咳嗽必由于肺，故黄帝有肺令人咳之问。而岐伯则曰∶五脏六腑，皆令人咳，非独肺也。皮毛
者，肺之合也，皮毛先受邪气，邪气以从其合也。其寒饮食入胃，从胃脉上至于肺，则肺寒，肺寒则外内
合邪，因而客之，则为肺咳。此举形寒饮冷，伤肺致咳之一端耳，形寒者，外感风寒也；饮冷者，内伤
寒冷也。然六气不独风寒乘肺致咳，其火、暑、湿、燥皆能乘肺，皆足致咳，各有的症可凭。又曰∶五脏
各以其时受病，非其时，各传以与之。乘秋则肺先受之，乘春则肝光受之，乘夏则心先受之，乘季夏则
脾先受之，乘冬则肾先受之。言四脏各以其时，先受邪为病，次便及乎肺而为咳，故曰五脏六腑皆令人
咳，然其实无有不关于肺，况外邪中于皮毛，而内应于肺也。即内伤之咳，亦无有不关于肺。故以内经于
五脏六腑分别咳状之下，又申之曰∶此皆聚于胃，关于肺，故使人多啼唾而面浮肿气逆也。聚于胃者，
胃为脏腑之根本也，关于肺者，肺为脏腑之华盖也。尝考无择有三因，丹溪有六咳，名虽多种，总不出
于外感内伤。
而治咳之法，亦当知重肺胃二经。然于外感内伤之中，又惟风寒劳损，二者居其八九。景岳云∶风寒
者，责在阳实，治宜辛温散邪，则肺清而咳愈，最忌寒凉收敛，如经所谓肺欲辛者是也。劳损者，责在
阴虚，治宜甘以壮水，润以养金，则肺宁而嗽愈，最忌辛香燥热，如经所谓辛走气，气病无多食辛者是
也。至若因火、因暑、因湿、因燥，各从本门似施治。其因痰饮者涤其饮，因气逆者降其气，因食积者消
之，因积热者清之，金虚则崇土，郁甚则舒肝，随其所见之症而理之。《金匮》论咳有肺痿、肺痈、肺
胀之辨，所当详究。赵氏云∶水冷金寒而咳，当用八味丸。仲淳虽论气虚、阳虚、喘咳者绝少，然此等治
咳之法，亦宜留心，以尽病变之无穷，则治咳之能事毕矣。
疏邪利金汤〔见伤风。〕
原方〔疏邪利肺。〕如外感风寒，内伤寒冷咳嗽者，〔寒冷入胃，从胃脉上至于肺，则肺寒，外内合
邪，故咳。〕可加半夏。以治胃寒。
此治感冒风寒咳嗽之剂，果系形寒饮冷致咳，可加姜、夏，否则肺热还伤肺矣。
清金膏 加减清宁膏 噙化丸 琼玉膏〔俱见虚劳。〕皆治阴虚咳嗽。
风髓汤
牛髓〔一斤。〕白蜜〔半斤，同煎沸，以绢滤去渣，入下三味。〕杏仁〔去皮尖，四
两，研如泥。〕山药〔炒，四两，研细。〕胡桃仁〔去皮，四两，研如泥。〕〔同入瓶
内，油纸封口，隔汤煮一日，早晚白汤化服三、四匙。〕一方用牛酥、白蜜、杏仁名蜜汗煎。〔煎法同
上。〕
八仙玉液〔自制。〕治阴虚咳嗽痰血最效。
藕汁〔性寒带涩，涤热止血，二杯。〕梨汁〔降火消痰，定喘止嗽。〕蔗浆〔消痰止
咳。〕芦根汁〔清胃止呕，各一杯。〕茅根〔凉金定喘。水煎取浓汁一杯，再同汁浆乳顿
滚。〕人乳〔补阴养血。〕童便〔引火下行，各一杯。〕生鸡子白〔三枚。〕和匀，频频
服之。余尝用米仁 山药 莲肉〔保脾。〕麦冬〔各一两。〕白花百合〔清肺，二两。〕
枇杷叶〔降气，十片。〕煎浓汁〔一碗。〕冲入玉液，再加贝母末，真柿霜〔消痰。〕和匀，频频
饮之。〔即垂绝者，尚可延生。〕
此七方皆甘润之剂，劳损之咳，择而用之。一方但用枇杷叶去毛，蜜炙煎膏，白蜜饴糖收之，亦有
效验。
泻白散〔见火。〕
此治肺热咳嗽之剂，虚火加甘寒，实火加苦寒。按《金匮》云∶咳而上气，其人喘；目如脱状，此
为肺，胀。仲淳言肺胀，乃系肺热极所致，当清金降气。本方宜加黄芩、石膏、知母、花粉之属。
顺气开痰饮〔见中风。〕此治气逆咳嗽之剂。
二陈汤〔见中风。〕此治痰饮咳嗽之剂，虚者用四君子汤。
保和丸〔见泄泻。〕此治食积咳嗽之剂，加减用之。
百部膏〔一味熬膏蜜收。〕此治虫啮肺咳之剂，必胸中饥时则痛，唇上白点如粟者，用之方效。
咳嗽必然源于肺，所以黄帝曾提出“肺令人咳”的疑问。而岐伯回答说：五脏六腑都能导致咳嗽，并非只有肺。皮毛是肺的外合部位，皮毛先受到邪气侵袭，邪气便顺着皮毛传入与其相合的肺脏。如果寒冷的饮食进入胃中，沿着胃脉上行至肺，就会导致肺寒；肺寒则外部感受的寒邪与内部摄入的冷食相互结合，邪气停留其中，就会形成肺咳。这只是形体受寒、饮用冷饮损伤肺部导致咳嗽的一个方面罢了。所谓“形寒”，是指外感风寒；所谓“饮冷”，是指内伤寒冷。然而六气（风、寒、暑、湿、燥、火）并不只是风和寒侵犯肺脏才会导致咳嗽，火、暑、湿、燥也都能够侵犯肺脏，都足以引起咳嗽，各自有具体的症状可以作为依据。又说：五脏在各自所主的季节容易受病，如果不是那个季节，其他脏腑的病邪也会传变给肺。秋季时肺最先受邪，春季时肝最先受邪，夏季时心最先受邪，长夏（季夏）时脾最先受邪，冬季时肾最先受邪。这是说四脏在各自对应的季节先受邪气致病，随后病邪波及肺脏从而引发咳嗽，所以说五脏六腑都能让人咳嗽，但实际上没有不关系到肺的，何况外邪从皮毛侵入，内应连于肺脏呢？即使是内伤引起的咳嗽，也没有不关系到肺的。所以《内经》在分别论述五脏六腑咳嗽的症状之后，又补充说道：这些病证都是聚积在胃，关系到肺，所以使人多啼哭、流唾沫以及面部浮肿、气逆。所谓“聚于胃”，是因为胃是脏腑的根本；所谓“关于肺”，是因为肺是脏腑的华盖（最高保护者）。我曾经考察过陈无择提出的三因学说，朱丹溪提出的六种咳嗽，名称虽然多种多样，但总不出外感和内伤的范围。
