味酸涩。性温。无毒。禀春初之气。得曲直之化以生。降多于升。阳中阴也。
【主治】主湿痹香港脚。霍乱大吐下转筋不止。（别录） 止吐泻奔豚。及水肿冷热痢心
腹
痛。
治脚
水利
【归经】入脾胃肺肝四经。为利筋骨调营卫之品。（兼补剂 手足太阴血分药）
【前论】孟诜曰。多食木瓜损齿及骨。皆伐肝之明验。而木瓜为脾肺药。非肝药明矣。 时
珍
袭
肝
旺
鳌按、木瓜治转筋。筋急者得之能舒。筋缓者得之能利。
【禁忌】经疏曰。下部腰膝无力。由精血虚。真阴不足。及伤食脾胃未虚。积滞多者。
均忌
味甘。性平。无毒。禀水土之气以生。可升可降。阴也。
【主治】主湿痹腰脊膝痛。补中。除暴疾。益精气。强志。聪耳明目。（本经） 止渴。
益肾
【归经】入脾胃二经。兼入心肾二经。为固本益精之品。（兼补剂）
【前论】张子野曰。人之食芡。必枚啮而细嚼之。使华液流通。转相灌输。其功胜于乳
汁也
【禁忌】经疏曰。生食动风冷气。小儿不宜多食。以难化也。
以上涩剂果部
味甘酸辛。性大热。无毒。禀土金之气而生。色赤又兼火象。降也。阳中阴也。畏
恶大黄、松脂。
【主治】主养心气。明目。益精。疗腹痛肠 下痢赤白。小便利。及痈疽疮痔。及女子
崩漏
浓肠胃
【归经】入心肾大肠三经。为固敛之品。（兼重剂 降而能收直达下焦血分要药）
【前论】东垣曰。赤石脂固肠胃。有收敛之能。下胞衣。无推荡之峻。 仲淳曰。大小
肠下
分。故为久痢泄 要药。又能去恶血。盖恶血化。则胞胎无阻。东垣云。胞胎下不。涩剂可
以下之是也。
【禁忌】经疏曰。凡火热暴注者。不宜用。滞下全是湿热。于法当利。自非的受寒邪下
利白
止
【木瓜】
味道酸涩。性质温。无毒。禀受初春之气。获得曲直（木行）的化生而生成。降的作用多于升的作用。属于阳中之阴。
【主治】主要治疗湿痹、脚气（香港脚）、霍乱引起的大吐大泻及转筋不止。（出自《名医别录》） 能止住呕吐腹泻奔豚，以及水肿、冷热痢疾、心腹疼痛。
治疗脚气水肿。
【归经】进入脾、胃、肺、肝四经。是疏通筋骨、调和营卫的药物。（兼作补剂，手足太阴经的血分药）
【前论】孟诜说：多吃木瓜会损伤牙齿和骨骼，这都是伐伤肝脏的明显证据。然而木瓜是脾肺的药，不是肝的药，这是很明显的。
鳌按语：木瓜治疗转筋，对于筋脉拘急者，服用后能使筋脉舒展；对于筋脉弛缓者，服用后能使筋脉有力。
【禁忌】缪希雍《本草经疏》说：下部腰膝无力，是由于精血虚亏、真阴不足，以及伤食导致脾胃尚未虚弱但积滞较多的人，都应当忌用。
【芡实】
味道甘。性质平。无毒。禀受水土之气而生。可升可降。属于阴。
【主治】主要治疗湿痹引起的腰脊膝盖疼痛。补益中气。去除突发疾病。益精气。强壮意志。使耳朵灵敏、眼睛明亮。（出自《神农本草经》） 止渴。
益肾。
【归经】进入脾、胃二经。兼入心、肾二经。是固本益精的药物。（兼作补剂）
【前论】张子野说：人吃芡实，必须一颗颗咬着细细咀嚼，使津液流通，相互灌输，其功效胜过乳汁。
【禁忌】缪希雍《本草经疏》说：生吃会动风冷气，小儿不宜多吃，因为难以消化。
以上为涩剂果部
【赤石脂】
味道甘酸辛。性质大热。无毒。禀受土金之气而生。颜色赤红又兼有火的象。主降。属于阳中之阴。畏惧大黄、松脂。
【主治】主要滋养心气。明目。益精。治疗腹痛、肠下痢疾赤白、小便通利，以及痈疽疮痔，以及女子崩漏。
浓密肠胃。
【归经】进入心、肾、大肠三经。是固敛的药物。（兼作重剂，降而能收，直达下焦血分的要药）
【前论】李东垣说：赤石脂固护肠胃，具有收敛的能力。排出胞衣，没有推荡的峻烈。
仲淳说：大小肠下……（原文此处有缺漏），所以是久痢泄泻的要药。又能去除恶血。盖因恶血化解，则胞胎无阻。李东垣说：胞胎不下，涩剂可以下之，就是这个道理。
【禁忌】缪希雍《本草经疏》说：凡是火热暴注者，不宜使用。滞下完全是湿热，依法应当通利。如果不是确实感受寒邪导致的下利白……（原文此处有缺漏，意为止涩）。
[Quince Fruit / Chaenomeles Speciosa Fruit]
Taste: Sour and astringent. Nature: Warm. Toxicity: Non-toxic. It inherits the Qi of early spring and is generated through the transformation of "curving and straightening" (Wood element). Its descending action predominates over its ascending action; it belongs to Yin within Yang.
