肾象木，与膀胱合为腑（膀胱为津液之腑）。其经足少阴（足少阴肾脉也），与足太阳为表里（足太阳膀胱脉也）。其
脉沉（沉，肾脉之大形也），其相秋三月，（秋金王水相）。其王冬三月，废春三月，囚夏三月，其死季夏六月。其王日壬
癸，王时人定、夜半；其困日丙丁，困时禺中、日中；其死日戊己，死时食时、日 。其神志（肾之所藏者志也），其主
液，其养骨，其候耳，其声呻，其色黑，其臭腐，其液唾，其味咸，其宜酸，其恶甘。肾俞在背第十四椎，募在京门；
膀胱俞在第十九椎，募在中极。（横骨上一寸，在脐下五寸前陷者中）上新撰。肾者北方水，万物之所藏（冬则北方用事，
王在三时之后，肾在四脏之下，故王北方也，万物春生、夏长、秋收、冬藏）。百虫伏蛰（冬伏蛰不食之虫，言有百种也），
阳气下陷，阴气上升。阳气中出，阴气烈为霜，遂不上升，化为雪霜，猛兽伏蛰，蜾虫匿藏（阳气下陷者，谓降于土中
也。其气犹越而升出，阴气在上寒盛，阳气虽升出而不能自致，因而化作霜雪。或谓阳气中出，是十月则霜降。猛兽伏
蛰者，盖谓龙蛇冬时而潜处。螺虫，无毛甲者，得寒皆伏蛰，逐阳气所在，如此避冰霜，自温养也）。其脉为沉。沉为阴，
在里，不可发汗，发则蜾虫出，见其霜雪（阳气在下，故冬脉沉，温养于脏腑，此为里实而表虚，复从外发其汗，此为
逆治，非其法也。犹百虫伏蛰之时，而反出土见于冰霜，必死不疑。逆治者死，此之谓也）。阴气在表，阳气在脏，慎不
可下，下之者伤脾，脾土弱即水气妄行（阳气在下，温养诸脏、故不可下也。下之既损于阳气，而脾胃复伤。土以防水，
而今反伤之。故令水得盈溢而妄行也）。下之者，如鱼出水，蛾入汤（言治病逆，则杀人，如鱼出水，蛾入汤火之中，立
死），重客在里，慎不可熏，熏之逆客，其息则喘（重客者，犹阳气也，重者，尊重之貌也。阳位尊处于上，今一时在下，
非其常所，故言客也。熏谓烧针，及以汤火之辈熏发其汗，如此则客热从外入，与阳气相薄，是为逆也。气上熏胸中，
故令喘息）。无持客热，令口烂疮（无持者，无以汤火发熏其汗也。熏之则火气入里为客热，故令其口生疮）。阴脉且解，
血散不通，正阳遂厥，阴不往从（血行脉中，气行脉外，五十周而复会，如环之无端也。血为阴，气为阳，相须而行。
发其汗，使阴阳离别，脉为解散，血不得通。厥者，逆也，谓阳气逆而不复相朝使。治病失所，故阴阳错逆，可不慎也），
客热狂入，内为结胸（阴阳错乱，外热狂入，留结胸中也）。脾气遂弱，清溲痢通。（脾主水谷，其气微弱，水谷不化，
下痢不息，清者，厕也，溲从水道出，而反清溲者，是谓下痢至厕也）上四时经。
黄帝问曰∶冬脉如营，何如而营？岐伯对曰∶冬脉肾也，北方水也，万物之所以合藏，故其气来沉以抟，（甲乙作濡）
故曰营。反此者病。黄帝曰∶何如而反？岐伯曰∶其气来如弹石者，此谓太过，病在外；其去如数者，此谓不及，病在
中。黄帝曰∶冬脉太过与不及，其病皆如何？岐伯曰∶太过则令人解 ，脊脉痛而少气，不欲言；不及则令人心悬如病
饥，眇中清，脊中痛，少腹满，小便黄赤。肾脉来喘喘累累如钩，按之而坚，曰肾平。冬以胃气为本。肾脉来如引葛，
按之益坚，曰肾病。肾脉来发如夺索，辟辟如弹石，曰肾死。真肾脉至，抟而绝，如以指弹石，辟辟然，色黄黑不泽，
毛折，乃死。冬胃微石，曰平；石多胃少，曰肾病；但石无胃，曰死。石而有钩，曰夏病；钩甚，曰今病。（凡人以水谷
为本，故人绝水谷则死，脉无胃气亦死。所谓无胃气者，但得真脏脉，不得胃气也。所谓脉不得胃气者，肝不弦，肾不
石也）肾藏精，精舍志。盛怒而不止则伤志，伤志则善忘其前言，腰脊痛，不可以俯仰屈伸，毛悴色夭，死于季夏。冬
