不可食者，鳖目白杀人。腹下有卜字及五字不可食。颔下有骨如鳖不利人。虾煮
白食之，腹中生虫。蟹腹下有毛，两目相向，腹中有骨，不利人。鳖肉共鸡肉食，成瘕疾也
。
（己酉添加衍义）
\r虾（音遐）蟆（音麻）\pd449.bmp\r
味辛，寒，有毒。主邪气，破症坚血，痈肿，阴疮，服之不患热病，疗阴
蚀疽疠（音赖）恶疮， 犬伤疮，能合玉石。一名蟾（十占切）蜍（常余切），一名 （音
秋），一
名去甫，一名苦KT （音龙又音笼）。生江湖池泽。五月五日取，阴干，东行者良。
陶隐居云∶此是腹大、皮上多痱（蒲罪切）磊（来罪切）者，其皮汁甚有毒。犬啮之，
口皆肿。
人得温病斑出困者，生食一、两枚，无不瘥者。五月五日取东行者五枚，反缚着密室中闭之
，明旦视自解者，取为术用，能使人缚亦自解。烧灰敷疮立验。其肪涂玉则刻之如蜡，故
云能合玉石，但肪不可多得。取肥者，锉，煎膏，以涂玉，亦软滑易截。古玉器有奇特，非
雕琢人功者，多是昆吾刀及虾蟆肪所刻也。唐本注云∶《别录》云，脑，主明目，疗青盲也
。臣禹锡等谨按蜀本图经云∶今所在池泽皆有。取晒干及火干之。一法∶刳去皮、爪，酒
浸
真
蟾蜍也。药性论云∶虾蟆，亦可单用。主辟百邪鬼魅，涂痈肿及治热结肿。又云∶蟾蜍，臣
。能杀疳虫，治鼠漏恶疮。端午日取眉脂，以朱砂、麝香为丸，如麻子大，小孩子疳瘦者，
空心一丸。如脑疳，以奶汁调，滴鼻中。烧灰，敷一切有虫恶痒滋胤疮。陈藏器云∶虾蟆、
蟾蜍，二物各别，陶将蟾蜍功状注虾蟆条中，遂使混然。采取无别。今药家所卖，亦以蟾蜍
当虾蟆，且虾蟆背有黑点，身小，能跳接百虫，解作呷呷声，在陂泽间，举动极急。《本经
》书功，即是此也。蟾蜍身大，背黑无点，多痱磊，不能跳，不解作声，行动迟缓，在人家
湿处。本功外，主温病身斑者，取一枚生捣，绞取汁服之。亦烧末服，主狂犬咬发狂欲死。
作脍食之，频食数顿。矢主恶疮，谓之土槟榔，出下湿地处，往往有之。术家以肪软压及五
月五日收取，即是此也。又有青蛙、蛙蛤、蝼蝈、长肱、石榜、蠼子之类，或在水田中，或
在沟渠侧，未见别功，故不具载。《周礼·掌蝈氏》∶去蛙黾焚牡菊，灰洒之则死。牡菊，
无花菊也。《本经》云∶虾蟆一名蟾蜍，误矣。日华子云∶虾蟆，冷，无毒。治犬咬及热狂
，贴恶疮，解烦热，色斑者是。又云∶蟾，凉，微毒。破症结，治疳气，小儿面黄，癖气。
烧灰油调敷恶疮，入药并炙用。又名蟾蜍。眉酥治 牙，和牛酥摩，敷腰眼并阴囊，治腰肾
冷并助阳气。以吴茱萸苗汁调妙。粪敷恶疮、疔肿，杂虫咬。油调敷瘰 、痔 疮。
图经曰虾蟆，生江湖，今处处有之。腹大形小，皮上多黑斑点，能跳接百虫食之，时作
呷呷
声，在陂泽间，举动极急，五月五日取，阴干，东行者良。《本经》云一名蟾蜍，以为一物
，似非的也。谨按《尔雅》 （起据切） ，蟾蜍。郭璞注云∶似虾蟆，居陆地。又科斗注
云∶虾蟆子也。是非一物明矣。且蟾蜍形大，背上多痱磊，行极迟缓，不能跳跃，亦不解鸣，
多在人家下湿处。其腹下有丹书八字者，真蟾蜍也。陶隐居所谓能解犬毒及温病斑生，生食
之，并用蟾蜍也。《本经》云∶主邪气，破坚血之类，皆用虾蟆。二物虽一类，而功用小别
，亦当分别而用之。《洽闻记》云∶虾蟆大者，名田父，能食蛇。蛇行，田父逐之，蛇不得
