\r硝石\pd7.bmp\r
味苦、辛，寒、大寒，无毒。主五脏积热，胃胀闭，涤去蓄结饮食，推陈致新，除邪气，
疗五脏十二经脉中百二十
疾，暴伤寒、腹中大热，止烦懑、消渴，利小便及 蚀疮。炼之如膏。久服轻身。天地至神
之物，能化成十二种石。一
名芒硝。生益州山谷及武都、陇西、西羌。采无时。（火为之使，恶苦参、苦菜，畏女苑。）
陶隐居云∶疗病亦与朴硝相似，《仙经》多用此消化诸石，今无正识别此者。顷来寻访，
犹
名硝石朴也，如此则非一种物。先时有人得一种物，其色理与朴硝在大同小异， 如握盐
雪不冰，强烧之，紫青烟起，仍成灰，不停沸如朴硝，云是真硝石也。
此又云一名芒硝，今芒硝乃是炼朴硝作之。与后皇甫说同，并未得核研其验，须试效，
当更证记尔。化硝石法，在
三十六水方中。陇西蜀秦州，在长安西羌中。今宕昌以北诸山有咸土处皆有之。唐本注云∶
此即芒硝是也。朴硝一名硝
石朴，今炼粗恶朴硝，淋取汁煎，炼作芒硝，即是硝石。《本经》一名芒硝，后人更出芒硝
条，谬矣。今注此即地霜也。
所在山泽，冬月地上有霜，扫取以水淋汁后，乃煎炼而成，盖以能消化诸石，故名硝石。非
与朴硝、芒硝同类，而有硝
名也。一名芒硝者。以其初煎炼时有细芒，而状若硝，故有芒硝之号，与后条芒硝全别。旧
经陶注引证多端，盖不的识
之故也。今不取焉。臣禹锡等谨按蜀本云∶大黄为使。按∶今硝石是炼朴硝，或地霜为之，
状如钗脚，好者长五分
能化七十二种石为水，故名硝石。吴氏云∶硝石，
君，恶曾青，畏粥。味咸，
有小毒。主项下瘰 ，泻，得根出破血。一名芒硝。烧之即成硝石矣。主破积，散坚结。一
作苦硝。甚治腹胀。其硝石、
芒硝，多川原人制作，问之详其理。日华子云∶硝石畏杏仁、竹叶。含之治喉闭，真者火上
伏法，用柳枝汤煎三周时，
如汤减少即入热者，伏火即止也。
图经文具朴硝条下。
雷公云∶凡使，先研如粉，以磁瓶子于五斤火中， 令通赤，用鸡肠菜、柏子仁和作一
处
瓶子赤时投硝石于瓶子内，其硝石自然伏火，每四两硝石，用鸡肠菜、柏子仁共十五个帝珠
子，尽为度。圣惠方∶治眼
赤痛。用硝石研令极细，每夜临卧，以铜箸取如黍米大，点目 头，至明旦，以盐浆水洗之。
外台秘要∶疗恶寒啬啬，
似欲发背，或已
可似赤处方圆，湿布拓之，
热即换，频易，立瘥。灵苑方∶治五种淋疾，劳淋、血淋、热淋、气淋、石
至甚者。透格散∶用硝石一
两，不夹泥土雪白者，生研为细末。每服二钱，诸淋各根据汤使如后。劳淋，劳倦虚损，小便
不出，小腹急痛，葵子末煎
汤下，通后，便须服补虚丸散。血淋，小便不出时，下血、疼痛、满急；热淋，小便热，赤
色，淋沥不快，脐下急痛，
并用冷水调下。气淋，小腹满急，尿后常有余沥，木通煎汤下。石淋，茎内痛，尿不能出，
内引小腹膨胀急痛，尿下砂
石，令人闷绝，将药末先入铫子内，隔纸炒至纸焦为度，再研令细，用温水调下。小便不通，
小麦汤下。卒患诸淋，并
只以冷水调下。并空心，先调使药消散如水，即服之，更以汤送下。服诸药未效者，服此立
愈。陈藏器拾遗序∶头疼欲
死，鼻内吹消末愈。兵部手集服丹石人有热疮，疼不可忍方；用纸环围肿处，中心填硝石令
满，匙抄水淋之。觉甚不热
疼，即止。宝藏论∶硝石，若草伏而斤两不折，软切金、银、铜、铁硬物，立软。《史记·淳
于意》∶甾川王美人怀子而
不乳，来召意，意往。饮以莨菪药一撮，以酒饮之，旋乳。意复诊其脉而脉躁，躁者有余病，
即饮以硝石一剂，出血如
豆，比五、六枚。
衍义曰∶硝石，是再煎炼时已取讫芒硝，凝结在下如石者。精英既去，但余滓而已。故
功力亦缓，唯能发烟火。《唐
本》注∶盖以能消化诸石，故曰硝石。煎柳枝汤煮三周时即伏火，汤耗，即又添柳枝汤。
硝石
味苦、辛，性寒至大寒，无毒。主治五脏积热，胃脘胀满闭塞，涤荡去除体内蓄积停滞的饮食，推陈出新，祛除邪气，治疗五脏及十二经脉中一百二十种疾病，突发伤寒、腹部大热，缓解烦闷躁扰、消渴症，通利小便以及腐蚀疮疡。将其炼制如膏状。长期服用可使人身体轻健。这是天地间极具神效的物品，能够转化形成十二种石头。又名芒硝。产于益州山谷以及武都、陇西、西羌等地。采集没有固定时间。（用火炮制以改变药性，畏恶苦参、苦菜，畏惧女苑。）
陶隐居说：治疗疾病的作用与朴硝相似，《仙经》中多用此物来消化各种石头，如今没有专门辨别区分这两种药物的人。近来寻访调查，仍然有人称之为“硝石朴”，如果是这样，那就不是同一种药物。先前有人得到一种物品，其色泽纹理与朴硝大体相同而略有差异，握在手中像盐雪一样但不冰冷，强行焚烧时，升起紫青色烟雾，最终变成灰烬，沸腾情况不像朴硝那样剧烈，声称这就是真正的硝石。
此处又说又名芒硝，如今的芒硝是用炼制的朴硝制成的。这与后文皇甫的观点相同，都没有经过严格研究验证，必须通过试用疗效，才能进一步考证记录。化硝石的方法，记载在三十六水方中。陇西、蜀地、秦州，位于长安以西的羌族地区。如今宕昌以北各山有咸土的地方都有出产。《唐本草》注解说：这就是芒硝。朴硝又名硝石朴，如今炼制粗糙低劣的朴硝，淋取汁液煎煮，炼制成芒硝，就是硝石。《神农本草经》中说又名芒硝，后人又单独列出芒硝条目，这是错误的。现在的注释认为这就是地霜。各地山泽之中，冬季地上结霜，扫取后用雨水淋滤汁液，然后煎炼而成，大概是因为它能消化各种石头，所以名叫硝石。它并非与朴硝、芒硝同类却带有“硝”字名称。所谓一名芒硝，是因为它在初次煎炼时有细小的芒刺状晶体，形状像硝，所以有芒硝的称号，这与后面的芒硝条目完全不同。旧经陶弘景的注释引用了多种证据，大概是因为不能确切识别的缘故。现在不采纳他的说法。臣禹锡等人谨按《蜀本草》记载：大黄作为使药。按：如今的硝石是炼制朴硝，或者由地霜制成，形状像钗脚，好的长度五分，能化七十二种石头为水，所以名叫硝石。吴氏说：硝石，为君药，畏恶曾青，畏惧粥。味咸，有小毒。主治颈部瘰疬，腹泻，能使病根排出并破血。又名芒硝。烧之即成硝石。主治破除积聚，消散坚硬结块。一作苦硝。非常擅长治疗腹胀。那些硝石、芒硝，多由川原人制作，询问他们详细道理。日华子说：硝石畏惧杏仁、竹叶。含在口中治疗喉闭，真品采用伏火法，用柳枝汤煎煮三周时间，如果汤汁减少就加入热的，伏火过程就停止了。
《图经》详细内容在朴硝条目下。