肾水王，其脉沉濡而滑，曰平脉。反得大而缓者，是脾之乘肾，土之克水，为贼邪，大逆，十死不治（一本云∶日、月、
年数至一，忌戊己）。反得弦细而长者，是肝之乘肾，子之扶母，为实邪，虽病自愈。反得浮（《千金》作微）涩而短者，
是肺之乘肾，母之归子，为虚邪，虽病易治。反得洪大而散者（《千金》作浮大而洪），是心之乘肾，火之陵水，为微邪，
虽病即瘥。
肾脉沉细而紧，再至，曰平；三至，曰离经，病；四至，脱精；五至，死；六至，命尽。足少阴脉也。
肾脉急甚，为骨痿、癫疾；微急，为奔豚、沉厥，足不收，不得前后。缓甚，为折脊；微缓，为洞下，洞下者食不
化，入咽还出。大甚，为阴痿；微大，为石水，起脐下以至小腹肿，垂垂然，上至胃脘，死不治；小甚，为洞泄；微小，
为消瘅。滑甚，为癃 ；微滑，为骨痿，坐不能起，目无所见，视见黑花。涩甚，为大痈；微涩，为不月水，沉痔。足
少阴气绝则骨枯。少阴者，冬脉也，伏行而濡骨髓者也。故骨不濡则肉不能着骨也，骨肉不相亲则肉濡而却，肉濡而却
故齿长而垢，（《难经》垢字作枯）发无泽，发无泽者，骨先死。戊笃己死，土胜水也。
肾死脏，浮之坚，按之乱如转丸，益下入尺中者，死。上《素问》《针经》、张仲景。
肾脏的象类比于木，与膀胱相合构成腑（膀胱是贮存津液的腑）。其经脉为足少阴经（即足少阴肾脉），与足太阳经互为表里（足太阳为膀胱脉）。
其脉象表现为沉（沉脉是肾脉的主要形态），对应秋季三个月（秋金当令，水气与之相配）。其在冬季三个月当旺，在春季三个月休废，在夏季三个月受囚制，在季夏六月处于死绝状态。其旺日为壬、癸日，旺时为黄昏和人定、夜半；其困日为丙、丁日，困时为隅中、日中；其死日为戊、己日，死时为食时、日中。
肾的神志为志（肾所藏的是志），主管体液，滋养骨骼，开窍于耳，声音为呻，面色黑，气味为腐臭，体液为唾，味道为咸，适宜酸味，厌恶甘味。肾俞穴位于背部第十四椎旁，募穴在京门；膀胱俞位于第十九椎旁，募穴在中极（横骨上一寸，脐下五寸前凹陷处）。此为新增撰述。
肾属于北方的水，是万物收藏之所（冬季北方主事，旺于三时之后，肾位于四脏之下，故旺于北方，万物春生、夏长、秋收、冬藏）。百虫潜伏蛰居（指冬季潜伏不食的昆虫，言其种类众多），阳气下沉陷，阴气上升。阳气从中出，阴气猛烈凝结为霜，于是不再上升，化为雪霜，猛兽潜伏蛰居，细虫隐匿躲藏（阳气下沉陷，是指降入土中。其气尚有余势而升出，但上方的阴气寒冷盛大，阳气虽升出却不能自行到达，因而化作霜雪。另一种说法认为阳气中出，是指十月霜降。猛兽伏蛰，大概是指龙蛇在冬季潜藏。螺虫是没有毛甲的动物，遇寒都伏蛰，追逐阳气所在之处，以此躲避冰霜，自我温养）。其脉象为沉。沉脉属阴，主里证，不可发汗，若发汗则如百虫出土，见于霜雪之中（阳气在下，所以冬脉沉，温养于脏腑，这是里实而表虚，再从外部发汗，这是逆治，不合医法。就像百虫伏蛰之时，反而出土见于冰霜，必死无疑。逆治者死，说的就是这个道理）。若阴气在表，阳气在脏，切不可攻下，若攻下则损伤脾脏，脾土虚弱则水气妄行（阳气在下，温养诸脏，所以不可攻下。攻下既损伤阳气，又伤害脾胃。土本用来防水，如今反而伤了它，所以导致水气盈溢而妄行）。攻下的人，如同鱼离开水，蛾投入汤火（意思是治病违背法则，就会杀人，如同鱼出水、蛾入汤火，立刻死亡），重邪客于里，切不可用熏法，若用熏法使逆邪客留，患者就会喘息（重邪，犹如火热之邪，重者，尊重之意。阳位尊贵居于上，现在一时居于下，非常规所在，所以称为客。