去，田父衔其尾，久之，蛇死，尾后数寸皮不损，肉已尽也。世传蛇啖蛙，今乃云田父食蛇
，其说颇怪，当是别有一种如此耳。韦宙《独行方》，治蚕咬。取田父脊背上白汁和蚁子
灰涂之，瘥。蟾蜍矢，谓之土槟榔，下湿处往往有之。亦主恶疮。眉酥，主 牙及小儿疳瘦
药
所须。又有一种，大而黄色，多在山石中藏蛰，能吞气饮风露，不食杂虫，谓之山蛤。山中
人亦餐之，此主小儿劳瘦及疳疾等，最良。
雷公云有多般，勿误用。有黑虎，有 黄，有黄KT ，有蝼蝈，有蟾。其形各别。其
虾蟆，
皮上腹下有斑点，脚短，即不鸣叫。黑虎，身小黑，觜脚小斑。 黄，斑色，前脚大，后腿
小
，有尾子一条。黄KT ，遍身黄色，腹下有脐带，长五、七分以来，所住立处，带下有自
然汁
出。蝼蝈，即夜鸣，腰细口大，皮苍黑色。蟾，即黄斑，头有肉角。凡使虾蟆，先去皮并肠
及爪了，阴干，然后涂酥炙令干。每修事一个，用牛酥一分，炙尽为度。若使黑虎，即和头
、尾、皮、爪，并阴干，酒浸三日，漉出，焙干用。圣惠方治风邪。虾蟆烧灰、朱砂等分。
每服一钱，水调下，日三、四服，甚有神验。又方治腹蛇螯方∶用生虾蟆一枚，烂杵碎，敷
之。外台秘要治卒狂言鬼语。烧虾蟆杵末，酒服方寸匕，日三。又方治小儿初得月蚀疮。五
月虾蟆烧杵末，猪膏和敷之。又方治小儿患风脐及脐疮，久不瘥者。烧虾蟆杵末，敷之，
日三、四度，瘥。又方虫已食下部，肛尽肠穿者。取长股虾暮青背者一枚，鸡骨一分，烧
为灰，合吹下部，令深入。又云数用大验。又方治癣疮方取蟾蜍烧灰末，以猪脂和敷之。孙
真人肠头挺出。以皮一片，瓶内烧熏挺处。梅师方治疳 无问去处，皆治之。以虾蟆烧灰，
好醋和敷，日三、五度，敷之，瘥。子母秘录小儿洞泄下痢。烧虾蟆末，饮调方寸匕服。
又方治小儿口疮。五月五日虾蟆炙杵末，敷疮上即瘥。兼治小儿蓐疮。南北史张畅弟收，尝
为犬所伤，医云∶宜食虾蟆脍。收甚难之，畅含笑先尝，收因此乃食。
衍义曰∶虾蟆，多在人家渠堑下，大腹品类中最大者是，遇阴雨或昏夜即出食。取眉间
有白
汁，谓之蟾酥，以油单裹眉裂之，酥出单上，入药用。有人病齿缝中血出，以纸 子，蘸干
蟾
酥少许，于血出处按之，立止。世有人收三足枯蟾以罔众，但以水沃半日，尽见其伪，尽本
无三足者。
不能食用的情况：鳖的眼睛是白色的，吃了会致死。腹部有“卜”字或“五”字纹样的鳖不可食用。下巴下有骨头的鳖对人不利。虾煮熟后若吃白色的部分，会在腹中生出虫子。蟹如果腹部有毛、两只眼睛相对、腹中有骨头，则对人不利。鳖肉与鸡肉同食，会形成瘕积病（腹内结块的疾病）。
（己酉年添加《嘉祐本草衍义》的内容）
【虾蟆（音遐麻）】
味辛，性寒，有毒。主治邪气，破除症坚血（积聚的瘀血），治疗痈肿、阴部疮疡，服用后不会患热病，能治疗阴蚀疽疠（音赖，指腐烂恶疮）和恶疮，以及犬咬伤造成的疮口，还能融合玉石。又名蟾蜍（切音：十占、常余），又名（音秋），又名去甫，又名苦KT（音龙，又音笼）。生于江湖池塘沼泽之中。五月五日采集，阴干，向东行走的疗效好。
