\r水蛭（音质）\pd458.bmp\r
味咸，苦，平，微寒，有毒。主逐恶血，瘀血，月闭，破血瘕，积聚，无子，
利水道，又堕胎。一名 ，一名至掌。生雷泽池泽。五月、六月采，曝干。
陶隐居云 （音蜞），今复有数种，此用马蜞，得啮人腹中有血者，仍干为佳。山 及
诸小
者皆不用。楚王食寒菹，所得而吞之，果能去结积，虽曰阴 ，亦是物性兼然。唐本注云∶
此物有草蛭、水蛭。大者长尺，名马蛭，一名马蜞。并能咂牛、马、人血。今俗多取水中小
者，用之大效，不必要须食人血满腹者。其草蛭，在深山草上，人行即敷着胫股，不觉，遂
于肉中产育，亦大为害，山人自有疗法也。臣禹锡等谨按蜀本云∶采得之，当用 竹筒盛
，待干，又米泔浸一宿后，曝干。以冬猪脂煎令焦黄，然后用之。勿误采石蛭、泥蛭用。石、
泥二蛭，头尖，腰粗，色赤，不入药，误食之，则令人眼中如生烟，渐致枯损。今用水中小
者耳。陈藏器云∶水蛭，本功外，人患赤白游疹及痈肿毒肿，取十余枚，令啖（一作KT ）
病处
，取皮皱肉白，无不瘥也。冬月无蛭虫，地中掘取，暖水中养之，令动，先洗去人皮咸，以
竹筒盛蛭缀之，须臾便咬血满自脱，更用饥者。崔知悌令两京无处预养之，以防缓急，收干
蛭，当展其身，令长腹中有子者去之。此物难死，虽加火炙，亦如鱼子，烟熏三年，得水犹
活，以为楚王之病也。药性论云∶水蛭，使。主破女子月候不通，欲成血痨症块。能治血积
聚。日华子云∶畏锻石。破症结。然极难修制，须细锉后，用微火炒，令色黄乃熟，不尔，
入腹生子为害。
图经曰水蛭，生雷泽池泽，今近处河池中多有之。一名蜞。此有数种∶生水中者名水蛭，
亦名蚂蟥；生山中者名石蛭；生草中者名草蛭；生泥中者名泥蛭。并皆着人及牛、马股胫间，
啮咂其血，甚者入肉中，产育为害亦大。水蛭有长尺者，用之当以小者为佳。六月采，曝干
。一云采得当以 竹筒盛之，待干，又用米泔浸经宿，然后出之，曝已。又用冬月猪脂煎令
黄，乃堪用。干蛭，当展令长，腹中有子者去之。古法有用水蛭啖疮者，缓急所须，亦不可
得。崔知悌令预收养之，以备用。此物极难死，加火炙，经年，得水犹可活也。石蛭等并头
尖腹粗，不堪入药，误用之，则令人目中生烟不已。渐致枯损，不可不辨也。
经验方治折伤。用水蛭，新瓦上焙干，为细末，热酒调下一钱。食顷痛，可更一服，痛
止；
便将折骨药封，以物夹定，直候至效。初虞世治从高坠下及打击内伤，神效。麝香、水蛭各
一两，锉碎，炒令烟出，二件研为末。酒调一钱，当下畜血。未止再服，其效如神。
衍义曰水蛭，陈藏器、日华子所说备矣。大者京师又谓之马鳖，腹黄者谓之蚂蟥；畏盐，
然治伤折有功。《经》与《注》皆不言修制，宜仔细不可忽也。今人用者皆炒。
水蛭（读音：zhì）
味咸，苦，性平，微寒，有毒。主治驱除败血、瘀血、闭经，破除血瘕、积聚，治疗不孕症，通利水道，以及堕胎。又名䖟（qí），又名至掌。产于雷泽的池塘沼泽中。五月、六月采集，晒干。
陶隐居说：䖟（音同“蜞”），现在又有几种，这里使用的是马蜞，那种叮咬人后腹中有血的，干燥后使用效果最佳。山中的以及各种小的都不使用。楚王吃了腌制的酸菜，其中的水蛭被吞下，果然能去除体内的结块积聚，虽然说是阴毒之物，但也确实是这种药物的特性。《唐本草》注解说：这种动物有草蛭、水蛭两种。大的长达一尺，名叫马蛭，又名马蜞。都能吸吮牛、马、人的血。现在民间多取水中较小的使用，效果显著，不一定要用那些吸饱人血满腹的。至于草蛭，生长在深山的草丛上，人走过时便附着在小腿和大腿上，不知不觉间，便在肉中产卵繁殖，也造成很大的危害，山里人有自己的治疗方法。