咳，肺病也。形寒饮冷，则为肺咳，而五脏六腑，皆能为咳。
五脏则关于肺，六腑则聚于胃，而治各有法。
黄帝问曰∶肺之令人咳，何也？
凡咳皆出于肺，故为此问。
岐伯对曰∶五脏六腑皆令人咳，非独肺也。
肺朝百脉，五脏六腑之气，皆出于肺，故五脏六腑，皆令人咳，非独肺也。
帝曰∶愿闻其状。
愿闻五脏六腑之咳状。
岐伯曰∶皮毛者，肺之合也。皮毛先受邪气，邪气以从其合
也。其寒饮食入胃，从肺脉上至于肺则肺寒。肺寒则外内合邪，因而客之，则为肺咳。
皮毛先受邪气，则外寒；饮食寒气则入肺，则内寒，外内合邪，因而客之于肺。是为肺咳。此言
形寒饮冷而为肺咳也。
五脏各以其时受病，非其时，各传以与之。
五脏之气，合于四时，其受病也，各以其时，当其主气之时而受，至非其主气之时，各传以与之而为咳。
人与天地相参，故五脏各以治时感于寒，则受病。微则为咳，
甚则为泄为痛。
治，犹主也。人与天地相参，故五脏各以主时。主时而感于寒
则受病，微则手太阴受寒而为咳，甚则足太阴受寒，而为泄、为痛。
乘秋则肺先受邪，乘春则肝先受之，乘夏则心先受之，乘至阴则脾先受之，乘冬则肾先受之。
申明五脏，各以其时受病之意。咳病属肺，故先举其秋，肝心
脾肾虽先受之，皆传于肺而为咳。脾为阴中之至阴，寄王四时，乘至阴，即其王时也。
帝曰∶何以异之？
五脏皆传于肺而为咳，诸脏未悉其状，故问何以异之？
岐伯曰∶肺咳之状，咳而喘息有音，甚则唾血。
肺出音声，以司呼吸。故肺咳之状，咳而喘息有音，甚则喘久而唾血。
心咳之状，咳则心痛，喉仲介介如梗状，甚咽肿、喉痹。
心脉起于心中，上挟咽，复从心系，上肺，气通于喉，故心咳
之状，咳则心病，喉仲介介如梗状，甚则咽肿而喉痹。
肝咳之状，咳则两胁下痛，甚则不可以转，转则两 下满。
肝脉布胁肋，上注肺，故肝咳之状，咳则两胁下痛，痛甚则不可以转，转则两 下满。
脾咳之状，咳则右 下痛，阴阴引肩背，甚则不可以动，动则咳剧。
脾者地气也。肺者天气也。天气左旋下交于地，地气右旋上腾
于天，故脾咳之状，咳则右 下痛，阴阴引肩背，甚则右 肩背，不可以动，动则咳剧。
肾咳之状，咳则腰背相引而痛，甚则咳涎。
腰者肾之外候，故肾咳之状，咳则腰背相引而痛，甚则水气上逆而咳涎，凡此申明五脏咳状之各异也。
帝曰∶六腑之咳奈何？安所受病？
因五脏而问六腑之咳，从何受病。
岐伯曰∶五脏之久咳，乃移于六腑，脾咳不已，则胃受之，胃咳之状，咳而呕，呕甚则长虫出。
长虫，蛔虫也。诸病由腑及脏，咳病由脏及腑，故五脏久咳，乃移于六腑也。五脏咳病，皆归
于肺，故五脏先举其肺，六腑咳病皆归于胃，故六腑先举其胃，胃者脾之腑，故脾咳不已则胃受之。
咳而呕，胃气逆也。呕甚则长虫出，胃中冷则吐蛔也。
肝咳不已，则胆受之，胆咳之状，咳呕胆汁。
胆者肝之脏，故肝咳不已，则胆受之，咳呕胆汁，胆气上逆，呕出苦涎也。
肺咳不已，则大肠受之，大肠咳状，咳而遗矢。
矢屎通，旧本误失，今改。大肠者肺之脏，故肺咳不已则大肠受之，咳而遗矢，大肠失职也。
心咳不已，则小肠受之，小肠咳状，咳而先气，气与咳俱失。
小肠者，心之腑，故心咳不已则小肠受之，咳而失气，下气泄也。下气泄则咳平，故气与咳俱失。失，犹散也。
肾咳不已，则膀胱受之。膀胱咳状，咳而遗溺。
溺，鸟去声。膀胱者，肾之腑，故肾咳不已，则膀胱受之，咳而遗溺，膀胱不约，水气泄也。
久咳不已，则三焦受之，三焦咳状，咳而腹满，不欲食饮。
《灵枢·本俞》论云∶三焦者中渎之府也；属膀胱，故肾咳不已，始则膀胱受之，久咳不已则三焦受之。
三焦之气不能自下而中，故咳而腹满，不能从中而上，故不欲食饮也。凡此皆五脏久咳移于六腑，其状如此。
此皆聚于胃，关于肺，使人多涕唾而面浮肿，气逆也。
此结上文之意，六腑以胃为本，五脏以肺为先，故承上文五脏
六腑之咳而言，此皆聚于胃，关于肺。聚于胃则使人多涕唾而面浮肿。关于肺，则气逆也。
帝曰∶治之奈何？
聚胃关肺，治之奈何？
岐伯曰∶治脏者，治其俞。治腑者，治其合，浮肿者，治其经。帝曰∶善。
关肺而治脏者，治其俞，五脏之俞，皆在于背，如肺俞，心俞，肝俞，脾俞，肾俞是也。聚胃而
治俞者，治其合。六腑之合，皆在于肘 之中。如胃合于三里，胆合于阳陵泉，大肠合于曲池，