陶隐居说：这是指腹部大、皮上有很多疙瘩（蒲罪切、来罪切）的，它的皮汁毒性很大。狗咬了它，嘴巴都会肿胀。人得了温病出现斑疹且困倦的，生吃一两个，没有不痊愈的。五月五日取向东走的五只，反绑着放在密室中关起来，第二天早上看它们自己解开的，取来做法术用，能让人被绑住也自行解开。烧成灰敷在疮上立刻见效。它的脂肪涂抹在玉上，雕刻时像蜡一样软，所以说它能融合玉石，但脂肪不容易多得。选取肥大的，切碎，煎制成膏，用来涂玉，也容易切割。古代奇特的玉器，不是人工雕琢的，多是昆吾刀及虾蟆脂肪所刻。唐本注说：《别录》记载，脑，主治明目，治疗青盲（视力障碍）。臣禹锡等人谨按蜀本图经说：现在各地的池塘沼泽都有。采取晒干或用火烤干的方法。一种方法：剖开去掉皮、爪，用酒浸泡，是真蟾蜍。药性论说：虾蟆也可以单用。主治辟除百邪鬼魅，涂抹治疗痈肿及热结肿。又说：蟾蜍，臣。能杀疳虫，治疗鼠漏恶疮。端午日取眉脂，用朱砂、麝香做成丸药，如麻子大，小孩子患疳瘦病的，空腹服一丸。如果是脑疳，用奶汁调匀，滴入鼻中。烧成灰，敷治一切有虫的恶痒滋胤疮。陈藏器说：虾蟆、蟾蜍，这两种东西各不同，陶隐居将蟾蜍的功效注在虾蟆条中，于是使两者混淆。采集没有区别。现在药商卖的，也用蟾蜍当作虾蟆。而且虾蟆背上有黑点，身体小，能跳跃捕捉百虫，能发出呷呷声，在陂泽之间，举动非常急促。《本经》记载的功效，就是指的这种。蟾蜍身体大，背黑无点，多疙瘩，不能跳跃，不会发声，行动迟缓，在人家的湿处。除了基本功效外，主治温病身斑者，取一只生捣，绞取汁液服用。也烧成末服用，主治狂犬咬伤发狂欲死。做成脍（细切的鱼或肉）吃，频繁吃几顿。粪便主治恶疮，称为土槟榔，出在下湿地处，往往有之。术家以脂肪柔软压制及五月五日收取的，就是这种。又有青蛙、蛙蛤、蝼蝈、长肱、石榜、蠼子之类，有的在水田中，有的在沟渠侧，未见其他功效，所以不详细记载。《周礼·掌蝈氏》：去除蛙黾焚烧牡菊，用灰洒它它就会死。牡菊，是没有花的菊。《本经》说：虾蟆一名蟾蜍，是错误的。日华子说：虾蟆，冷，无毒。治犬咬及热狂，贴恶疮，解烦热，色斑的是。又说：蟾，凉，微毒。破症结，治疳气，小儿面黄，癖气。烧灰油调敷恶疮，入药并炙用。又名蟾蜍。眉酥治龋牙，和牛酥摩，敷腰眼并阴囊，治腰肾冷并助阳气。用吴茱萸苗汁调妙。粪敷恶疮、疔肿，杂虫咬。油调敷瘰疬、痔疮。
图经说虾蟆，生在江湖，现在处处有之。腹部大形体小，皮上多黑斑点，能跳跃捕捉百虫吃，时常发出呷呷声，在陂泽之间，举动非常急促，五月五日取，阴干，向东行走的疗效好。《本经》说一名蟾蜍，认为是一物，似乎不准确。谨按《尔雅》（起据切），蟾蜍。郭璞注说：似虾蟆，居陆地。又科斗注说：虾蟆子也。这不是一物是很明显的。而且蟾蜍形体大，背上多疙瘩，行极迟缓，不能跳跃，也不解鸣叫，多在人家的下湿处。其腹部下有丹书八字的是真蟾蜍。陶隐居所谓能解犬毒及温病斑生，生食之，并用蟾蜍也。《本经》说：主邪气，破坚血之类，皆用虾蟆。二物虽一类，而功用小别，亦当分别而用之。《洽闻记》说：虾蟆大的，名田父，能吃蛇。蛇行，田父追逐它，蛇不得去，田父衔住它的尾巴，很久，蛇死了，尾后数寸皮不损，肉已尽也。世传蛇吃蛙，现在却说田父吃蛇，说法很奇怪，应当是别有一种如此罢了。韦宙《独行方》，治蚕咬。取田父脊背上白汁和蚁子灰涂之，痊愈。蟾蜍屎，称为土槟榔，下湿处往往有之。也主治恶疮。眉酥，主治龋牙及小儿疳瘦药所需。又有一种，大而黄色，多在山石中藏蛰，能吞气饮风露，不吃杂虫，称为山蛤。山中人也吃它，这主治小儿劳瘦及疳疾等，最好。