臣禹锡等人谨按《蜀本》记载：采集回来，应当用竹筒盛放，等待干燥，再用米泔水浸泡一夜后，晒干。然后用冬天的猪油煎至焦黄，然后再使用。不要误采石蛭、泥蛭使用。石蛭和泥蛭，头尖腰粗，颜色赤红，不入药，误食之后，会让人眼中感觉像生烟一样，逐渐导致枯损。现在只用水中较小的那种。陈藏器说：水蛭，除了原有的功效外，人患赤白游疹及痈肿毒肿，取十余枚，让它们叮咬患处，直到皮肤起皱、肌肉变白，没有不好的。冬天没有蛭虫，从地中挖掘出来，在暖水中饲养，使其活动，先洗去人皮上的咸味，用竹筒盛放蛭虫吸附血液，一会儿便吸血满后自动脱落，再用饥饿的蛭虫。崔知悌命令两京地区预先饲养它们，以防紧急情况需要，收存干蛭时，应当将其身体展开弄长，腹中有卵的去掉。这种动物很难死，即使加火烤炙，也像鱼子一样，烟熏三年，遇水仍然存活，这就是楚王生病的原因。《药性论》说：水蛭，作为使药。主治女子月经不通，欲形成血劳症块。能治疗血积聚。日华子说：畏锻石。破除症结。然而极难炮制，必须细锉后，用微火炒，令颜色变黄才算熟，否则，进入腹中生子为害。
《图经》说水蛭，产于雷泽池泽，现在附近的河池中多有生长。一名蜞。这里有几种：生长在水中的名叫水蛭，也叫蚂蟥；生长在山中的名叫石蛭；生长在草中的名叫草蛭；生长在泥中的名叫泥蛭。都附着在人及牛、马的大腿和小腿之间，叮咬吸其血，严重的进入肉中，产卵繁殖危害也很大。水蛭有长达一尺的，使用时以小者为佳。六月采集，晒干。一说采集时应当用竹筒盛放，等待干燥，又用米泔水浸泡过夜，然后取出，晒干。又用冬月猪油煎至黄色，才可以使用。干蛭，应当展开弄长，腹中有卵的去掉。古法有用活水蛭叮咬疮口的，紧急所需时，也不可多得。崔知悌命令预先收养，以备应用。这种动物极难死亡，加火烤炙，经过一年，遇水还可以存活。石蛭等都头尖腹粗，不堪入药，误用之，则让人眼中生烟不止，逐渐导致枯损，不可不辨别清楚。
经验方治疗跌打损伤。用水蛭，在新瓦上焙干，研为细末，热酒调服一钱。过一顿饭的时间疼痛，可以再服一次，疼痛停止；然后将治骨折的药物封贴，用物体夹定，一直等到见效。初虞世治疗从高坠落及打击造成的内伤，神效。麝香、水蛭各一两，锉碎，炒至冒烟，两件研为末。酒调服一钱，可排出蓄积的瘀血。未止再服，其效如神。
《衍义》说水蛭，陈藏器、日华子所说的已经很完备了。大的京师又叫马鳖，腹部黄色的叫蚂蟥；畏盐，然而治疗跌打损伤有功。《经》与《注》都没有提及炮制方法，应该仔细对待不可忽视。现在人使用的都是炒过的。
Leech (Shuizhi, *Hirudo nipponica*)
Taste: Salty, bitter. Nature: Neutral, slightly cold. Toxicity: Toxic.
Actions: Primarily expels evil blood (bad blood), stasis blood, amenorrhea, breaks blood masses (hematoma/masses), accumulations, treats infertility, promotes urination, and induces abortion.
Alternative Names: Qi (qí), Zhizhang.
Source: Grows in the ponds and marshes of Leize.
Harvesting: Collected in May and June, dried in the sun.
