named Xuli. Thus, each meridian has one collateral, but the Spleen and Stomach have two each. This is because the Spleen and Stomach are the root of the zang-fu organs, and the twelve meridians receive qi from them. Together, there are sixteen collaterals, with a diagram.)