【Indications】 Primarily treats damp-bi syndrome, Hong Kong foot (foot disease often associated with dampness or beriberi), Huoluan (cholera-like syndrome) causing severe vomiting and diarrhea, and persistent muscle cramps (Zhuanjin). (From *Bielu*) It stops vomiting, diarrhea, Ben Tun (rushing gas syndrome), edema, cold-heat dysentery, and heart/abdominal pain.
Treats foot edema.
【Meridian Tropism】 Enters the Spleen, Stomach, Lung, and Liver meridians. It is a substance that benefits sinews and bones and regulates Ying and Wei (nutritive and defensive Qi). (Also serves as a tonic; a blood-level medicine for the Hand and Foot Taiyin meridians.)
【Preceding Discussions】 Meng Shen stated: Eating too much Quince damages teeth and bones, which is clear evidence of damaging the Liver. However, Quince is a medicine for the Spleen and Lung, not the Liver, which is evident.
Ao's Commentary: Quince treats muscle cramps; for those with tight/tense sinews, it relaxes them; for those with lax/weak sinews, it strengthens them.
【Contraindications】 According to *Bencao Jing Shu* by Miao Xiyong: For weakness in the lower back and knees due to deficiency of essence and blood, insufficiency of true Yin, or food stagnation where the Spleen and Stomach are not yet deficient but accumulation is heavy, it should be avoided.
[Euryale Seed / Qian Shi]
Taste: Sweet. Nature: Neutral. Toxicity: Non-toxic. It is born from the Qi of Earth and Water. It can ascend and descend; it belongs to Yin.
【Indications】 Primarily treats damp-bi syndrome causing pain in the lower back, spine, and knees. Tonifies the Middle Jiao. Removes acute diseases. Benefits essence and Qi. Strengthens willpower. Improves hearing and vision. (From *Shennong Bencao Jing*) Stops thirst.
Benefits the Kidney.
【Meridian Tropism】 Enters the Spleen and Stomach meridians, and concurrently enters the Heart and Kidney meridians. It is a substance for consolidating the root and benefiting essence. (Also serves as a tonic.)
【Preceding Discussions】 Zhang Ziye said: When people eat Euryale seeds, they must chew each one carefully to allow saliva to flow and nourish the body internally; its efficacy surpasses that of milk.
【Contraindications】 According to *Bencao Jing Shu* by Miao Xiyong: Raw consumption moves wind and cold qi; children should not eat it in large quantities because it is difficult to digest.
(Above are the fruit category of astringent agents)
[Red Kaolin / Chishi Zhi]
Taste: Sweet, sour, and acrid. Nature: Very Hot. Toxicity: Non-toxic. It is born from the Qi of Earth and Metal. Its red color corresponds to the Fire image. It descends; it belongs to Yin within Yang. It is incompatible with Da Huang (Rhubarb Root) and Song Zhi (Pine Resin).
【Indications】 Primarily nourishes Heart Qi. Brightens eyes. Benefits essence. Treats abdominal pain, bloody and purulent dysentery, free passage of urine, as well as carbuncles, sores, hemorrhoids, and metrorrhagia/metrostaxis in women.
Thickens the intestines and stomach.
【Meridian Tropism】 Enters the Heart, Kidney, and Large Intestine meridians. It is a substance for consolidation and astringency. (Also serves as a heavy sedative; a key medicine that descends and collects, reaching directly into the blood level of the Lower Jiao.)
【Preceding Discussions】 Li Dongyuan stated: Chishi Zhi consolidates the intestines and stomach, possessing astringent properties. It expels the placenta without the harsh purgative force of pushing downward.
Zhong Chun stated: [Text fragment missing]... therefore it is a key medicine for chronic dysentery and diarrhea. It can also remove evil blood. Since evil blood dissolves, the uterus/placenta faces no obstruction. Li Dongyuan said: If the placenta does not descend, astringent agents can help descend it; this is the principle.
【Contraindications】 According to *Bencao Jing Shu* by Miao Xiyong: It is unsuitable for cases of sudden violent diarrhea due to fire-heat. Dysentery (Zhi Xia) is entirely due to damp-heat, and according to method, it should be drained/diuresed. Unless it is truly caused by cold pathogen leading to white discharge... [Text cuts off, implying astringents are contraindicated unless cold-dysentery is confirmed].