小肠合于小海，膀胱合于委中，三焦合于天井是也。若脏腑兼病，治浮肿者，治其经。经者，脏腑相通之
经脉也。举浮肿，则涕唾气逆，皆在其中，得其治俞治合治经之意，而推展之，治咳不难矣，帝故善之。
咳嗽，是肺部的疾病。形体受寒、饮食生冷，就会引发肺咳，但五脏六腑都能导致咳嗽。
五脏的病变与肺有关联，六腑的病变则汇聚于胃，治疗各有其法则。
黄帝问道：肺之所以使人咳嗽，原因是什么？
（这是基于凡咳嗽皆源于肺的认识而提出的疑问。）
岐伯回答说：五脏六腑都能使人咳嗽，并非只有肺。
肺朝会百脉，五脏六腑的气都通过肺运行，所以五脏六腑都能导致咳嗽，不仅仅是肺。
黄帝说：我想听听具体的症状表现。
（想听五脏六腑咳嗽的具体状貌。）
岐伯说：皮毛是肺的外合。皮毛先受到邪气侵袭，邪气便顺着皮毛传入与其相合的肺脏。如果寒冷的饮食进入胃中，寒气沿着肺脉上行至肺，就会导致肺寒。肺寒则外感之寒与内伤之寒相结合，邪气因此客居于肺，这就形成了肺咳。
皮毛先受邪气，即为外寒；饮食寒气入肺，即为内寒。内外寒邪结合，进而客居于肺，这就是肺咳。这里阐述的是因形寒饮冷而导致肺咳的道理。
五脏各自在其所主的季节感受病邪，如果不是其所主的季节，病邪则会传变给他脏从而引起咳嗽。
五脏之气与四时相应，其发病也各自在所主之时，当主气之时感受病邪，到了非主气之时，病邪传变给其他脏腑而引起咳嗽。
人与天地相互参应，所以五脏各自在其所主的季节感受寒邪，就会生病。病情轻微的就表现为咳嗽，严重的就表现为泄泻或疼痛。
“治”通“主”，即主宰之意。人与天地相参，所以五脏各有所主之时。在主时感受寒邪则致病，轻微则手太阴肺经受寒而咳嗽，严重则足太阴脾经受寒，而出现泄泻和疼痛。
逢秋季则肺先受邪，逢春季则肝先受邪，逢夏季则心先受邪，逢长夏（至阴）则脾先受邪，逢冬季则肾先受邪。
这是进一步阐明五脏各自在其所主季节受病的含义。咳嗽病虽属肺，故先举秋季肺受邪为例。肝、心、脾、肾虽然先受邪，但最终都传变于肺而引发咳嗽。脾为阴中之至阴，寄旺于四季之中，“乘至阴”即指脾王时的季节。
黄帝问：如何区分它们呢？
五脏的病邪都传变于肺而引发咳嗽，各种脏腑咳嗽的症状尚未完全了解，所以问如何区分？
岐伯说：肺咳的症状，是咳嗽且喘息有声音，严重的会唾血。
肺主管发声和呼吸。所以肺咳的症状，是咳嗽伴随喘息有声，久喘严重时会唾血。
心咳的症状，是咳嗽时心痛，喉咙里感觉介介然像有异物梗塞，严重的会出现咽肿、喉痹。
心脉起于心中，上行挟持咽喉，再从心系上连于肺，气通于喉。所以心咳的症状，是咳嗽时伴有心痛，喉咙介介然像有梗塞感，严重时咽部肿胀且患喉痹。
肝咳的症状，是咳嗽时两胁下疼痛，严重的不能转身，转身时两胁下胀满。
肝脉布散于胁肋，上行注入肺。所以肝咳的症状，是咳嗽时两胁下疼痛，痛得严重时不能转身，转身时两胁下胀满。
脾咳的症状，是咳嗽时右胁下疼痛，隐隐作痛牵引肩背，严重的不能活动，活动则咳嗽加剧。
脾代表地气，肺代表天气。天气左旋下行交于地，地气右旋上腾于天。所以脾咳的症状，是咳嗽时右胁下疼痛，隐隐作痛牵引肩背，严重时右胁及肩背疼痛，不能活动，活动则咳嗽加剧。
肾咳的症状，是咳嗽时腰背互相牵引而痛，严重的会咳出涎沫。
腰部是肾之外候。所以肾咳的症状，是咳嗽时腰背互相牵引而痛，严重时水气上逆而咳出涎沫。以上这些都阐明了五脏咳嗽症状各不相同。
黄帝问：六腑的咳嗽怎么样？是从哪里受病的？
因为五脏咳嗽而追问六腑咳嗽的情况，以及它们从何处受病。
岐伯说：五脏久咳不愈，病邪就会移注于六腑。脾咳不愈，则胃受之。胃咳的症状，是咳嗽并呕吐，呕吐严重时蛔虫会吐出。
长虫即蛔虫。诸病多由腑传脏，但咳病是由脏传腑，所以五脏久咳，病邪才移注于六腑。五脏的咳病都归属于肺，所以先列举肺咳；六腑的咳病都归属于胃，所以先列举胃咳。胃是脾的腑，所以脾咳不愈则胃受之。咳嗽并呕吐，是胃气上逆。呕吐严重时吐出蛔虫，是因为胃中寒冷所致。
肝咳不愈，则胆受之。胆咳的症状，是咳嗽并呕出胆汁。
胆是肝之腑（注：原文此处有误，胆为腑，肝为脏，但意旨为表里相传），所以肝咳不愈，则胆受之。咳嗽并呕出胆汁，是胆气上逆，呕出苦味涎液。
