（素问平人气象论）
欲知寸口太过与不及，寸口之脉中手短者，曰头痛。（寸口，气口也。详见藏象类十一。短为阳不及，阳不及则阴凑
之，故头痛。一曰短者，短于下也。脉短于下则邪并于上，故头痛。中，去声，下同。）寸口脉中手长者，曰足胫痛。（长
为阴不足，阴不足则阳凑之，故足胫痛。）寸口脉中手促上击者，曰肩背痛。（脉来急促而上部击手者，阳邪盛于上也，
故为肩背痛。）寸口脉沉而坚者，曰病在中。（沉为在里，坚为阴实，故病在中。）寸口脉浮而盛者，曰病在外。（浮为在
表，盛为阳强，故病在外。）寸口脉沉而弱，曰寒热及疝瘕少腹痛。（沉为阳虚，弱为阴虚，阳虚则外寒，阴虚则内热，
故为寒热也。然沉弱之脉，多阴少阳，阴寒在下，故为疝为瘕，为少腹痛。下文曰∶脉急者曰疝瘕少腹痛。当与此参看。
瘕，积聚也。疝音山，又去声。瘕音加，又去声。）寸口脉沉而横，曰胁下有积，腹中有横积痛。（横，急数也。沉主在
内，横主有积，故胁腹有积而疝。仲景曰∶积者，脏病也，终不移。聚者，腑病也，发作有时，展转痛移，为可治。诸
积大法∶脉来细而附骨者，乃积也。寸口，积在胸中；微出寸口，积在喉中；关上，积在脐旁；上关上，积在心下；微
下关，积在少腹；尺中，积在气冲。脉出左，积在左；脉出右，积在右；脉两出，积在中央。各以其部处之。）寸口脉沉
而喘，曰寒热。（喘，急促也。脉沉而喘，热在内也。热在内而为寒热，即诸禁鼓栗皆属于火之谓。）脉盛滑坚者，曰病
在外。（阳脉而坚，故病在外。）脉小实而坚者，病在内。（阴脉而坚，故病在内。）脉小弱以涩，谓之久病。（小弱者气虚，
涩者血少，气虚血少，病久而然。）脉滑浮而疾者，谓之新病。（滑而浮者，脉之阳也。阳脉而疾，邪之盛也。邪盛势张，
是为新病。）脉急者，曰疝瘕少腹痛。（弦急者，阴邪盛，故为疝瘕少腹痛。）脉滑曰风。（滑脉流利，阳也。风性动。亦
阳也。故脉滑曰风。）脉涩曰痹。（涩为阴脉，血不足也，故当病痹。）缓而滑曰热中。（缓因胃热，滑以阳强，故病热中。
启玄子曰∶缓为纵缓之状，非动之迟缓也。）盛而紧曰胀。（盛则中气滞，紧则邪有余，故为胀也。）臂多青脉曰脱血。（血
脱则气去，气去则寒凝，凝泣则青黑，故臂见青色。言臂则他可知矣，即诊尺之义。）尺脉缓涩，谓之解 。（尺主阴分，
缓为气衰，涩为血少，故当病解 。解 者，困倦难状之名也。 音迹。）安卧脉盛，谓之脱血。（凡脉盛者邪必盛，邪
盛者卧必不安。今脉盛而卧安，知非气分阳邪，而为阴虚脱血也。此亦承上文尺脉而言，凡尺脉盛者多阴虚，故当脱血。）
尺涩脉滑，谓之多汗。（谓尺肤涩而尺脉滑也，尺肤涩者，营血少也。尺脉滑者，阴火盛也。阳盛阴虚，故为多汗。阴阳
别论曰∶阳加于阴谓之汗。）尺寒脉细，谓之后泄。（尺肤寒者，脾之阳衰，以脾主肌肉四肢也。尺脉细者，肾之阳衰，
以肾主二阴下部也。脾肾虚寒，故为后泄。）脉尺粗常热者，谓之热中。（尺粗为真阴不足，常热为阴火有余，故谓之热
中也。）
（《素问·平人气象论》）
想要了解寸口脉的太过与不及，如果寸口脉搏动时感觉短促的，称为头痛。（寸口，就是气口。详见藏象类第十一节。短脉代表阳气不足，阳气不足则阴气凑集于上，所以导致头痛。另一种说法是：短是指脉气短于下部。脉气短于下部，则邪气并聚于上部，所以导致头痛。中，读去声，以下同。）寸口脉搏动时感觉长的，称为足胫痛。（长脉代表阴气不足，阴气不足则阳气凑集于下，所以导致足胫痛。）寸口脉搏动急促且向上冲击手指的，称为肩背痛。（脉来急促且上部击手，说明阳邪盛于上部，所以出现肩背痛。）寸口脉沉而坚硬的，称为病在体内。（沉脉主里证，坚硬代表阴实，所以病在体内。）寸口脉浮而盛大的，称为病在体表。（浮脉主表证，盛大代表阳强，所以病在体表。）寸口脉沉而弱，称为寒热往来及疝瘕少腹痛。（沉脉代表阳气虚，弱脉代表阴血虚，阳气虚则外感寒邪，阴血虚则内生热邪，所以出现寒热往来。然而沉弱之脉，多阴少阳，阴寒在下，所以形成疝气和瘕积，导致少腹痛。下文说：脉急者曰疝瘕少腹痛。应当与此处参考对照。瘕，指积聚。疝音山，又读去声；瘕音加，又读去声。）寸口脉沉而横急，称为胁下有积块，腹中有横向积块疼痛。（横，指脉象急数。沉脉主病在内，横脉主有积块，所以胁部和腹部有积块而致疝痛。张仲景说：积，是脏的病，最终位置不移动；聚，是腑的病，发作有定时，辗转疼痛转移，是可以治疗的。各种积块的诊断大法：脉来细弱且按至骨方得的，乃是积证。在寸部，积在胸中；微出于寸部，积在喉中；在关部，积在脐旁；在上关部，积在心下；微下关部，积在少腹；在尺部，积在气冲穴处。脉象出现在左手，积在左侧；脉象出现在右手，积在右侧；左右手都出现，积在中央。分别根据脉象所在的部位来判断积块的位置。）寸口脉沉而急促，称为寒热。（喘，指急促。脉沉而急促，说明热邪在内。热邪在内而出现寒热症状，这就是“诸禁鼓栗皆属于火”的意思。）脉象盛大、滑利且坚硬的，称为病在体表。（阳脉且坚硬，所以病在体表。）脉象细小、坚实且坚硬的，病在体内。（阴脉且坚硬，所以病在体内。）脉象细小、虚弱且涩滞的，称为久病。（细小虚弱代表气虚，涩滞代表血少，气虚血少，是久病的表现。）脉象滑利、浮浅且疾速的，称为新病。（滑而浮，是阳脉。阳脉且疾速，说明邪气盛。邪气盛势张，这是新病。）脉象紧急的，称为疝瘕少腹痛。（弦急脉，代表阴邪盛，所以出现疝瘕少腹痛。）脉象滑利的，称为风病。（滑脉流利，属阳。风的性质也是动的，也属阳。所以脉滑称为风病。）脉象涩滞的，称为痹证。（涩为阴脉，血不足，所以应当患痹证。）脉缓而滑的，称为热中。（缓是因为胃热，滑是因为阳强，所以病热中。启玄子说：缓是纵缓的状态，不是动作迟缓的意思。）脉象盛大且紧的，称为胀满。（盛大则中气阻滞，紧则邪气有余，所以出现胀满。）手臂上青色脉络明显，称为脱血。（血脱则气去，气去则寒凝，凝滞则呈现青黑色，所以手臂出现青色。说手臂的情况，其他部位也就可知了，这也就是诊察尺肤的道理。）尺脉缓涩的，称为懈惰。（尺脉主阴分，缓代表气衰，涩代表血少，所以应当病懈惰。懈惰，是困倦难耐的名称。 音迹。）安静卧睡但脉象盛大，称为脱血。（凡是脉盛的，邪气必定盛，邪气盛的人卧睡一定不安稳。现在脉盛却卧睡安稳，知道这不是气分的阳邪，而是阴虚脱血。这也是承接上文尺脉而言，凡是尺脉盛的，多阴虚，所以应当脱血。）尺肤涩而脉滑的，称为多汗。（指尺肤涩而尺脉滑。尺肤涩，是营血少。尺脉滑，是阴火盛。阳盛阴虚，所以多汗。《阴阳别论》说：阳加于阴谓之汗。）尺肤寒而脉细的，称为后泄。（尺肤寒，是脾阳衰，因为脾主肌肉四肢。尺脉细，是肾阳衰，因为肾主二阴下部。脾肾虚寒，所以出现后泄。）尺部脉粗大且经常发热的，称为热中。（尺部粗大是真阴不足，经常发热是阴火有余，所以称为热中。）
