体象 洪脉极大，状如洪水；来盛去衰，滔滔满指。
洪脉，即大脉也。如洪水之洪，喻其盛满之象也。
主病 洪为盛满，气壅火亢。左寸洪者，心烦舌破。洪在左关，肝脉太过。左尺得洪，水枯便难。
右寸洪者，胸满气逆。洪在右关，脾土胀热。右尺得洪，龙火燔灼。
按洪脉在卦为离，在时为夏，在人为心，时当朱夏，天地之气，酣满畅遂，脉者得气之先，故应之以洪。洪
者，大也，以水喻也；又曰钩者，以木喻也。夏木繁滋，枝叶敷布，重而下垂，故如钩也。钩即是洪，名异实同。
《素问·玉机真藏论》以洪脉为来盛去衰，颇有微旨。大抵洪脉只是根脚阔大，却非坚硬。若使大而
坚硬，则为实脉而非洪脉矣。《素问·脉要精微论》曰∶“大则病进。”亦以其气方张也。《玉机真藏论》
曰∶“‘夏脉如钩，何如而钩？’岐伯曰∶‘夏脉，心也，南方火也，万物所以盛长也，其气来盛去衰，故曰钩。反
此者病。’黄帝曰∶‘何如而反？’岐伯曰∶‘其气来盛去亦盛，此谓太过，病在外。其气来不盛去反盛，此谓
不及，病在中。太过则令人身热而肤痛，为浸淫。不及则令人烦心，上见咳唾，下为气泄。’”叔和云∶“夏
脉洪大而散，名曰平。若反得沉濡而滑者，是肾之乘心，水之克火，为贼邪，死不治。反得大而缓者，是脾
之乘心，子之扶母，为实邪，虽病自愈。反得弦细而长者，是肝之乘心，母之归子，为虚邪，虽病易治。反得
浮涩而短者，是肺之乘心，金之陵火，为微邪，虽病即瘥。凡失血、下利、久嗽、久病之人，俱忌洪脉。”《素
问·三部九候论》曰∶“形瘦、脉大、多气者死。”可见形证不与脉相合者，均非吉兆。
体象 洪脉的形态极大，就像洪水一样；来势强盛而去势衰弱，滔滔不绝充满指下。
洪脉，就是大脉。如同洪水的“洪”，用来比喻其盛大满溢的形态。
主病 洪脉代表气机盛满，气机壅滞且火邪亢盛。左寸部出现洪脉，主心烦、舌体破损。洪脉出现在左关部，主肝脉太过。左尺部出现洪脉，主肾水枯竭、大便困难。
右寸部出现洪脉，主胸中胀满、气机上逆。洪脉出现在右关部，主脾土胀热。右尺部出现洪脉，主命门之火燔灼。
从卦象来看，洪脉对应离卦；在季节上对应夏季；在人体脏腑上对应心脏。正值盛夏时节，天地之气酣畅饱满、顺遂通畅，脉象作为得气之先，所以应合为洪脉。“洪”意为大，用水来比喻；又说“钩”，用树木来比喻。夏季草木繁茂滋长，枝叶舒展分布，沉重而下垂，所以形状像钩子。钩即是洪，名称不同但实质相同。
《素问·玉机真藏论》认为洪脉是来势强盛而去势衰弱，其中颇有深意。大体上洪脉只是根基宽阔巨大，却并不坚硬。如果脉象大而坚硬，那就是实脉而不是洪脉了。《素问·脉要精微论》说：“脉大表示病情进展。”也是因为它的气血正处旺盛阶段。《玉机真藏论》说：“‘夏季的脉象像钩，什么样的脉象叫钩？’岐伯说：‘夏季的脉象对应心脏，属于南方火，是万物茂盛生长的表现，它的气血来势强盛而去势衰弱，所以叫钩。与此相反的就是病脉。’黄帝问：‘怎样算是相反？’岐伯说：‘气血来势强盛去势也强盛，这叫做太过，病在体表。气血来势不强盛去势反而强盛，这叫做不及，病在体内。太过则使人身体发热且皮肤疼痛，发生浸淫疮。不及则使人心中烦闷，上部出现咳嗽吐痰，下部出现气泄（如遗尿或失禁）。’”王叔和说：“夏季脉象洪大且散漫，称为平脉（正常脉）。如果反而得到沉濡而滑的脉，这是肾水乘袭心火，水克火，称为贼邪，死不治。如果反而得到大而缓的脉，这是脾土乘袭心火，子扶母，称为实邪，虽然生病但能自愈。如果反而得到弦细而长的脉，这是肝木乘袭心火，母归子，称为虚邪，虽然生病但容易治愈。如果反而得到浮涩而短的脉，这是肺金乘袭心火，金凌火，称为微邪，虽然生病很快就好。凡是失血、腹泻、久咳、久病的人，都忌讳出现洪脉。”《素问·三部九候论》说：“形体消瘦、脉象大、多气的人死亡。”可见形体症状与脉象不相符合的，都不是吉兆。
Morphology The Hong pulse (Surging Pulse) is extremely large in shape, resembling floodwater; it comes with vigorous force and departs with declining strength, surging continuously and filling the fingers.
