（《素问·骨空论》《灵枢·厥病篇》《杂病篇》《四时气篇》《终始篇》《本输篇》）
膺 中膺，背 中背，肩膊虚者取之上。
（《灵枢·终始篇》。胸之两旁高处曰膺。凡肩膊之虚软而痛者，病有阴经阳经之异。阴经在膺，故治阴病者，当取
膺，而必中其膺。阳经在背，故治阳病者，当取背 ，而必中其背。病在手经，故取之上，上者手也。如手太阴之中
府、云门，手厥阴之天池，皆膺 也。手少阳之肩 、天 ，手太阳之天宗、曲垣、肩外俞，皆背 也。咸主肩膊虚痛
等病。）
手屈而不伸者，其病在筋；伸而不屈者，其病在骨。在骨守骨，在筋守筋。（屈而不伸者，筋之拘挛也，故治当守
筋，
不可误求于骨。伸而不屈者，骨之废弛也，故治当守骨，不可误求于筋也。）
蹇膝伸不屈，治其楗。
（《素问·骨空论》。蹇膝，膝痛而举动艰难也。伸不屈，能伸不能屈也。股骨曰楗。治其楗者，谓治其膝辅骨之上，
前阴横骨之下，盖指股中足阳明髀关等穴也。此下楗、机、关、 等义，见经络类十九。楗音健。）坐而膝痛，治其机。
（侠臀两旁骨缝之动处曰机，即足少阳之环跳穴也。）立而暑解，治其骸关。（因立暑中而肢体散解不收者，当治其骸关，
谓足少阳之阳关穴也。骸音鞋。）膝痛，痛及KT 指，治其 。（拇指，小拇趾也，足太阳经所出，故当治其 ，即委中
穴也。拇音母。 音国。）坐而膝痛如物隐者，治其关。（ 上为关，关者膝后之骨解也。）膝痛不可屈伸，治其背内。（背
内，足太阳经之大杼穴也。）连 若折，治阳明中俞 。（ ，足胫骨也。膝痛不可屈伸，连 若折者，治在阳明之中俞
，王氏注为三里，愚谓指阳明俞穴，当是陷谷耳。 音杭，又形敬切。 音辽。）若别治，巨阳、少阴荥。（若再别求
治法，则足太阳之荥穴通谷，足少阴之荥穴然谷，皆可以治前证。）淫泺胫酸，不能久立，治少阳之维，在外上五寸。（淫
泺，滑精遗沥也。如《本神篇》曰∶精伤则骨酸痿厥，精时自下。即此节之谓。维，络也。足少阳之络穴光明，在外踝
上五寸。泺音禄。胫，形景切，又去声。酸，苏端切。）
足髀不可举，侧而取之，在枢合中，以圆利针，大针不可刺。
（《灵枢·厥病篇》。髀，足股也。侧，侧卧也。枢合中，髀枢中也，即足少阳经之环跳穴。宜治以圆利针，第六针
也，忌用大针。髀，比、婢二音。）
膝中痛，取犊鼻，以圆利针，发而间之，针大如 ，刺膝无疑。
（《灵枢·杂病篇》。犊鼻，足阳明经穴。发而间之，谓刺而又刺，非一次可已也。圆利针义如前，刺膝用之无疑也。
，厘同，又音毛。）
转筋于阳治其阳，转筋于阴治其阴，皆卒刺之。
（《灵枢·四时气篇》。凡四肢外廉皆属三阳，内廉皆属三阴。转筋者，卒病也，故不必拘于时日，但随其病而卒刺
之。）
转筋者，立而取之，可令遂已。痿厥者，张而刺之，可令立快也。
（《灵枢·本输篇》。转筋者必拘挛，立而取之，故筋可舒也。痿厥者必体废，张其四肢而取之，故血气可令立快也。）
（出自《素问·骨空论》《灵枢·厥病篇》《杂病篇》《四时气篇》《终始篇》《本输篇》）
胸膺部对应胸部，背部对应背部，肩膊部位出现虚损症状的，应当取上肢的穴位进行治疗。
（出自《灵枢·终始篇》。胸部两侧高处称为“膺”。凡是肩膊部位虚软且疼痛的，病情有阴经和阳经的区别。阴经行于膺部，所以治疗阴经病变时，应当取膺部的穴位，并且必须准确刺中膺部。阳经行于背部，所以治疗阳经病变时，应当取背部的穴位，并且必须准确刺中背部。因为病症在手部经脉，所以取上肢的穴位，“上”指手部。例如手太阴肺经的中府穴、云门穴，都属于膺部；手少阳三焦经的肩髎穴、天髎穴，手太阳小肠经的天宗穴、曲垣穴、肩外俞穴，都属于背部。这些穴位都主治肩膊虚痛等病症。）
手指弯曲而不能伸展的，病在筋；能伸展而不能弯曲的，病在骨。病在骨的，治疗时要固守治骨的原则；病在筋的，治疗时要固守治筋的原则。（弯曲不能伸展，是筋脉拘挛所致，所以治疗应当针对筋，不可错误地去求治于骨。能伸展不能弯曲，是骨骼废弛无力所致，所以治疗应当针对骨，不可错误地去求治于筋。）
膝关节僵硬，只能伸直不能弯曲的，治疗“楗”部。
（出自《素问·骨空论》。“蹇膝”，指膝盖疼痛且活动困难。“伸不屈”，指能伸直但不能弯曲。大腿骨称为“楗”。治疗“楗”，是指治疗膝盖辅骨之上、前阴横骨之下的部位，大概指的是大腿中的足阳明胃经髀关穴等穴位。以下关于楗、机、关、骸等术语的含义，见经络类第十九部分。“楗”读音为jiàn（健）。坐着时膝盖疼痛的，治疗“机”部。