(Su Wen, Ping Ren Qi Xiang Lun)
To understand the excess (Tai Guo) and deficiency (Bu Ji) of Cun Kou pulse: if the Cun Kou pulse feels short upon palpation, it is called headache. (Cun Kou, also known as Qi Kou. See detailed explanation in Zang Xiang Category 11. A short pulse indicates Yang deficiency; when Yang is deficient, Yin gathers thereupon, thus causing headache. Another view states that "short" refers to being short at the lower part. If the pulse is short at the lower part, pathogenic factors congregate in the upper part, thus causing headache. "Zhong" is pronounced with the departing tone, same for subsequent instances.) If the Cun Kou pulse feels long upon palpation, it is called pain in the shins. (A long pulse indicates Yin insufficiency; when Yin is insufficient, Yang gathers thereupon, thus causing pain in the shins.) If the Cun Kou pulse comes rapidly and strikes the fingers upward, it is called shoulder and back pain. (The pulse comes rapidly and strikes the hand at the upper position, indicating abundant Yang pathogenic factors in the upper part, thus resulting in shoulder and back pain.) If the Cun Kou pulse is deep (Chen) and firm, it indicates disease inside the body. (Deep pulse indicates interior syndrome; firmness indicates Yin excess, thus disease is inside.) If the Cun Kou pulse is floating (Fu) and vigorous, it indicates disease outside the body. (Floating pulse indicates exterior syndrome; vigor indicates strong Yang, thus disease is outside.) If the Cun Kou pulse is deep and weak, it indicates alternating chills and fever, as well as Shan (hernia-like disorders), Jia (masses), and lower abdominal pain. (Deep pulse indicates Yang deficiency; weak pulse indicates Yin/Blood deficiency. Yang deficiency leads to external cold; Yin deficiency leads to internal heat, thus alternating chills and fever occur. However, deep and weak pulses often have more Yin and less Yang; Yin-cold is below, thus forming Shan and Jia, causing lower abdominal pain. The following text states: "Rapid/tight pulse indicates Shan, Jia, and lower abdominal pain." This should be cross-referenced. Jia refers to accumulation masses. Shan is pronounced 'shan', also departing tone; Jia is pronounced 'jia', also departing