白粥、粳米、绿豆、小豆、盐豉之类,皆淡渗利小便,且小便数不可更利,况大泻阳气
,反行阴道。切禁湿面,如食之觉快,勿禁。
药中不可服泽泻、猪苓、茯苓、灯心、琥珀、通草、木通、滑石之类,皆行阴道,而泻
阳道也;如渴,如小便不利,或闭塞不通则服,得利勿再服。
忌大咸,助火邪而泻肾水真阴;及大辛味,蒜、韭、五辣、醋、大料物、官桂、干姜之类,皆伤元气。
若服升沉之药,先一日将理,次日腹空服,服毕更宜将理十日;先三日尤甚,不然则反害也。
夫诸病四时用药之法,不问所病,或温或凉,或热或寒,如春时有疾,于所用药内加清
凉风药;夏月有疾,加大寒之药;秋月有疾,加温气药;冬月有疾,加大热之药,是不绝生
化之源也。钱仲阳医小儿,深得此理。《内经》∶必先哕气,毋伐天和,是为至治。又曰∶
无违时,无伐化。又曰∶无伐生生之气。皆此常道也。用药之法,若反其常道,而变生异证
,则当从权施治。假令病患饮酒,或过食寒,或过食热,皆可以增病。如此,则以权衡应
变治之。权变之药,岂可常用乎。
忌浴当风,汗当风。须以手摩汗孔合,方许见风,必无中风中寒之疾。
遇卒风暴寒,衣服不能御者,则宜争努周身之气以当之,气弱不能御者病。
如衣薄而气短,则添衣,于无风处居止;气尚短,则以沸汤一碗熏其口鼻,即不短也。
如久居高屋,或天寒阴湿所遏,令气短者,亦如前法熏之。
如居周密小室,或大热而处寒凉气短,则出就风日。凡气短,皆宜食滋味汤饮,令胃调和。
或大热能食而渴,喜寒饮,当从权以饮之,然不可耽嗜。如冬寒喜热物,亦根据时暂食。
睡不安,则宜少食;饱而睡不安,则少行坐。
遇天气更改,风寒阴晦,宜预避之。大抵宜温暖,避风寒,省语,少劳役为上。
白粥、粳米、绿豆、赤小豆、盐豉(咸豆豉)等食物,都具有淡味渗利、通利小便的作用。既然小便次数已经很多,就不应再使用利尿方法,况且过度利尿会损伤阳气,使气机反而下行进入阴分。必须严格禁止食用湿面(发酵过度的面食),如果吃了觉得舒适,可以不禁忌。
药物中不可服用泽泻、猪苓、茯苓、灯心草、琥珀、通草、木通、滑石等药材,因为这些药都走阴分,从而泻损阳道;除非出现口渴、小便不利或闭塞不通的情况才服用,一旦小便通畅就不要再服。
忌食过咸的食物,因为咸味会助长火邪并泻损肾脏的真阴;以及忌食大辛味的食物,如蒜、韭菜、五种辛辣之物、醋、大料(八角等香料)、官桂(肉桂的一种)、干姜等,这些都会损伤元气。
如果服用具有升提和沉降作用的药物,应在服药前一天进行调理护理,第二天空腹时服药,服药后更应继续调理护理十天;如果在服药前三天不加以注意,情况会更严重,否则反而会伤害身体。
各种疾病在四季用药的原则,不问具体是什么病,无论是温性、凉性、热性还是寒性的药物,都要根据季节调整:春天有病,在所用药方中加入清凉祛风药;夏天有病,加入大寒性质的药;秋天有病,加入温气药;冬天有病,加入大热性质的药,这是为了不绝断生命化生的源头。钱乙(字仲阳)治疗小儿疾病,深得此理。《黄帝内经》说:必须先调和呼吸之气,不要破坏人体的自然和谐,这才是最高的治疗境界。又说:不要违背时令,不要破坏自然的化生规律。又说:不要损害生生不息的气机。这些都是常规法则。用药的方法,如果违背了常规法则,导致产生异常的证候,就应当采取权变措施进行治疗。例如病人饮酒,或者过食寒凉,或者过食温热,都会加重病情。在这种情况下,就要权衡应变来治疗。权变的治疗方法,难道可以经常使用吗?