（臀部两旁骨缝活动的地方称为“机”，即足少阳胆经的环跳穴。）站立时感觉肢体散漫无力、松弛不收的，治疗“骸关”。（因站立在暑热之中而导致肢体散漫无力的，应当治疗其“骸关”，即足少阳胆经的阳关穴。“骸”读音为xié（鞋）。膝盖疼痛，疼痛放射至拇指和小趾的，治疗“国”部。（拇指和小趾，是足太阳膀胱经所发出的部位，所以应当治疗“国”部，即委中穴。“拇”读音为mǔ（母）。“国”读音为guó（国）。坐着时膝盖疼痛，感觉像有物隐藏其中的，治疗“关”部。（“国”穴上方为“关”，“关”是指膝后的骨节缝隙。）膝盖疼痛且不能屈伸的，治疗背内侧。（背内侧，指足太阳膀胱经的大杼穴。）小腿胫骨疼痛，好像要折断一样，治疗阳明经的中俞穴。（“杭”指足胫骨。膝盖疼痛不能屈伸，连带小腿胫骨疼痛好像要折断的，治疗在阳明经的中俞穴，王冰注释认为是足三里穴，我认为是指阳明经的俞穴，应该是陷谷穴。“杭”读音为háng（杭），又读xíng jìng（形敬切）。“辽”读音为liáo（辽）。如果另外寻求治疗方法，可以取巨阳经和少阴经的荥穴。（如果再另求治法，则足太阳膀胱经的荥穴通谷穴，足少阴肾经的荥穴然谷穴，都可以治疗上述病症。）滑精遗沥导致的小腿酸软，不能久站，治疗足少阳经的络穴，位于外踝上五寸处。（“淫泺”，指滑精遗沥。如《本神篇》所说：“精气受伤则骨头酸软、痿厥，精气自行下泄。”就是这一节的含义。“维”，指络脉。足少阳胆经的络穴光明穴，位于外踝上五寸。“泺”读音为luò（禄）。“胫”读音为jìng（景切），又读去声。“酸”读音为suān（苏端切）。）
大腿无法抬起的，侧卧位取穴，取在髀枢合中，使用圆利针，大针不可使用。
（出自《灵枢·厥病篇》。“髀”，指大腿。“侧”，指侧卧。“枢合中”，即髀枢中，也就是足少阳胆经的环跳穴。适宜用圆利针治疗，这是第六种针，忌讳使用大针。“髀”读音为bǐ（比）、bì（婢）。）
膝盖中间疼痛的，取犊鼻穴，使用圆利针，反复针刺，间隔进行，针粗如毛，刺入膝盖无疑。
（出自《灵枢·杂病篇》。“犊鼻”，足阳明胃经穴位。“发而间之”，指刺了之后再刺，不是一次就能痊愈的意思。圆利针的意义如前所述，用此针刺膝盖无疑。“厘”同“毛”，又读音为máo（毛）。）
阳经发生转筋的，治疗其阳经；阴经发生转筋的，治疗其阴经，都采用卒刺法。
（出自《灵枢·四时气篇》。凡四肢外侧都属于三阳经，内侧都属于三阴经。转筋属于急症，所以不必拘泥于时日，只要随着病情立即针刺即可。）
发生转筋的，站立着取穴治疗，可以使症状立刻缓解。发生痿厥的，张开四肢取穴治疗，可以使气血立刻通畅。
（出自《灵枢·本输篇》。转筋必然伴随拘挛，站立着取穴治疗，所以筋脉可以舒展。痿厥必然伴随身体废用，张开四肢取穴治疗，所以气血可以立刻通畅。）
(From *Suwen: Gu Kong Lun*, *Lingxu: Jue Bing Pian*, *Za Bing Pian*, *Si Shi Qi Pian*, *Zhong Shi Pian*, *Ben Shu Pian*)
The Ying (chest) corresponds to the chest, and the Bei (back) corresponds to the back. For deficiency conditions of the shoulders and upper arms, points on the upper limbs should be selected.
(From *Lingxu: Zhong Shi Pian*. The high areas on both sides of the chest are called "Ying" (膺). In cases of softness and pain in the shoulders and upper arms, there is a distinction between Yin and Yang meridians. Since the Yin meridians run through the Ying area, when treating Yin meridian diseases, one should select points in the Ying area and must accurately penetrate it. Since the Yang meridians run through the back, when treating