治疗咳嗽的方法，也应当知道要重视肺和胃两条经络。然而在对外感和内伤的辨证中，又以风寒和劳损这两种情况占大多数。张景岳说：风寒咳嗽，责任在于阳气实证，治疗适宜用辛温药物发散邪气，这样肺气清肃而咳嗽痊愈，最忌讳使用寒凉收敛的药物，正如经典所说“肺喜辛散”的道理。劳损咳嗽，责任在于阴虚，治疗适宜用甘味药以壮水制火，用滋润药以养金润肺，这样肺气安宁而咳嗽痊愈，最忌讳使用辛香燥热的药物，正如经典所说“辛味走气，气病不宜多吃辛味”的道理。至于因为火、暑、湿、燥引起的咳嗽，各自从其本门的治法来施治。因为痰饮引起的就涤除痰饮，因为气逆引起的就降逆气，因为食积引起的就消导食积，因为积热引起的就清热，肺气虚弱就培土生金，郁滞严重就疏肝解郁，根据所见到的症状进行调理。《金匮要略》论咳嗽有肺痿、肺痈、肺胀的区别，应当详细研究。赵氏说：水冷金寒导致的咳嗽，应当使用八味丸。仲淳虽然认为气虚、阳虚导致的喘咳很少见，但是这类治疗咳嗽的方法，也应当留心，以穷尽病变的无穷变化，那么治疗咳嗽的能力就完备了。
疏邪利金汤〔见于伤风章节〕
原方功效为疏邪利肺。如果是外感风寒、内伤寒冷导致的咳嗽，〔寒冷入胃，沿胃脉上行至肺，导致肺寒，内外邪气相合，所以咳嗽。〕可以加入半夏，用来治疗胃寒。
这是治疗感冒风寒咳嗽的方剂，如果确实是形体受寒、饮用冷饮导致的咳嗽，可以加入生姜、半夏，否则如果是肺热再用此法反而会再次伤害肺脏。
清金膏、加减清宁膏、噙化丸、琼玉膏〔均见于虚劳章节〕，都是治疗阴虚咳嗽的方剂。
风髓汤
牛髓〔一斤〕，白蜜〔半斤，同煎至沸腾，用绢布过滤去渣，加入下面三种药材〕，杏仁〔去皮尖，四两，研成泥状〕，山药〔炒制，四两，研细〕，胡桃仁〔去皮，四两，研成泥状〕。〔一同放入瓶中，用油纸封口，隔水蒸煮一天，早晚用白开水化服三、四匙。〕另一方法使用牛酥、白蜜、杏仁，名为蜜汗煎。〔煎法同上。〕
八仙玉液〔自制〕，治疗阴虚咳嗽伴有痰血最为有效。
藕汁〔性寒带涩，能涤除热邪止血，用量二杯〕，梨汁〔降火消痰，定喘止咳〕，蔗浆〔消痰止咳〕，芦根汁〔清胃止呕，各一杯〕，茅根〔凉金定喘，水煎取浓汁一杯，再与其他汁浆混合煮沸〕，人乳〔补阴养血〕，童便〔引火下行，各一杯〕，生鸡子白〔三个〕。混合均匀，频频服用。我曾经用米仁、山药、莲肉〔保脾〕，麦冬〔各一两〕，白花百合〔清肺，二两〕，枇杷叶〔降气，十片〕，煎取浓汁一碗，冲入玉液中，再加入贝母末和真柿霜〔消痰〕，混合均匀，频频饮用。〔即使是气息垂绝的病人，还可以延续生命。〕
这七个方子都是甘润的药剂，对于劳损引起的咳嗽，选择其中一种使用。还有一个方子只用枇杷叶去毛，蜜炙后煎膏，用白蜜和饴糖收膏，也有疗效。
泻白散〔见于火证章节〕
这是治疗肺热咳嗽的方剂，虚火加甘寒药，实火加苦寒药。按《金匮要略》说：咳嗽且气逆，病人喘息；眼睛突出像要脱出来一样，这叫肺胀。仲淳说肺胀，是由于肺热极盛所致，应当清金降气。本方适宜加入黄芩、石膏、知母、天花粉之类的药物。
二陈汤〔见于中风章节〕，这是治疗痰饮咳嗽的方剂，虚证患者使用四君子汤。
保和丸〔见于泄泻章节〕，这是治疗食积咳嗽的方剂，需加减使用。
百部膏〔单味药熬膏，用蜜收存〕，这是治疗虫啮肺咳的方剂，必须是在胸中饥饿时感到疼痛，嘴唇上有如粟米大小的白点时，使用此方才有效。
Cough must originate from the Lung, which is why the Yellow Emperor asked about "the Lung causing cough." Qi Bo replied: The Five Zang and Six Fu organs can all cause cough, not just the Lung. The skin and hair (Mao Pi) are the exterior correspondence of the Lung; when pathogenic factors first invade the skin and hair, they enter the Lung through this correspondence. If cold food and drink enter the Stomach and travel up along the Stomach meridian to the Lung, it causes Cold in the Lung. When the Lung is Cold, external and internal pathogens combine, lodging within, resulting in a Lung Cough. This describes one aspect of how physical exposure to cold and consumption of cold drinks damage the Lung and induce cough. "Physical exposure to cold" refers to external contraction of Wind-Cold; "consumption of cold drinks" refers to internal injury by Cold. However, the Six Qi (Wind, Cold, Summer-Heat, Dampness, Dryness, Fire) do