Tao Hongjing stated: "Qi" (pronounced like "qi"), there are now several types; here, the horse leech is used. Those that bite humans and have blood in their bellies are best when dried. Those from mountains and various small ones are not used. When King of Chu ate pickled sour vegetables, he swallowed one, which indeed removed the accumulated knots. Although it is considered a yin toxin, this is also due to the nature of the substance itself. The *Tang Bencao* annotation states: This creature includes grass leeches and water leeches. The large ones, up to a chi in length, are called horse leeches or horse qi. They can suck the blood of cattle, horses, and humans. Currently, people mostly use the smaller ones found in water, which are very effective; it is not necessary to use those with bellies full of human blood. As for grass leeches, they grow on grass in deep mountains. When people walk by, they attach to the calves and thighs without being noticed, then reproduce within the flesh, causing great harm. Mountain dwellers have their own treatments for them.
Chen Yuxi et al., according to the *Shu Ben*, state: After harvesting, keep them in a bamboo tube until dry, then soak in rice wash water overnight before drying again. Then fry them in winter lard until scorched yellow before use. Do not mistakenly collect stone leeches or mud leeches. Stone and mud leeches have pointed heads and thick waists, are red in color, and are not suitable for medicinal use. If ingested by mistake, they cause a sensation of smoke in the eyes, gradually leading to withering and damage. Now, only the smaller water leeches are used.
Chen Cangqi stated: Besides its original functions, for patients suffering from erysipelas (red and white wandering rashes) and carbuncles/swellings, take over ten leeches and let them feed on the affected area until the skin wrinkles and the flesh turns white; all will heal. In winter when leeches are scarce, dig them out from the ground, raise them in warm water to make them active, first wash away the saltiness from human skin, place them in a bamboo tube to suck blood. Within moments, they will detach after filling with blood; use hungry leeches subsequently. Cui Zhiti ordered pre-raising in the two capitals to prevent emergencies. When collecting dried leeches, stretch their bodies to make them long; remove those with eggs in the belly. This creature is hard to kill; even if roasted over fire, it resembles fish roe; smoked for three years, it remains alive when wetted. This explains King Chu's illness.
*Yaoxing Lun* states: Shuizhi acts as an envoy. It primarily breaks menstrual obstruction in women, preventing the formation of blood consumption nodules. It treats blood accumulations. Rihua Zi states: It fears calcined alum. It breaks nodular masses. However, it is extremely difficult to process; it must be finely chopped, then stir-fried over low heat until yellow to be ripe. Otherwise, it may produce offspring in the abdomen, causing harm.
*Tujing* states: Shuizhi grows in the ponds and marshes of Leize; nowadays, it is abundant in nearby rivers and pools. Also known as Qi. There are several types: those living in water are called Shuizhi or Mahuang; those in mountains are called Shizhi; those in grass are called Caoshi; those in mud are called Nishi. All attach to the thighs and calves of humans, cattle, and horses, biting and sucking blood. Severe cases enter the flesh, reproducing and causing great harm. Water leeches can be up to a chi long; use smaller ones for better efficacy. Collect in June, dry in the sun. One method says to collect them in a bamboo tube, wait for drying, soak in rice wash water overnight, then take out and dry. Fry in winter lard until yellow before use. Dried leeches should be stretched out; remove those with eggs. Ancient methods used live leeches to feed on sores, but these are hard to obtain in emergencies. Cui Zhiti ordered pre-raising for backup. This creature is extremely hard to kill; roasted over fire for a year, it can still survive when wet. Stone leeches etc. have pointed heads and thick abdomens, unsuitable for medicine. Mistaken use causes persistent smoke-like sensations in the eyes, gradually leading to withering and damage; this must be distinguished carefully.
Empirical Formula for treating fractures: Dry Shuizhi on a new tile, grind into fine powder, mix with hot wine and take 1 qian. If pain persists after a meal, take another dose until pain stops; then apply fracture-healing medicine, fix with splints, and wait for effectiveness.
Chu Yushi treated internal injuries from falls from heights or blows with divine efficacy. Mix 1 liang of Moschus (Shexiang) and 1 liang of Shuizhi, chop finely, stir-fry until smoke appears, grind both into powder. Mix with wine and take 1 qian to expel retained blood. If not stopped, take again; the effect is miraculous.
*Yanyi* states: Chen Cangqi and Rihua Zi have described Shuizhi thoroughly. The large ones in the capital are also called Ma Die; those with yellow abdomens are called Mahuang. They fear salt, yet they are effective in treating trauma. Neither the *Jing* nor the *Zhu* mentions processing methods; one must be careful and not neglect this. Current practitioners use stir-fried versions.