tone.) If the Cun Kou pulse is deep and transverse (Heng), it indicates accumulations under the hypochondrium and horizontal accumulation pain in the abdomen. (Heng refers to rapid and frequent pulsation. Deep pulse governs internal conditions; Heng pulse governs the presence of accumulations, thus accumulations in the hypochondrium and abdomen cause Shan-like pain. Zhang Zhongjing stated: Accumulation (Ji) is a disease of the Zang organs, ultimately immobile. Gathering (Ju) is a disease of the Fu organs, occurring at specific times, with shifting pain migration, which is treatable. The general principles for diagnosing accumulations: When the pulse is fine and adheres closely to the bone, it is an accumulation. At Cun Kou, the accumulation is in the chest; slightly emerging from Cun Kou, the accumulation is in the throat; at Guan, the accumulation is beside the navel; above Guan, the accumulation is below the heart; slightly below Guan, the accumulation is in the lower abdomen; at Chi, the accumulation is at the Qichong point. If the pulse appears on the left, the accumulation is on the left; if on the right, the accumulation is on the right; if appearing on both, the accumulation is in the center. Determine the location based on the pulse position.) If the Cun Kou pulse is deep and panting (Chuan), it indicates alternating chills and fever. (Chuan here means rapid/tense. Deep and tense pulse indicates heat inside. Heat inside causing alternating chills and fever corresponds to the principle that "all spasms, drumming, and trembling belong to Fire.") If the pulse is vigorous, slippery (Hua), and firm, it indicates disease outside the body. (Yang pulse and firm, thus disease is outside.) If the pulse is small, solid, and firm, the disease is inside. (Yin pulse and firm, thus disease is inside.) If the pulse is small, weak, and choppy (Se), it is called chronic disease. (Small and weak indicate Qi deficiency; choppy indicates Blood deficiency. Qi and Blood deficiency result from prolonged illness.) If the pulse is slippery, floating, and rapid, it is called new disease. (Slippery and floating are Yang pulses. Yang pulse and rapid indicate abundant pathogens. Abundant pathogens with vigorous momentum signify new disease.) If the pulse is tight/urgent, it indicates Shan, Jia, and lower abdominal pain. (Tight pulse indicates abundant Yin pathogens, thus Shan, Jia, and lower abdominal pain.) If the pulse is slippery, it indicates Wind. (Slippery pulse is smooth and