熏指烧针及用汤火之类熏蒸发汗，这样外来的客热进入体内，与阳气相搏，这是逆治。热气上熏胸中，所以导致喘息）。不要持有客热，导致口舌生疮（无持，指不要用汤火熏蒸发汗。熏蒸则火气入里成为客热，所以导致口中生疮）。阴脉松弛，血液散乱不通，正阳遂致厥逆，阴气不能往从（血行于脉中，气行于脉外，五十周而复会，如环无端。血为阴，气为阳，相互依存而行。发汗使阴阳离别，脉道解散，血不得通畅。厥，即逆，指阳气逆乱而不能复归相朝使。治病失当，所以阴阳错逆，能不谨慎吗？），客热狂入，内部形成结胸（阴阳错乱，外热狂入，留结于胸中）。脾气遂弱，清便下痢不止（脾主运化水谷，其气微弱，水谷不化，下痢不息。清，指厕所；溲从水道出，反见清溲，是指下痢至厕）。以上为四季经脉论述。
黄帝问道：冬天的脉象像营垒一样，什么样的脉象才算营？岐伯回答说：冬天的脉象对应肾脏，属于北方的水，是万物闭合收藏的时候，所以其脉气来势沉而聚拢（《甲乙经》作濡），所以称为营。与此相反的即为病脉。黄帝问：怎样算是相反？岐伯说：其脉气来势像弹石一样坚硬，这叫做太过，病在外；其脉气去势急促，这叫做不及，病在内。黄帝问：冬天脉象太过和不及，它们的病症分别如何？岐伯说：太过则使人懈惰，脊脉疼痛且气短，不想说话；不及则使人心中悬空如患饥饿感，胁肋部清冷，脊中疼痛，小腹胀满，小便黄赤。
肾脉来时喘喘累累如钩，按之坚实，称为肾平脉。冬季以胃气为本。肾脉来时像牵引葛藤，按之更加坚实，称为肾病。肾脉来时如夺索，辟辟如弹石，称为肾死脉。真肾脉出现，搏动隔绝，像用手指弹石头，辟辟然作响，面色黄黑无光泽，毛发枯折，就会死亡。冬季脉微带石象而有胃气，称为平脉；石象多而胃气少，称为肾病；只有石象而无胃气，称为死脉。石象中带钩象，预示夏天发病；钩象明显，预示现在发病。（凡人以水谷为本，所以人断绝水谷就会死亡，脉象没有胃气也会死亡。所谓无胃气，就是只得到真脏脉，得不到胃气。所谓脉不得胃气，就是肝不弦，肾不石。）
肾藏精，精舍志。盛怒不止则伤志，伤志则容易忘记前言，腰脊疼痛，不可以俯仰屈伸，毛发憔悴，面色枯夭，死于季夏。冬季肾水当旺，其脉沉濡而滑，称为平脉。如果反得大而缓的脉，这是脾乘肾，土克水，为贼邪，大逆，十死不治（另一版本说：日、月、年数至一，忌戊己日）。如果反得弦细而长的脉，这是肝乘肾，子扶母，为实邪，虽然生病也会自愈。如果反得浮（《千金方》作微）涩而短的脉，这是肺乘肾，母归子，为虚邪，虽然生病容易治愈。如果反得洪大而散的脉（《千金方》作浮大而洪），这是心乘肾，火陵水，为微邪，虽然生病很快痊愈。
肾脉沉细而紧，每呼吸一至，称为平；三至，称为离经，有病；四至，脱精；五至，死；六至，命尽。这是足少阴脉。
肾脉急甚，为骨痿、癫疾；微急，为奔豚、沉厥，足部不收引，大小便不利。缓甚，为折脊；微缓，为洞泄，洞泄是指食物不消化，咽下后又吐出。大甚，为阳痿；微大，为石水，从脐下直到小腹肿胀，垂垂然，向上至胃脘，死不治；小甚，为洞泄；微小，为消瘅。滑甚，为癃闭；微滑，为骨痿，坐起困难，目无所见，视物有黑花。涩甚，为大痈；微涩，为女子月经不行，沉痔。足少阴气绝则骨枯。少阴是冬脉，伏行而濡润骨髓。所以骨不濡润则肉不能附着于骨，骨肉不相亲则肉濡缩而退却，肉濡缩而退却所以牙齿显得长且有垢（《难经》垢字作枯），头发无光泽，头发无光泽，说明骨先死。戊日病情加重，己日死亡，因为土胜水。