肺咳不愈，则大肠受之。大肠咳的症状，是咳嗽并大便失禁。
“矢”与“屎”通，旧本误作“失”，今改正。大肠是肺之腑，所以肺咳不愈则大肠受之，咳嗽并大便失禁，是大肠失职。
心咳不愈，则小肠受之。小肠咳的症状，是咳嗽并先排气，排气与咳嗽同时发生。
小肠是心之腑，所以心咳不愈则小肠受之，咳嗽并失气，是下气泄漏。下气泄漏则咳嗽平息，所以排气与咳嗽同时发生。“失”通“散”。
肾咳不愈，则膀胱受之。膀胱咳的症状，是咳嗽并小便失禁。
“溺”音去声。膀胱是肾之腑，所以肾咳不愈则膀胱受之，咳嗽并小便失禁，是膀胱约束无力，水气泄漏。
久咳不愈，则三焦受之。三焦咳的症状，是咳嗽且腹部胀满，不想饮食。
《灵枢·本俞》篇论述说：三焦是中渎之府；属于膀胱系统，所以肾咳不愈，起初是膀胱受病，久咳不愈则三焦受病。三焦之气不能向下通达中部，所以咳嗽且腹部胀满；不能从中部向上输布，所以不想饮食。以上这些都是五脏久咳移注于六腑，症状如此。
这些病症都汇聚于胃，关联于肺，使人多涕唾且面部浮肿，这是气机上逆的缘故。
这是总结上文的意思。六腑以胃为本，五脏以肺为先，所以承接上文讲述五脏六腑的咳嗽而言，这些病都汇聚于胃，关联于肺。汇聚于胃则使人多涕唾且面部浮肿；关联于肺则导致气机上逆。
岐伯说：治疗脏病，取用俞穴；治疗腑病，取用合穴；伴有浮肿者，取用经穴。
黄帝说：好。
关联于肺而治疗脏病，取用俞穴。五脏的俞穴都在背部，如肺俞、心俞、肝俞、脾俞、肾俞等。汇聚于胃而治疗腑病，取用合穴。六腑的合穴都在肘膝关节附近。如胃合于足三里，胆合于阳陵泉，大肠合于曲池，小肠合于小海，膀胱合于委中，三焦合于天井。如果脏腑兼病，治疗浮肿者，取用经穴。经穴是脏腑相通用的经脉穴位。提到浮肿，则涕唾、气逆等症状都在其中。掌握了治疗俞穴、合穴、经穴的意义并加以推演，治疗咳嗽就不难了，所以黄帝称赞说“好”。
Cough is a disease of the Lung. When the body is exposed to cold and cold food and drink are ingested, it results in Lung cough; however, all Zang and Fu organs can cause cough.
The disorders of the five Zang organs are related to the Lung, while those of the six Fu organs gather at the Stomach, each having its own treatment method.
The Yellow Emperor asked: Why does the Lung cause cough?
(This question arises from the understanding that all coughs originate from the Lung.)
Qibo replied: All Zang and Fu organs can cause cough, not just the Lung.
The Lung governs the hundred vessels; the Qi of all Zang and Fu organs passes through the Lung. Therefore, all Zang and Fu organs can cause cough, not solely the Lung.
The Yellow Emperor said: I wish to hear about their manifestations.
(I wish to hear the specific manifestations of cough caused by the Zang and Fu organs.)