雷公说有多种，不要误用。有黑虎，有黄，有黄KT，有蝼蝈，有蟾。它们的形状各不相同。那虾蟆，皮上腹下有斑点，脚短，就不鸣叫。黑虎，身小黑，嘴脚小斑。黄，斑色，前脚大，后腿小，有一条尾巴。黄KT，遍身黄色，腹下有脐带，长五、七分以来，所住立处，带下有自然汁出。蝼蝈，即夜鸣，腰细口大，皮苍黑色。蟾，即黄斑，头有肉角。凡是使用虾蟆，先去掉皮并肠及爪，阴干，然后涂酥炙令干。每修事一个，用牛酥一分，炙尽为度。如果使用黑虎，就和头、尾、皮、爪一起，阴干，酒浸三日，捞出，焙干用。圣惠方治风邪。虾蟆烧灰、朱砂等分。每服一钱，水调下，日三、四服，很有神验。又一方治腹蛇螯方：用生虾蟆一枚，烂杵碎，敷之。外台秘要治卒狂言鬼语。烧虾蟆杵末，酒服方寸匕，日三。又一方治小儿初得月蚀疮。五月虾蟆烧杵末，猪膏和敷之。又一方治小儿患风脐及脐疮，久不愈的。烧虾蟆杵末，敷之，日三、四度，痊愈。又一方虫已食下部，肛尽肠穿者。取长股虾暮青背者一枚，鸡骨一分，烧为灰，合吹下部，令深入。又说多次使用大有验证。又一方治癣疮方取蟾蜍烧灰末，以猪脂和敷之。孙真人肠头挺出。以皮一片，瓶内烧熏挺处。梅师方治疳无问去处，都治它。以虾蟆烧灰，好醋和敷，日三、五度，敷之，痊愈。子母秘录小儿洞泄下痢。烧虾蟆末，饮调方寸匕服。又一方治小儿口疮。五月五日虾蟆炙杵末，敷疮上即痊愈。兼治小儿蓐疮。南北史张畅弟收，曾被狗咬伤，医生说：宜食虾蟆脍。收很为难，畅含笑先尝，收因此才吃。
衍义说：虾蟆，多在人家的渠堑下，大腹品类中最大者是，遇阴雨或昏夜即出食。取眉间有白汁，称为蟾酥，用油纸单裹眉裂之，酥出单上，入药用。有人病齿缝中血出，用纸蘸干蟾酥少许，于血出处按之，立即停止。世上有人收三足枯蟾以欺骗众人，只要用水浇半天，全见其伪，原本就没有三足的。
Those that should not be eaten: Soft-shelled turtles with white eyes are fatal if consumed. Turtles with the character "Bu" (卜) or "Wu" (五) on their bellies must not be eaten. Turtles with bone-like structures under their chins are detrimental to humans. If white meat of shrimp is eaten after boiling, worms may develop in the abdomen. Crabs with hair on their bellies, facing eyes, and bones inside are harmful. Eating soft-shelled turtle meat together with chicken can lead to Jia disease (abdominal masses).