The Kidney corresponds to the image of Wood, and combines with the Bladder to form a Fu organ (the Bladder is the Fu organ of fluid metabolism). Its meridian is the Foot-Shaoyin (Foot-Shaoyin Kidney Meridian), which is exterior-interior related to the Foot-Taiyang (Foot-Taiyang Bladder Meridian).
Its pulse is Chen (Chen pulse, deep pulse, is the major characteristic of the Kidney pulse). It corresponds to the three months of Autumn (Metal rules in Autumn, Water cooperates with it). It Wang (thrives) during the three months of Winter, Fei (is idle) during Spring, Qiu (is imprisoned) during Summer, and Si (dies) in the sixth month of Ji Xia (late summer). Its Wang days are Ren and Gui days; its Wang times are R Ding (early night) and Ye Ban (midnight); its Qun days are Bing and Ding days; its Qun times are Yu Zhong (mid-morning) and Ri Zhong (noon); its Si days are Wu and Ji days; its Si times are Shi Shi (meal time) and Ri Xi (afternoon sun). Its Shen (spirit) resides in Zhi (willpower, stored by the Kidney). It governs body fluids, nourishes bones, opens into the ears, manifests as groaning sounds, has a black complexion, a rotten odor, produces saliva, tastes salty, prefers sour flavors, and dislikes sweet flavors. Shenshu (BL23) is located at the 14th thoracic vertebra on the back, and its Mu point is Jingmen (GB25); Cangshu (BL28) is located at the 19th thoracic vertebra, and its Mu point is Zhongji (CV3). (Jingmen is one cun above Henggu, in the depression five cun below the umbilicus anteriorly). This section is newly compiled.