fluent, belonging to Yang. Wind's nature is moving, also belonging to Yang. Thus, slippery pulse indicates Wind.) If the pulse is choppy, it indicates Bi syndrome. (Choppy is a Yin pulse, indicating Blood insufficiency, thus Bi syndrome occurs.) If the pulse is slow and slippery, it indicates Heat in the Middle. (Slow due to Stomach heat; slippery due to Yang excess, thus Heat in the Middle. Qi Xuan Zi stated: Slow refers to a relaxed/lax state, not a slow movement rate.) If the pulse is vigorous and tight, it indicates distension. (Vigorous indicates stagnation of Middle Qi; tight indicates excess pathogens, thus distension occurs.) Prominent blue vessels on the arm indicate Blood loss. (When Blood is lost, Qi departs; when Qi departs, Cold coagulates; coagulation causes bluish-black discoloration, hence blue color on the arm. Mentioning the arm implies other areas are similar; this is also the meaning of diagnosing Chi skin.) If Chi pulse is slow and choppy, it indicates lethargy/sluggishness. (Chi pulse governs the Yin aspect. Slow indicates Qi decline; choppy indicates Blood deficiency, thus lethargy/sluggishness occurs. Le Yu is a name for unbearable fatigue. Pronounced 'ji'.) Resting quietly but with a vigorous pulse indicates Blood loss. (Generally, vigorous pulse means abundant pathogens; abundant pathogens mean restless sleep. Now, vigorous pulse with quiet sleep indicates this is not Yang pathogen in the Qi level, but Yin deficiency with Blood loss. This continues from the previous discussion on Chi pulse; generally, vigorous Chi pulse indicates Yin deficiency, thus Blood loss.) If Chi skin is rough/choppy and Chi pulse is slippery, it indicates excessive sweating. (Refers to rough Chi skin and slippery Chi pulse. Rough Chi skin indicates deficient Ying Blood. Slippery Chi pulse indicates abundant Yin Fire. Yang excess and Yin deficiency lead to excessive sweating. Yin Yang Bie Lun states: Yang added to Yin is called sweat.) If Chi skin is cold and pulse is fine, it indicates posterior discharge/diarrhea. (Cold Chi skin indicates Spleen Yang decline, as Spleen governs muscles and four limbs. Fine Chi pulse indicates Kidney Yang decline, as Kidney governs the two yin openings and lower body. Spleen and Kidney deficiency-cold lead to posterior discharge.) If the Chi pulse is coarse and accompanied by constant heat, it is called Heat in the Middle. (Coarse Chi indicates deficiency of True Yin; constant heat indicates excess of Yin Fire, thus called Heat in the Middle.)