雷公说：凡是使用，先研磨成粉，用磁瓶子在五斤火中烧得通红，用鸡肠菜、柏子仁混合放在一处，当瓶子烧红时将硝石投入瓶内，硝石自然就会伏火。每四两硝石，用鸡肠菜、柏子仁共十五个帝珠子（量词或指代单位），以此为准。《圣惠方》：治疗眼睛赤痛。将硝石研磨至极细，每晚临睡前，用铜筷取如黍米大小，点入眼角，到第二天早晨，用盐浆水洗眼。《外台秘要》：治疗恶寒瑟瑟，好像要发背痈，或者已经出现类似红色圆形病灶，用湿布拓敷，变热就更换，频繁更换，立刻痊愈。《灵苑方》：治疗五种淋疾，劳淋、血淋、热淋、气淋、石淋，尤其是严重的。透格散：用硝石一两，不含泥土、雪白者，生研为细末。每次服用二钱，各种淋疾分别根据汤剂送服如下：劳淋，因劳累倦怠虚损，小便不出，小腹急痛，用葵子末煎汤送下，通利之后，必须服用补虚丸散。血淋，小便不出时下血、疼痛、满急；热淋，小便热，颜色赤，淋沥不畅，脐下急痛，均用冷水调下。气淋，小腹满急，尿后常有余沥，用木通煎汤送下。石淋，尿道内痛，尿不能出，向内牵引小腹膨胀急痛，尿下砂石，令人昏厥，先将药末放入铫子内，隔纸炒至纸焦为止，再研磨细，用温水调下。小便不通，用小麦汤送下。突然患各种淋疾，都用冷水调下。均空腹，先调使药消散如水，就服用它，再用汤送下。服用其他药物无效的，服用这个立刻痊愈。陈藏器《拾遗序》：头疼欲死，鼻内吹入消石粉末治愈。兵部手集：服用丹石之人患有热疮，疼痛不可忍受的方子；用纸环围住肿胀处，中心填满硝石令其饱满，用勺子舀水淋在上面。感觉不太热疼，就停止。《宝藏论》：硝石，若草伏火而斤两不折损，软切金、银、铜、铁硬物，立即变软。《史记·淳于意传》：淄川王美人怀孕但不能分娩，召来淳于意，淳于意前往。给她喝一撮莨菪药，用酒送服，随即分娩。淳于意再次诊脉，脉象躁动，躁动表示有余病，于是给她服用一剂硝石，排出如豆子大小的血块，大约五六枚。
《衍义》说：硝石，是在再次煎炼时已经取完芒硝，凝结在下部像石头一样的物质。精华既已去除，只剩下残渣而已。所以功效也缓慢，只能引发烟火。《唐本草》注：大概是因为它能消化各种石头，所以叫硝石。煎柳枝汤煮三周时间就伏火，汤汁消耗，就又添加柳枝汤。
Nixi (Salpetrae Nitrum)
Taste: Bitter, Acrid. Nature: Cold to Great Cold. Toxicity: Non-toxic. Indications: Treats accumulation of heat in the five zang organs, stomach distension and obstruction, clears away accumulated and stagnant food, pushes out the old and brings forth the new, eliminates pathogenic factors, treats one hundred and twenty diseases in the five zang organs and twelve meridians, sudden shanghan (Cold Damage), excessive heat in the abdomen, relieves irritability and fullness, treats xiaoke (Wasting-Thirst syndrome), promotes urination, and cauterizes sores. Refine into a paste. Long-term use lightens the body. This is a divine substance of heaven and earth, capable of transforming into twelve types of stones. Also known as Mangxiao (Mirabilite). Grows in valleys of Yizhou, as well as Wudu, Longxi, and Xiqiang. Harvested at any time. (Processed with fire to modify its properties; incompatible with Kushen (Sophorae Flavescentis Radix) and Kucai (Amaranthi Tricoloris Herba); fears Nüwan.)
Tao Hongjing stated: Its therapeutic effects are similar to Puxiao (Gypsum Fibrosum). The *Xian Jing* (Immortal Classic) often uses this to dissolve various stones. Currently, there are no specialists to distinguish them clearly. Recent inquiries indicate it is still called "Nixi Pu," which implies they are not the same substance. Previously, someone obtained an item whose color and texture were largely similar to Puxiao but slightly different; it felt like salt or snow when held but was not cold. When forcibly burned, purple-blue smoke rose, leaving ash behind, and it did not boil vigorously like Puxiao. It was claimed to be true Nixi.