The Kidney belongs to Water of the North, the repository of all things (Winter is when Northern energy prevails, thriving after the other three seasons; the Kidney is below the four Zang organs, thus thriving in the North; all things spring birth, summer growth, autumn harvest, winter storage). Hundred insects hibernate (insects that do not eat while hibernating in winter, indicating many species). Yang Qi sinks downward, Yin Qi rises upward. If Yang Qi emerges midway, Yin Qi becomes fierce and turns into frost, ceasing to rise, transforming into snow and frost; fierce beasts hibernate, and small insects hide (Yang Qi sinking downward means descending into the earth. Although its Qi tends to rise out, the Yin Qi above is extremely cold; although Yang Qi rises, it cannot reach itself, thus transforming into frost and snow. Alternatively, "Yang Qi emerging midway" refers to frost falling in the tenth lunar month. Fierce beasts hibernating likely refers to dragons and snakes hiding during winter. Snail-like insects without fur or shells hibernate upon feeling cold, following the location of Yang Qi to avoid ice and frost, thereby warming and nurturing themselves). Its pulse is Chen. Chen indicates Yin and interior conditions; sweating should not be induced. If sweating is induced, it is like insects emerging from hibernation to see frost and snow (Yang Qi is below, hence the Winter pulse is Chen, warming and nourishing the Zang organs. This is interior excess and exterior deficiency. Inducing sweating from the exterior is contrary treatment, not the correct method. It is like insects emerging from hibernation to appear in ice and frost; death is certain. Contrary treatment leads to death, which is what this refers to). If Yin Qi is at the exterior and Yang Qi is in the Zang organs, purgation must be avoided. Purgation damages the Spleen; if Spleen Earth is weak, Water Qi will act recklessly (Yang Qi is below, warming the Zang organs, so purgation is contraindicated. Purgation damages Yang Qi and injures the Spleen and Stomach. Earth normally controls Water, but now it is injured, causing Water to overflow and act recklessly). Purgation is like a fish leaving water or a moth entering boiling soup (treating illness contrary to principles kills, just as a fish leaves water or a moth enters fire/water, dying instantly). Heavy pathogenic factors residing in the interior: moxibustion/fumigation must be avoided. If fumigated, the pathogen becomes contrary, and the patient will pant (Heavy pathogen refers to Yang Qi. "Heavy" implies respect. Yang resides high, but now temporarily low, hence called "guest". Fumigation involves burning needles or hot substances to induce sweat. This allows guest heat to enter from outside and clash with Yang Qi, which is contrary. Qi steams up to the chest, causing panting). Do not retain guest heat, lest it cause mouth ulcers (Do not use hot substances to fumigate and induce sweat. Fumigation causes fire Qi to enter the interior as guest heat, leading to mouth sores). The Yin pulse loosens, blood scatters and does not flow, Zheng Yang (True Yang) becomes Jue (rebellious/cold extremities), and Yin does not follow (Blood flows in vessels, Qi flows outside vessels, circulating fifty times and meeting again, like an endless circle. Blood is Yin, Qi is Yang, they support each other. Sweating separates Yin and Yang, disperses the pulse, and blocks blood flow. Jue means rebellion, where Yang Qi rebels and no longer interacts. Improper treatment causes Yin-Yang disorder, so caution is needed). Guest heat enters wildly, forming Jie Xiong (Chest Binding) internally (Yin-Yang confusion, wild external heat enters and binds in the chest). Spleen Qi becomes weak, leading to clear urine and diarrhea (The Spleen governs food and fluids; its Qi is weak, failing to transform food and fluids, resulting in continuous diarrhea. "Qing" refers to the toilet; urine exits via the water pathway, but here it refers to diarrhea occurring at the toilet). This section is from *Shang Si Shi Jing* (Treatise on the Four Seasons).
Huangdi asked: The Winter pulse is like a camp (Ying). What constitutes Ying? Qibo replied: The Winter pulse belongs to the Kidney and corresponds to Northern Water, the season when all things gather and store. Therefore, its Qi comes deep and firm (Jia Yi text reads Ru), hence it is called Ying. The opposite of this indicates disease. Huangdi asked: How is it opposite? Qibo said: When its Qi comes hard like a bouncing stone, this is called Tai Guo (Excess), indicating disease in the Exterior; when its Qi goes rapid like a Shu pulse, this is called Bu Ji (Deficiency), indicating disease in the Interior. Huangdi asked: Regarding Excess and Deficiency of the Winter pulse, what are their symptoms? Qibo said: Excess causes lethargy, pain in the spinal meridians, shortness of breath, and reluctance to speak; Deficiency causes a sensation of hunger with an empty heart, coldness in the hypochondrium, spinal pain, abdominal fullness, and yellow-red urine.