Qibo said: The skin and hair (Pimao) are the exterior correspondence of the Lung. When the skin and hair are first attacked by pathogenic factors, the pathogens enter the Lung via this correspondence. If cold food and drink enter the Stomach, the coldness travels up along the Lung meridian to the Lung, causing Lung cold. When the Lung is cold, external and internal pathogens combine, lodging in the Lung, thereby forming Lung cough.
When the skin and hair are first attacked by pathogens, it constitutes external cold; when cold from diet enters the Lung, it constitutes internal cold. The combination of external and internal cold lodges in the Lung, resulting in Lung cough. This explains how exposure to cold and ingestion of cold drinks/food lead to Lung cough.
Each of the five Zang organs contracts disease during its respective season; if not during its season, the disease transmits to other organs causing cough.
The Qi of the five Zang organs corresponds to the four seasons. Disease contraction occurs according to these seasons. When contracting disease during the season governed by the organ's ruling Qi, but manifesting later when it is no longer that ruling season, the disease transmits to other organs causing cough.
Humans correspond with Heaven and Earth. Thus, each Zang organ contracts disease when exposed to cold during its governing season. Mild cases result in cough, while severe cases result in diarrhea or pain.
"Zhi" (governing) implies "Zhu" (master). Humans correspond with Heaven and Earth, so each Zang organ has a governing season. Contracting cold during the governing season leads to disease. Mildly, the Hand-Taiyin Lung channel contracts cold causing cough; severely, the Foot-Taiyin Spleen channel contracts cold, leading to diarrhea and pain.