This text also states it is another name for Mangxiao. However, current Mangxiao is made by refining Puxiao. This aligns with the later statement by Huangfu, yet neither has been rigorously verified. Efficacy testing is required for further confirmation. The method for processing Nixi is found in the *San Shi Liu Shui Fang*. Longxi, Shu, and Qinzhou are located west of Chang'an among the Qiang tribes. Today, it is found in areas with saline soil north of Dangchang. The *Tang Bencao* commentary notes: This is indeed Mangxiao. Puxiao is also called Nixi Pu. Currently, crude and inferior Puxiao is leached, the juice is extracted, and it is refined into Mangxiao, which is Nixi. The *Ben Jing* states it is another name for Mangxiao; later authors added a separate entry for Mangxiao, which is erroneous. Current annotation identifies this as Dishuang (Earth Frost). In mountains and marshes, frost forms on the ground in winter. It is swept up, leached with water, and then refined. It is named Nixi because it can dissolve various stones. It is not of the same category as Puxiao and Mangxiao merely bearing the name "Xiao." The designation "another name for Mangxiao" arises because fine acicular crystals resembling frost appear during initial refining, hence the name Mangxiao. This is entirely distinct from the subsequent entry on Mangxiao. Tao's annotations in older texts cite various evidence, likely due to inaccurate identification. These are now rejected. Ministers Yu Xi et al. according to the *Shu Bencao*: Da Huang (Rhei Radix et Rhizoma) serves as the guiding herb. Note: Current Nixi is refined from Puxiao or made from Earth Frost. It resembles hairpin legs; high-quality pieces are five fen long and can dissolve seventy-two types of stones into water, hence the name Nixi. Wu Shi stated: Nixi is the Sovereign herb; incompatible with Zengqing (Chalcanthitum); fears congee. Taste: Salty. Toxicity: Slightly toxic. Indications: Treats luoli (scrofula) of the neck, diarrhea, expels pathogens and breaks blood stasis. Another name is Mangxiao. Burning it produces Nixi. Indications: Breaks accumulations, dissipates hard knots. Also written as Kunixiao. Highly effective for abdominal distension. Nixi and Mangxiao are mostly produced by people in Chuan-Yuan; their detailed rationale should be inquired about. Ri Huazi stated: Nixi fears Xingren (Armeniacae Semen Amarum) and Zhuye (Bambusae Folium). Holding it in the mouth treats hou bi (throat closure). Authentic material undergoes the "Fu Huo" (subduing fire) method: decocted in Liuzhi Tang (Willow Twig Decoction) for three cycles. If the liquid reduces, add hot liquid; the subduing process stops.