忌在风中洗澡,忌在出汗时吹风。必须用手按摩使汗孔闭合,然后才允许见风,这样必定不会患上中风或中寒的疾病。
遇到突然爆发的暴风寒冷,衣服无法抵御时,应该努力调动周身的气机来对抗寒气,如果气弱无法抵御就会生病。
如果衣服单薄且感到气短,就应该增添衣物,在无风的地方居住;如果气仍然短促,就用一碗沸水熏蒸口鼻,气短的症状就会缓解。
如果长期居住在高层房屋,或者因天气寒冷、阴湿阻滞而导致气短,也按照前面的方法用热气熏蒸。
如果居住在密闭的小房间,或者在大热天气里处于寒凉环境导致气短,就应该出来到有风和阳光的地方。凡是气短的,都应该适宜食用味道鲜美的汤饮,以使胃气调和。
如果大热天能进食且口渴,喜欢冷饮,应当权变地给予饮用,但不要沉迷嗜好。如果是冬天寒冷时喜欢热物,也根据时令暂时食用。
睡眠不安稳,就应当少吃;吃饱后睡眠不安稳,就应当减少行走和坐立活动。
遇到天气变化,风寒阴沉晦暗时,应当预先避开。大体上以温暖身体、避风寒、少说话、少劳累为最佳养生之道。
White rice porridge, japonica rice (Oryza sativa var. japonica), mung bean (Vigna radiata), red adzuki bean (Vigna angularis), salted fermented soybeans (Yanchi), and similar foods all possess a bland flavor that promotes diuresis and facilitates the flow of urine. Since frequent urination is already present, further diuretic measures should be avoided; moreover, excessive diuresis damages Yang Qi, causing Qi to descend into the Yin channels. The consumption of damp wheat flour products (Shimian) must be strictly prohibited; however, if one feels comfortable after consuming them, they may be exempted from this restriction.
In herbal prescriptions, it is inadvisable to use Alisma Rhizome (Zexie), Polyporus Sclerotium (Zhuling), Poria (Fuling), Juncus Effusus Stem (Dengxincao), Amber (Hupo), Trogopterus Dung (Tongcao), Akebia Caulis (Mutong), or Talcum (Huashi). These herbs traverse the Yin pathways and thereby drain the Yang pathways. They should only be administered in cases of thirst, dysuria, or urinary retention/obstruction. Once adequate urination is achieved, administration should cease.
Excessively salty flavors are contraindicated as they exacerbate Fire pathogens and drain the True Yin of the Kidney. Similarly, strongly pungent flavors such as garlic (Sanguine Allii Sativi Bulbus), leek (Allii Tuberosi Rhizoma et Folium), the "Five Spices" (Wula), vinegar, strong spices (such as star anise), official cinnamon (Guigui/Rougui), and dried ginger (Ganjiang) are contraindicated, as they damage Yuan Qi (Original Qi).
When administering herbs with ascending or descending properties, one should regulate diet and lifestyle for one day prior to taking the medicine. The medicine should be taken on an empty stomach the following day, followed by ten days of continued regulation. Neglecting precautions three days before administration will worsen the condition; otherwise, treatment may cause harm.
Regarding the principles of prescribing medication for various diseases across the four seasons: regardless of the specific disease, whether using warm, cool, hot, or cold herbs, adjustments should be made according to the season. In spring, add cooling and wind-dispersing herbs; in summer, add major cold-natured herbs; in autumn, add warming Qi herbs; and in winter, add major hot-natured herbs. This approach ensures the continuous source of biological generation. Qian Zhongyang (Qian Yi) understood this principle deeply in his pediatric practice. The *Neijing* states: "First harmonize the respiration, do not violate the harmony of Heaven and Humanity (Tianhe); this is the highest form of treatment." It also states: "Do not go against the seasons, do not destroy natural transformation." And again: "Do not damage the vital energy of life." These are the constant principles. If medication violates these constant principles and generates abnormal symptoms, then one must employ expedient measures (Quanbian) to treat the condition. For instance, if a patient consumes alcohol, or overeats cold or hot foods, their illness may be exacerbated. In such cases, treatment must be adjusted through weighing and adapting to changes. Can such expedient treatments be used routinely?
One should avoid bathing in the wind and avoid exposing oneself to wind while sweating. One must massage the skin pores until they close before allowing exposure to wind; this prevents contracting Wind-Stroke or Cold pathologies.
In the event of sudden, fierce cold winds that clothing cannot withstand, one should strive to mobilize the body's Qi to resist the cold. If Qi is weak and unable to resist, illness will ensue.
If clothing is thin and one experiences shortness of breath, add more layers and reside in a windless place. If shortness of breath persists, steam the mouth and nose with a bowl of boiling water, which will alleviate the symptom.
If long-term residence in high buildings or exposure to cold, yin-damp conditions causes shortness of breath, apply the aforementioned steaming method.
If residing in a tightly enclosed small room, or experiencing shortness of breath due to extreme heat followed by exposure to cold environments, one should go out into the wind and sunlight. Generally, for any shortness of breath, consuming flavorful soups and drinks is advisable to harmonize Stomach Qi.
If, during extreme heat, one can eat and feels thirsty, preferring cold drinks, one may permit this expediently, but without indulgence. Similarly, in winter cold, preferring hot items is acceptable temporarily according to the season.
If sleep is restless, reduce food intake. If restlessness occurs after fullness, reduce walking and sitting activities.
When weather changes bring wind, cold, and gloomy conditions, take preventive measures to avoid them. Generally, keeping warm, avoiding wind and cold, speaking less, and minimizing labor are considered the best practices.