Yang meridian diseases, one should select points in the back and must accurately penetrate it. Because the disease is located in the hand meridians, points on the upper extremities are selected; "upper" refers to the hands. For example, Zhongfu (LU-1) and Yunmen (LU-2) of the Hand-Taiyin Lung Meridian belong to the Ying area. Jianliao (TE-14), Tianliao (TE-15) of the Hand-Shaoyang Sanjiao Meridian, and Tianzong (SI-11), Qu Yuan (SI-13), Jian Wai Shu (SI-14) of the Hand-Taiyang Small Intestine Meridian all belong to the back area. These points primarily treat shoulder and arm deficiency-pain conditions.)
When the fingers are flexed but cannot extend, the pathology lies in the tendons (Jin); when they can extend but not flex, the pathology lies in the bones. If the pathology is in the bone, treatment should focus on the bone; if in the tendon, treatment should focus on the tendon. (Inability to extend while flexed indicates tendon spasm/contracture, so treatment must target the tendons, not erroneously seek treatment in the bones. Inability to flex while extended indicates bone flaccidity/atrophy, so treatment must target the bones, not erroneously seek treatment in the tendons.)
For stiff knees that can extend but not flex, treat the "Jian" (femur/thigh region).
(From *Suwen: Gu Kong Lun*. "Jian Xi" refers to knee pain with difficulty in movement. "Shen bu qu" means able to extend but not flex. The femur is called "Jian". Treating the "Jian" refers to treating the area above the knee accessory bones and below the horizontal bone of the anterior perineum, referring generally to points such as Bituan (ST-31) of the Foot-Yangming Stomach Meridian in the thigh. The meanings of Jian, Ji, Guan, and Hai mentioned below are found in Class 19 of the Meridians category. "Jian" is pronounced jiàn. For knee pain while sitting, treat the "Ji" area.