In autumn, the Lung is first attacked by pathogens; in spring, the Liver; in summer, the Heart; in late summer (Extreme Yin), the Spleen; in winter, the Kidney.
This clarifies the meaning that each Zang organ contracts disease during its governing season. Although cough belongs to the Lung, autumn is cited first. The Liver, Heart, Spleen, and Kidney may be initially affected, but the pathology ultimately transmits to the Lung causing cough. The Spleen is the Extreme Yin within the Yin, and its ruling period exists across the four seasons. "Cheng Zhiyin" refers to this ruling period.
The Yellow Emperor asked: How can they be distinguished?
Since diseases from all Zang organs transmit to the Lung causing cough, and the specific manifestations of various organ coughs are not yet fully understood, the question is raised on how to distinguish them?
Qibo said: The manifestation of Lung cough is coughing with wheezing and audible sounds; in severe cases, blood is spat out.
The Lung governs voice and respiration. Thus, Lung cough manifests as coughing with wheezing and audible sounds; prolonged severe wheezing leads to spitting blood.
The manifestation of Heart cough is cough accompanied by heart pain, a sensation in the throat as if something were stuck (Jiejie), and in severe cases, swelling of the throat and Hou Bi (obstruction of the throat).
The Heart meridian originates in the heart, ascends alongside the throat, returns from the heart system to connect with the Lung, and its Qi communicates with the throat. Thus, Heart cough manifests as cough with heart pain, a stuck sensation in the throat, and in severe cases, throat swelling and Hou Bi.
The manifestation of Liver cough is cough accompanied by pain under both hypochondria; in severe cases, turning is impossible, and turning causes fullness under both hypochondria.
The Liver meridian spreads over the hypochondrium and ascends to inject into the Lung. Thus, Liver cough manifests as cough with pain under both hypochondria; severe pain makes turning impossible, and turning causes fullness under both hypochondria.
The manifestation of Spleen cough is cough accompanied by pain in the right hypochondrium, radiating faintly to the shoulder and back; in severe cases, movement is impossible, and movement aggravates the cough.
Spleen represents Earth Qi; Lung represents Heaven Qi. Heaven Qi rotates left and descends to meet Earth; Earth Qi rotates right and ascends to meet Heaven. Thus, Spleen cough manifests as cough with pain in the right hypochondrium, faintly radiating to the shoulder and back; in severe cases, pain in the right hypochondrium and shoulder/back makes movement impossible, and movement aggravates the cough.
The manifestation of Kidney cough is cough accompanied by pulling pain between the waist and back; in severe cases, saliva is coughed up.
The waist is the external indicator of the Kidney. Thus, Kidney cough manifests as cough with pulling pain between the waist and back; in severe cases, Water Qi rebels upward causing coughing of saliva. These points clarify that the manifestations of cough from the five Zang organs differ.
The Yellow Emperor asked: What about cough from the six Fu organs? From where do they contract disease?
Asking about cough from the six Fu organs based on the five Zang, and from where they contract disease.
Qibo said: Prolonged cough from the five Zang organs transfers to the six Fu organs. If Spleen cough persists, the Stomach is affected. The manifestation of Stomach cough is cough with vomiting; in severe cases, roundworms (Changchong) are vomited out.
Changchong refers to Ascaris lumbricoides (roundworm). Generally, diseases transfer from Fu to Zang, but cough transfers from Zang to Fu. Thus, prolonged cough from the five Zang organs transfers to the six Fu organs. Cough diseases of the five Zang organs all return to the Lung, so Lung cough is listed first; cough diseases of the six Fu organs all return to the Stomach, so Stomach cough is listed first. The Stomach is the Fu organ of the Spleen; thus, if Spleen cough persists, the Stomach is affected. Cough with vomiting indicates rebellion of Stomach Qi. Vomiting roundworms in severe cases is due to cold in the Stomach.