(Added during the Jiyou year from *Jiayou Bencao Yan Yi*)
[Toad / Bufo]
Pungent in flavor, cold in nature, toxic. It treats pathogenic factors, breaks up stagnant blood and hard accumulations, abscesses, genital ulcers, and prevents febrile diseases upon consumption. It treats erosive ulcers and malignant sores, as well as wounds from dog bites. It is said to have the property of fusing jade. Also known as Chan Chu (Bufo bufo gargarizans), Qiu, Qu Fu, and Ku Long. It lives in rivers, lakes, ponds, and marshes. Collected on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, dried in the shade; those moving eastward are considered superior.
Tao Hongjing stated: This refers to the species with large bellies and warty skin. Its skin juice is highly toxic. If a dog bites it, its mouth swells. For humans suffering from warm diseases with rashes and lethargy, eating one or two raw specimens ensures recovery. Five east-moving specimens collected on the fifth day of the fifth month, bound upside down and sealed in a dark room, will untie themselves by dawn; these can be used for magical practices to make bound individuals untie themselves. Burned to ash and applied to sores yields immediate results. Its fat makes jade soft like wax when carved, hence the saying it fuses jade, though fat is hard to obtain in quantity. Selecting fat specimens, chopping them, and boiling into an ointment allows for easy cutting of jade. Ancient unique jade artifacts, seemingly not carved by human hands, were often made using Kunwu knives and toad fat. The *Tang Ben Zhu* notes: *Bie Lu* records that the brain treats brightening of vision and blindness (Qing Mang). Minister Yuxi et al., according to the Shu Ben Tu Jing, state they are found in ponds and marshes everywhere. They are sun-dried or fire-dried. One method involves gutting, removing skin and claws, and soaking in wine to identify true Chan Chu. *Yao Xing Lun* states: Toads can be used alone to ward off evil spirits and treat abscesses and heat-induced swellings. It also states: Chan Chu kills intestinal parasites (Gan Chong) and treats rat-hole ulcers. On the Dragon Boat Festival, collect the glandular secretion from the eyebrows, mix with Cinnabar (Zhu Sha) and Moschus (She Xiang) to form pills the size of hemp seeds. Give one pill on an empty stomach for children with Gan wasting syndrome. For cranial Gan, mix with milk and drip into the nose. Ash applied to all insect-infested, itchy, and proliferating sores is effective. Chen Cangqi stated: Toad (Xia Ma) and Chan Chu are distinct species. Tao Hongjing confused their properties by annotating Chan Chu's functions under Xia Ma, leading to confusion in collection. Current merchants sell Chan Chu as Xia Ma. Xia Ma has black spots on its back, is small, jumps to catch insects, makes croaking sounds, moves rapidly in marshes, and matches the efficacy described in *Ben Jing*. Chan Chu is larger, black-backed without spots, very warty, cannot jump, does not vocalize, moves slowly, and inhabits damp places near houses. Besides basic functions, it treats warm disease rashes: crush one raw, extract juice, and ingest. Powdered form treats rabies-induced mania. Eaten as sashimi, frequent consumption helps. Feces, called Earth Areca Nut (Tu Bin Lang), found in wet areas, treat malignant sores. Daoists use the fat pressed soft and collected on the fifth day of the fifth month for this purpose. Other frogs like Qing Wa, Wa Ge, Lou Guo, Chang Gong, Shi Bang, and Qu Zi live in rice fields or ditches but lack recorded specific efficacies, so they are not detailed. *Zhou Li · Zhang Guo Shi* mentions extinguishing frogs with burnt male chrysanthemum ash. Male chrysanthemum refers to flowerless varieties. *Ben Jing*'s claim that Xia Ma is synonymous with Chan Chu is erroneous. Ri Hua Zi stated: Xia Ma is cold and non-toxic, treating dog bites, heat mania, malignant sores, and relieving fever/rashes. Chan Chu is cool and slightly toxic, breaking stagnation, treating pediatric Gan Qi, yellow complexion, and mass disorders. Ash mixed with oil treats sores; roasted for medicinal use. Also known as Chan Chu. Eyebrow butter (Mei Su) treated dental caries when mixed with cow butter and applied to lower back and scrotum to treat coldness and boost Yang Qi. Mixed with Evodia seedling juice. Feces treat sores, carbuncles, and insect bites. Oil-treated application for scrofula and hemorrhoids.