(The moving part of the bone fissure on both sides of the buttocks is called "Ji", which is Huantiao (GB-30) of the Foot-Shaoyang Gallbladder Meridian.) For those who feel limb flaccidity and inability to hold posture after standing in heat, treat the "Hai Guan". (When standing in summer heat causes limbs to become loose and unable to support themselves, one should treat the "Hai Guan", which is Yangguan (GB-33) of the Foot-Shaoyang Gallbladder Meridian. "Hai" is pronounced xié. For knee pain radiating to the big toe and little toe, treat the "Guo" area. (The big toe and little toe are where the Foot-Taiyang Bladder Meridian originates, so one should treat the "Guo" area, which is Weizhong (BL-40). "Mu" is pronounced mǔ. "Guo" is pronounced guó. For knee pain while sitting that feels like something is hidden inside, treat the "Guan". (Above the "Guo" point is the "Guan"; "Guan" refers to the bony gap behind the knee.) For knee pain that prevents flexion and extension, treat the inner back. (The inner back refers to Dazhu (BL-11) of the Foot-Taiyang Bladder Meridian.) For pain in the lower leg tibia as if breaking, treat the Middle Shu point of the Yangming Meridian. ("Hang" refers to the tibial bone. For knee pain preventing flexion/extension, accompanied by tibial pain as if breaking, treatment is at the Middle Shu point of the Yangming Meridian. Wang Bing annotated this as Zusanli (ST-36), but I believe it refers to the Yangming Shu point, likely Xangu (ST-43). "Hang" is pronounced háng or xíng jìng. "Liao" is pronounced liáo. If seeking alternative treatments, use the Ying-Spring points of the Ju Yang (Taiyang) and Shao Yin meridians. (If further treatment is sought, Tonggu (BL-65), the Ying-Spring point of the Foot-Taiyang Bladder Meridian, and Ran Gu (KI-2), the Ying-Spring point of the Foot-Shaoyin Kidney Meridian, can both treat the aforementioned symptoms.) For slippery loss of essence causing lower leg soreness and inability to stand for long periods, treat the Wei (Luo-connecting) vessel of the Shaoyang, located five cun above the lateral malleolus. ("Yin Luo" refers to seminal emission/dribbling. As stated in *Ben Shen Pian*: "Damage to essence causes bone soreness, flaccidity, and cold reversal, with spontaneous leakage of essence." This refers to this section. "Wei" means collateral/meridian connection. Guangming (GB-37), the Luo-point of the Foot-Shaoyang Gallbladder Meridian, is located five cun above the lateral malleolus. "Luo" is pronounced luò. "Jing" is pronounced jìng. "Suan" is pronounced suān.)
For thighs that cannot be lifted, take the patient in a lateral recumbent position and select the point at the center of the Bi Shu (hip pivot), using a Yuan Li Needle (Round Sharp Needle); large needles should not be used.
(From *Lingxu: Jue Bing Pian*. "Bi" refers to the thigh. "Ce" means lying on the side. "Shu He Zhong" is the center of the hip pivot, i.e., Huantiao (GB-30) of the Foot-Shaoyang Gallbladder Meridian. It is suitable to treat with the Yuan Li Needle (the sixth type of needle); large needles are contraindicated. "Bi" is pronounced bǐ or bì.)
For pain in the center of the knee, select Dubi (ST-35), use a Yuan Li Needle, and apply repeated needling with intervals; the needle should be thick like hair, and needling the knee is appropriate.
(From *Lingxu: Za Bing Pian*. "Dubi" is a point of the Foot-Yangming Stomach Meridian. "Fa er jian zhi" means needling repeatedly with intervals, indicating it is not cured in one session. The meaning of the Yuan Li Needle is as described previously; using it for knee needling is undoubtedly correct. "Li" is the same as "Mao" (hair), pronounced máo.)
For spasms (turning of tendons) in the Yang meridians, treat the Yang meridians; for spasms in the Yin meridians, treat the Yin meridians. In both cases, use the Cu Ci (sudden/pricking) method.
(From *Lingxu: Si Shi Qi Pian*. All lateral aspects of the four limbs belong to the Three Yang meridians, and all medial aspects belong to the Three Yin meridians. Spasms are acute conditions, so one need not adhere to specific times; simply perform sudden needling according to the disease location.)
For spasms, treat while the patient is standing, which can lead to immediate relief. For Wei Jue (flaccidity and cold reversal), spread the limbs wide during needling, which can lead to immediate unblocking of blood and qi.
(From *Lingxu: Ben Shu Pian*. Spasms necessarily involve contracture; treating while standing allows the tendons to relax. Wei Jue necessarily involves bodily dysfunction; spreading the limbs wide during needling allows blood and qi to flow freely immediately.)