not only include Wind and Cold invading the Lung to cause cough; Fire, Summer-Heat, Dampness, and Dryness can also invade the Lung and sufficiently cause cough, each with specific symptoms as evidence. It is also stated: Each Zang organ is susceptible to disease during its corresponding season; if not that season, pathogenic factors from other organs transmit to the Lung. In Autumn, the Lung is affected first; in Spring, the Liver is affected first; in Summer, the Heart is affected first; in Late Summer (Ji Xia), the Spleen is affected first; in Winter, the Kidney is affected first. This means the Four Zang organs first contract pathogenic factors in their respective seasons, subsequently affecting the Lung and causing cough. Thus, it is said that the Five Zang and Six Fu organs can all cause cough, but essentially none do so without involving the Lung, especially since external pathogens enter via the skin and hair and internally correspond to the Lung. Even internally injured coughs invariably involve the Lung. Therefore, after detailing the cough manifestations of the Five Zang and Six Fu organs in the *Neijing*, it adds: These conditions accumulate in the Stomach and relate to the Lung, causing excessive crying, salivation, facial edema, and rebellious Qi. "Accumulating in the Stomach" exists because the Stomach is the root of the Zang-Fu organs; "Relating to the Lung" exists because the Lung is the canopy (Hua Gai) of the Zang-Fu organs. I have examined Chen Wuyue's Three Causes theory and Zhu Danxi's Six Types of Cough; although names vary, they ultimately fall under External Contraction or Internal Injury.
The methods for treating cough should also emphasize the Lung and Stomach meridians. Among external contractions and internal injuries, Wind-Cold and Consumption (Lao Sun) account for eight or nine out of ten cases. Zhang Jingyue stated: For Wind-Cold, the issue lies in Yang Excess; treatment should use Acrid-Warm herbs to disperse pathogens, clearing the Lung and curing the cough. It strictly forbids Cold-Cool and astringent herbs, as the classics state "the Lung desires Acridity." For Consumption, the issue lies in Yin Deficiency; treatment