*TU Jing* states Toads live in rivers/lakes and are ubiquitous. Large belly, small body, black-spotted skin, jumping to catch insects, croaking in marshes, rapid movement. Collected on the 5th day of the 5th month, shade-dried, east-moving ones are best. *Ben Jing*'s identification of them as one species seems inaccurate. According to *Er Ya*, Chan Chu resembles Toads but lives on land. Tadpoles are Toad offspring. Thus, they are distinct. Chan Chu is large, warty, slow, non-jumping, non-vocalizing, living in damp household areas. True Chan Chu has eight red characters on the belly. Tao Hongjing’s descriptions of antidoting dog venom and treating warm disease rashes via raw consumption refer to Chan Chu. *Ben Jing*'s claims regarding expelling pathogens and breaking blood stasis apply to Xia Ma. Though similar, their functions differ slightly and should be distinguished. *Qia Wen Ji* records large Toads named Tian Fu eating snakes. Tian Fu chases snakes, bites the tail until the snake dies while the skin remains intact. While legends say snakes eat frogs, here Tian Fu eats snakes, which is strange, implying a different variant. Wei Zhou’s *Du Xing Fang* treats silkworm bites using white fluid from Tian Fu’s spine mixed with ant ash. Chan Chu feces, Earth Areca Nut, treats sores. Mei Su treats dental issues and pediatric wasting. Another type, large and yellow, hibernates in rocks, consumes air/dew, avoids insects, called Mountain Toad (Shan Ha). Consumed by mountain dwellers, it effectively treats pediatric emaciation and Gan diseases.
Lei Gong warned of various types to avoid misuse: Black Tiger, Huang, Huang Long, Lou Guo, and Chan. Their shapes differ. Xia Ma has belly spots, short legs, no vocalization. Black Tiger is small/black with spotted mouth/legs. Huang is spotted, large front legs, small hind legs, with a tail. Huang Long is yellow with an umbilical cord-like structure secreting fluid. Lou Guo croaks at night, thin waist, large mouth, dark skin. Chan has yellow spots and fleshy horns on the head. Preparation: Remove skin, intestines, claws, dry in shade, coat with butter, roast until dry. One specimen requires one part beef butter. For Black Tiger, process whole (head, tail, skin, claws), dry, soak in wine for three days, drain, and roast. *Sheng Hui Fang* treats wind-pathogens: Mix Toad ash and Cinnabar equally. Take 1 qian with water, 3-4 times daily, highly effective. Another formula for viper bites: Crush fresh Toad, apply externally. *Waitai Miyao* treats sudden mania/hallucinations: Drink Toad ash powder with wine, 1 cubic inch dose, 3 times daily. For infant moon-eroded sores: May Toad ash mixed with lard. For infant wind-umbilicus/omphalitis: Apply Toad ash 3-4 times daily. For rectal prolapse/intestinal eversion caused by parasites: Use a green-backed long-legged Toad and chicken bone, burn to ash, insufflate deeply. Repeated use is verified. For tinea: Chan Chu ash mixed with lard. Sun Simiao for evisceration: Smoke protruding tissue with burned Toad skin in a bottle. Mei Shi Fang for Gan sores anywhere: Toad ash mixed with vinegar, apply 3-5 times daily. *Zimu Milu* for infant dysentery: Toad ash mixed with drink, 1 cubic inch. For infant mouth sores: Roasted May Toad ash applied to sores cures them; also treats postpartum sores. Historical record: Zhang Chang’s brother, Shou, was bitten by a dog. Doctors recommended Toad sashimi. Shou hesitated; Chang tasted it first, prompting Shou to eat it.
*Yan Yi* states: Toads live in ditches, largest among large-bellied types, emerging on rainy nights. Collect white fluid from between eyebrows, called Chan Su (Toad Venom). Wrap eyebrow slit in oil paper to collect secretion for medicine. Case: Bleeding gums stopped immediately by pressing dried Chan Su on the site. Fraud alert: Some sell fake three-legged dried Toads. Soaking in water reveals them as normal Toads; three-legged Toads do not exist naturally.