If Liver cough persists, the Gallbladder is affected. The manifestation of Gallbladder cough is cough with vomiting of bile.
The Gallbladder is the Fu organ of the Liver. Thus, if Liver cough persists, the Gallbladder is affected. Cough with vomiting of bile indicates rebellion of Gallbladder Qi, vomiting bitter fluid.
If Lung cough persists, the Large Intestine is affected. The manifestation of Large Intestine cough is cough with involuntary defecation.
"Shi" (arrow) is synonymous with "Shi" (feces); old texts erroneously used "Shi" (lose), corrected here. The Large Intestine is the Fu organ of the Lung. Thus, if Lung cough persists, the Large Intestine is affected. Cough with involuntary defecation indicates failure of the Large Intestine's function.
If Heart cough persists, the Small Intestine is affected. The manifestation of Small Intestine cough is cough preceded by passing gas, with gas passing occurring simultaneously with cough.
The Small Intestine is the Fu organ of the Heart. Thus, if Heart cough persists, the Small Intestine is affected. Cough with passing gas indicates leakage of lower Qi. Leakage of lower Qi alleviates cough, so gas passing occurs simultaneously with cough. "Shi" implies dispersion.
If Kidney cough persists, the Bladder is affected. The manifestation of Bladder cough is cough with urinary incontinence.
"Niao" (urine) is pronounced with the departing tone. The Bladder is the Fu organ of the Kidney. Thus, if Kidney cough persists, the Bladder is affected. Cough with urinary incontinence indicates loss of Bladder constraint and leakage of Water Qi.
Prolonged cough not resolving affects the Sanjiao (Triple Burner). The manifestation of Sanjiao cough is cough with abdominal fullness and lack of desire to eat or drink.
The *Ling Shu: Ben Shu* chapter states: The Sanjiao is the Fu organ of the middle channels; it belongs to the Bladder system. Thus, if Kidney cough persists, initially the Bladder is affected; prolonged cough affects the Sanjiao. The Qi of the Sanjiao cannot descend smoothly through the middle, causing cough and abdominal fullness; it cannot ascend from the middle, causing lack of desire to eat or drink. These are the manifestations when prolonged cough from the five Zang organs transfers to the six Fu organs.
All these conditions gather at the Stomach and relate to the Lung, causing excessive phlegm/saliva and facial edema, due to rebellion of Qi.
This summarizes the preceding text. The six Fu organs take the Stomach as their root; the five Zang organs prioritize the Lung. Thus, regarding cough from the Zang and Fu organs, these conditions gather at the Stomach and relate to the Lung. Gathering at the Stomach causes excessive phlegm/saliva and facial edema; relating to the Lung causes rebellion of Qi.
The Yellow Emperor asked: How should they be treated?
With pathology gathering at the Stomach and relating to the Lung, how should it be treated?
Qibo said: To treat Zang diseases, use Shu (Stream) points. To treat Fu diseases, use He (Sea) points. For edema, use Jing (River) points.
The Yellow Emperor said: Excellent.
Relating to the Lung and treating Zang diseases involves using Shu points. The Shu points of the five Zang organs are located on the back, such as Feishu (BL13), Xinshu (BL15), Ganshu (BL18), Pishu (BL20), and Shenshu (BL23). Gathering at the Stomach and treating Fu diseases involves using He points. The He points of the six Fu organs are located near the elbows and knees. For example, the Stomach He point is Zusanli (ST36), the Gallbladder He point is Yanglingquan (GB34), the Large Intestine He point is Quchi (LI11), the Small Intestine He point is Xiaohai (SI8), the Bladder He point is Weizhong (BL40), and the Sanjiao He point is Tianjing (TE10). If Zang and Fu organs are simultaneously diseased, and edema is present, Jing points are used. Jing points are meridians connecting Zang and Fu organs. Mentioning edema encompasses symptoms like excessive phlegm/saliva and Qi rebellion. By mastering the principles of treating with Shu, He, and Jing points and applying them broadly, treating cough becomes manageable. Hence, the Yellow Emperor praised it as "Excellent."