should use Sweet herbs to nourish Water (Kidney) and moistening herbs to nourish Metal (Lung), calming the Lung and curing the cough. It strictly forbids Acrid-Aromatic and Dry-Hot herbs, as the classics state "Acridity moves Qi, and one should not consume much Acrid flavor when Qi is diseased." As for coughs caused by Fire, Summer-Heat, Dampness, or Dryness, treat them according to their respective categories. For those caused by Phlegm-Fluids, eliminate the fluids; for those caused by Rebellious Qi, direct Qi downward; for those caused by Food Stagnation, resolve the stagnation; for those caused by Accumulated Heat, clear the heat; for Empty Lung, strengthen Earth (Spleen) to generate Metal; for severe Stagnation, soothe the Liver. Treat based on the observed symptoms. The *Jingui Yaolue* distinguishes between Lung Wei (Flaccidity), Lung Yong (Abscess), and Lung Zhang (Distension) in coughs, which requires detailed study. Zhao Shi stated: For cough due to Cold Water and Cold Metal, use Ba Wei Wan (Eight-Ingredient Pill). Zhong Chun noted that cough with panting due to Qi Deficiency or Yang Deficiency is rare, but such treatment methods should still be kept in mind to exhaust the infinite variations of disease, thereby mastering the art of treating cough.
Shu Xie Li Jin Tang (Dispel Pathogens and Benefit Metal Decoction) [See Shang Feng].
Original formula function: Dispel pathogens and benefit the Lung. If cough is caused by external Wind-Cold and internal Cold injury [Cold enters the Stomach, travels up the Stomach meridian to the Lung, causing Lung Cold, and combining external and internal pathogens, thus causing cough], add Ban Xia (Pinellia Rhizome) to treat Stomach Cold.
This is a formula for treating cough due to Wind-Cold common cold. If the cough is indeed caused by physical exposure to cold and drinking cold liquids, add Sheng Jiang (Fresh Ginger) and Ban Xia; otherwise, if there is Lung Heat, using this method will further injure the Lung.
Qing Jin Gao (Clear Metal Ointment), Jia Jian Qing Ning Gao (Modified Clearing Peace Ointment), Qin Hua Wan (Holding-and-Swallowing Pill), Qiong Yu Gao (Jade Nectar Ointment) [All see Xu Lao]. All treat Yin Deficiency Cough.