The *Tu Jing* details are under the Puxiao entry.
Lei Gong stated: For use, first grind into powder. Place in a porcelain bottle and heat over five jin of fire until red-hot. Mix Jichangcai (Portulacae Herba) and Baiziren (Platycladi Semen) together. When the bottle is red-hot, throw the Nixi into the bottle; the Nixi will naturally undergo Fu Huo. For every four liang of Nixi, use fifteen Di Zhu Zi (unit/measure) of Jichangcai and Baiziren combined. *Shenghui Fang*: Treats red and painful eyes. Grind Nixi extremely finely. Each night before sleep, use copper chopsticks to take a amount the size of a millet seed, apply to the eye corner. Wash with salt water the next morning. *Waitai Miyao*: Treats aversion to cold with shivering, resembling impending back carbuncle, or existing round red lesions. Apply wet compresses; replace when warm. Frequent changes lead to immediate recovery. *Lingyuan Fang*: Treats the five types of lin syndrome (dysuria): Lao Lin (fatigue-type), Xue Lin (blood-type), Re Lin (heat-type), Qi Lin (qi-type), and Shi Lin (stone-type), especially severe cases. Touge San: Use one liang of pure white Nixi free of soil, raw and finely powdered. Take two qian each time. Administer according to the following decoctions for each type: Lao Lin, caused by fatigue and deficiency leading to urinary retention and lower abdominal pain; administer with Kai Zi (Abutili Semen) powder decoction. After relief, must take Buxu Wan/San (Deficiency-Nourishing Pills/Powder). Xue Lin, characterized by inability to urinate, hematuria, pain, and urgency; Re Lin, characterized by hot, red, dribbling urine and lower umbilical pain; both administered with cold water. Qi Lin, characterized by lower abdominal fullness and urgency, post-void dribbling; administered with Mutong (Akebiae Caulis) decoction. Shi Lin, characterized by penile pain, urinary retention, radiating lower abdominal distension and pain, passage of sand/stones, and syncope; first stir-fry the powder in a ding (cauldron) through paper until the paper chars, then re-grind finely, administer with warm water. Urinary retention: administer with Xiaomai (Tritici Fructus Immaturus) decoction. Sudden onset of various lin syndromes: all administered with cold water. Take on an empty stomach. First, mix the medicine until it dissolves like water, then ingest, followed by decoction. For those unresponsive to other medicines, this yields immediate cure. Chen Cangqi's *Shiyi Xu*: Severe headache relieved by insufflating Xiao Mo (Nixi powder) into the nose. *Bingbu Shouji*: For Dan Shi (mineral pill) users suffering from unbearable hot sores: encircle the swelling with a paper ring, fill the center with Nixi, and drip water over it using a spoon. Stop when heat and pain subside. *Baozang Lun*: Nixi, if subjected to grass-subduing fire without weight loss, softens hard materials like gold, silver, copper, and iron instantly. *Records of the Grand Historian · Chunyu Yi*: The Beauty of King Zichuan of Zhou could not deliver her baby. Chunyu Yi was summoned. He gave her a pinch of Langdang Yao (Datura medicine) with wine, and she delivered immediately. Yi re-examined her pulse; it was rapid, indicating residual pathology. He administered one dose of Nixi, resulting in the expulsion of bean-sized blood clots, approximately five or six pieces.
*Yanyi* stated: Nixi is the residue that condenses at the bottom after Mangxiao has been extracted during secondary refining. Having lost its essence, it is merely dregs. Thus, its efficacy is slow, primarily capable of igniting fireworks. *Tang Ben* commentary: Named Nixi because it can dissolve various stones. Subdue fire by boiling in Liuzhi Tang for three cycles; replenish the decoction as it evaporates.