The Hong pulse is synonymous with the Da pulse (Large Pulse). Like the "Hong" of floodwater, it metaphorically describes its state of abundance and fullness.
Predominant Diseases The Hong pulse indicates qi excess and fullness, with qi stagnation and hyperactive fire. A Hong pulse at the Left Cun position indicates mental restlessness and tongue ulceration. A Hong pulse at the Left Guan position indicates Liver qi exceeding normal limits. A Hong pulse at the Left Chi position indicates depletion of Kidney water and difficult defecation.
A Hong pulse at the Right Cun position indicates chest fullness and rebellious qi. A Hong pulse at the Right Guan position indicates distension and heat in Spleen earth. A Hong pulse at the Right Chi position indicates blazing of Mingmen fire (Ministerial Fire).
In terms of Bagua (Eight Trigrams), the Hong pulse corresponds to Li (Fire); in seasons, it corresponds to Summer; in human organs, it corresponds to the Heart. During midsummer, the qi of heaven and earth is saturated, abundant, and smoothly flowing. Since the pulse reflects the reception of qi first, it responds with the Hong pulse. "Hong" means large, using water as a metaphor; it is also called "Gou" (Hook), using wood as a metaphor. In summer, vegetation grows luxuriantly, branches and leaves spread out, heavy and hanging downwards, thus resembling a hook. Gou is equivalent to Hong; they have different names but the same substance.
The *Suwen: Yuji Zhenzang Lun* states that the Hong pulse comes vigorously and departs weakly, containing profound implications. Generally, the Hong pulse is merely broad at the base but not hard. If the pulse is large and hard, it is a Shi pulse (Excess Pulse) rather than a Hong pulse. The *Suwen: Maiyao Jingwei Lun* states: "A large pulse indicates disease progression." This is because the qi is currently flourishing. The *Yuji Zhenzang Lun* states: "'The summer pulse resembles a hook; what kind of pulse is a hook?' Qibo said: 'The summer pulse corresponds to the Heart, which belongs to Southern Fire, representing the vigorous growth of all things. Its qi comes vigorously and departs weakly, hence it is called a Hook. Reversal of this indicates disease.' The Yellow Emperor asked: 'How is it reversed?' Qibo said: 'If its qi comes vigorously and departs vigorously, this is termed Excess (Tai Guo), indicating disease in the exterior. If its qi does not come vigorously but departs vigorously, this is termed Deficiency (Bu Ji), indicating disease in the interior. Excess causes body heat and skin pain, leading to spreading sores. Deficiency causes mental restlessness, upper symptoms such as coughing and expectoration, and lower symptoms such as qi leakage.' Wang Shuhe stated: 'The summer pulse is Hong, large, and scattered, named Ping (Normal). If instead one obtains a Chen Ru Er Hua pulse (Deep, Soft, and Slippery), this is Kidney Water overacting on Heart Fire, Water overcoming Fire, termed Thief Evil (Ze Xie), which is incurable and fatal. If instead one obtains a Da Er Huan pulse (Large and Slow), this is Spleen Earth overacting on Heart Fire, Child supporting Mother, termed Real Evil (Shi Xie), which will heal spontaneously despite illness. If instead one obtains a Xian Xi Er Chang pulse (Wiry, Fine, and Long), this is Liver Wood overacting on Heart Fire, Mother returning to Child, termed Empty Evil (Xu Xie), which is easy to treat despite illness. If instead one obtains a Fu Se Er Duan pulse (Floating, Choppy, and Short), this is Lung Metal overacting on Heart Fire, Metal suppressing Fire, termed Minor Evil (Wei Xie), which will recover quickly despite illness. For patients with blood loss, diarrhea, chronic cough, or chronic illness, the Hong pulse is contraindicated.' The *Suwen: Sanbu Jiuhou Lun* states: 'Those who are emaciated, have a large pulse, and excessive qi will die.' Thus, it is evident that when physical signs do not match the pulse, it is an inauspicious omen.