Feng Sui Tang (Wind Marrow Decoction)
Niu Sui (Bovine Marrow) [1 jin], Bai Mi (White Honey) [0.5 jin, boiled together until bubbling, filtered through silk to remove dregs, then add the following three ingredients], Xing Ren (Apricot Seed, peeled and cored) [4 liang, ground into paste], Shan Yao (Chinese Yam, stir-fried) [4 liang, ground fine], Hu Tao Ren (Walnut Kernel, peeled) [4 liang, ground into paste]. [Place all in a bottle, seal with oil paper, steam over water for one day. Take 3-4 spoons dissolved in warm water morning and evening.] Another method uses Niu Su (Bovine Butter), Bai Mi, and Xing Ren, named Mi Han Jian (Honey Sweat Decoction). [Decoction method same as above.]
Ba Xian Yu Ye (Eight Immortals Jade Liquid) [Self-made]. Most effective for Yin Deficiency Cough with blood in sputum.
Ou Zhi (Lotus Root Juice) [Nature Cold and slightly astringent, clears heat and stops bleeding, 2 cups], Li Zhi (Pear Juice) [Descends fire, resolves phlegm, calms wheezing and stops cough], Zhe Jiang (Sugar Cane Syrup) [Resolves phlegm and stops cough], Lu Gen Zhi (Reed Rhizome Juice) [Clears Stomach and stops vomiting, 1 cup each], Mao Gen (Imperata Rhizome) [Cool Metal and calm wheezing, decoct in water to obtain 1 cup of thick juice, then boil together with other juices and milks], Ren Ru (Human Milk) [Nourishes Yin and tonifies Blood], Tong Bian (Child Urine) [Guides Fire downward, 1 cup each], Sheng Ji Zi Bai (Raw Egg White) [3 eggs]. Mix evenly and take frequently. I once used Yi Yi Ren (Coix Seed), Shan Yao, Lian Rou (Lotus Seed Meat) [Protect Spleen], Mai Dong (Ophiopogon Tuber) [1 liang each], Bai Hua Bai He (White Lily Bulb) [Clear Lung, 2 liang], Pi Pa Ye (Loquat Leaf) [Direct Qi downward, 10 leaves], decoct to obtain 1 bowl of thick juice, pour into the Jade Liquid, add Bei Mu (Fritillaria Bulb) powder and Zhen Shi Shuang (True Persimmon Frost) [Resolve phlegm], mix well, and drink frequently. [Even in critical cases, life can be prolonged.]
These seven formulas are all Sweet and Moistening agents. For cough due to Consumption, select one to use. Another simple formula uses only Pi Pa Leaf, de-hair, honey-fry, decoct into ointment, and preserve with White Honey and Yi Tang (Maltose); this also has efficacy.
Xie Bai San (Drain White Powder) [See Huo].
This is a formula for treating Lung Heat Cough. For Deficient Fire, add Sweet-Cold herbs; for Excess Fire, add Bitter-Cold herbs. According to the *Jingui Yaolue*: Cough with upward rushing Qi, panting, and eyes protruding like popping out indicates Lung Zhang (Lung Distension). Zhong Chun stated that Lung Zhang is caused by extreme Lung Heat and should be treated by clearing Metal and directing Qi downward. This formula should be modified by adding Huang Qin (Scutellaria Root), Shi Gao (Gypsum Fibrosum), Zhi Mu (Anemarrhena Rhizome), and Hua Fen (Tian Hua Fen / Trichosanthes Root).
Shun Qi Kai Tan Yin (Smooth Qi and Open Phlegm Drink) [See Zhong Feng]. This is a formula for treating Rebellious Qi Cough.
Er Chen Tang (Two-Aged Decoction) [See Zhong Feng]. This is a formula for treating Phlegm-Fluid Cough. For Deficiency patterns, use Si Jun Zi Tang (Four Gentlemen Decoction).
Bao He Wan (Preserve Harmony Pill) [See Xie Xie]. This is a formula for treating Food Stagnation Cough; modify as needed.
Bai Bu Gao (Stemona Ointment) [Single herb decocted into ointment, preserved with honey]. This is a formula for treating Worm-Biting Lung Cough. It is effective only when pain occurs when the chest feels empty/hungry and white spots like millet seeds appear on the lips.