A Kidney pulse that comes rapidly and continuously like a hook, firm upon pressure, is called a Ping (Normal) Kidney pulse. In Winter, Stomach Qi is the foundation. A Kidney pulse that comes like pulling a vine, becoming firmer upon pressure, indicates Kidney Disease. A Kidney pulse that comes like a pulled rope, crackling like stones, indicates Kidney Death. The True Kidney pulse appears condensed and severed, like fingers striking stones, crackling distinctly; with a sallow-black lusterless complexion and brittle hair, death ensues. A Winter pulse slightly Stone-like with Stomach Qi is Normal; Stone with little Stomach Qi is Kidney Disease; Stone without Stomach Qi is Death. Stone pulse with Hook characteristics indicates disease in Summer; prominent Hook characteristics indicate current disease. (All people rely on grain and water for life; thus, cutting off grain and water leads to death, and a pulse lacking Stomach Qi also leads to death. Lacking Stomach Qi means obtaining only the True Zang pulse without Stomach Qi. Specifically, if the Liver pulse is not String-like and the Kidney pulse is not Stone-like, it lacks Stomach Qi). The Kidney stores Essence, and Essence houses Zhi (Will). Unchecked anger injures Zhi; injuring Zhi leads to forgetfulness, lower back and spine pain, inability to bend or stretch, withered hair, and dull complexion, leading to death in late summer.
In Winter, Kidney Water thrives; its pulse is Deep, Soft, and Slippery, which is the Normal pulse. If instead a Large and Slow pulse is obtained, it is the Spleen overacting on the Kidney, Earth overcoming Water, known as Zei Xie (Robber Evil), a great reversal, ten deaths with no cure (One version says: count days, months, years to one; avoid Wu and Ji days). If a String-like, Thin, and Long pulse is obtained, it is the Liver overacting on the Kidney, Son supporting Mother, known as Shi Xie (Solid Evil); though diseased, it will heal spontaneously. If a Floating (Qian Jin Fang reads Wei/Micro), Choppy, and Short pulse is obtained, it is the Lung overacting on the Kidney, Mother returning to Son, known as Xu Xie (Empty Evil); though diseased, it is easy to treat. If a Surging, Large, and Dispersed pulse is obtained (Qian Jin Fang reads Floating, Large, and Surging), it is the Heart overacting on the Kidney, Fire suppressing Water, known as Wei Xie (Slight Evil); though diseased, it will recover quickly.
A Kidney pulse that is Deep, Fine, and Tight, arriving twice per respiration, is Normal; three times per respiration is Li Jing (Departing from the Channel), indicating disease; four times is Tuo Jing (Essence Depletion); five times is Death; six times is End of Life. This is the Foot-Shaoyin pulse.
An excessively Crisp Kidney pulse indicates Bone Atrophy and Epilepsy; mildly Crisp indicates Ben Tun (Running Piglet), Chen Jue (Deep Cold Extremities), foot paralysis, and inability to urinate or defecate. An excessively Slow pulse indicates Spinal Fracture; mildly Slow indicates Dong Xia (Cavity Diarrhea), where food is not digested and regurgitates upon swallowing. An excessively Large pulse indicates Impotence; mildly Large indicates Shi Shui (Stone Water), swelling starting from below the navel to the lower abdomen, hanging heavily, extending up to the stomach, which is untreatable and fatal. An excessively Small pulse indicates Cavity Diarrhea; mildly Small indicates Xiao Dan (Wasting-Thirst). An excessively Slippery pulse indicates Long Bi (Dysuria); mildly Slippery indicates Bone Atrophy, inability to sit up, blindness, and seeing black spots. An excessively Choppy pulse indicates Large Carbuncle; mildly Choppy indicates Amenorrhea and internal hemorrhoids. When the Qi of Foot-Shaoyin is exhausted, bones wither. Shaoyin is the Winter pulse, hidden within and moistening the bone marrow. Thus, if bones are not moistened, flesh cannot adhere to them; if flesh and bone are not intimate, flesh shrinks and recedes. As flesh recedes, teeth appear long and dirty (Nan Jing reads Ku/Dry), hair loses luster. Hair losing luster indicates bone death first. Condition worsens on Wu days, dies on Ji days, as Earth overcomes Water.
The dead脏 (Zang) pulse of the Kidney is firm upon light palpation, chaotic like a rolling pill upon heavy palpation, extending down into the Chi position, indicating death. This section is from *Su Wen*, *Zhen Jing*, and Zhang Zhongjing.