欲读《伤寒论》，必先识六经之本证，然后论中所称太阳、阳明等病，其源流变态，形色脉象，当一
一备记，了然于心，然后其症之分并、疑似及用药加减异同之故，可以晓然，不致眩惑贻误，故备录于下。
太阳病，脉浮、头项强痛而恶寒。
尺寸俱浮者，太阳受病也，其脉上连风府，故头项痛，腰脊强。
太阳病，发热、汗出、恶风、脉缓者，名为中风。
太阳病，或已发热、或未发热，必恶寒、体痛、呕逆，脉阴阳俱紧者，名曰伤寒。
发热恶寒者，发于阳也；无热恶寒者，发于阴
也。发于阳者七日愈，发于阴者六日愈。以阳数七，阴数六故也。
阳明中风，口苦咽干，腹满微喘，发热恶寒，脉浮而紧。恶寒、未离太阳也。
阳明病，若能食，名中风；不能食，名中寒。
尺寸俱长者，阳明受病也。其脉挟鼻络于目，故身热、目疼、鼻干、不得卧。
阳明外证∶身热、汗自出、不恶寒、反恶热也。
阳明脉大。以上皆阳明之经病。
病有太阳、阳明；有正阳、阳明；有少阳、阳明。
太阳、阳明者，脾约是也。
少阳、阳明者，发汗、利小便已。
胃中燥、烦实，大便难是也。
阳明之为病，胃家实也。此乃正阳阳明。
阳明居中，土也，万物所归，无所复传，始虽恶寒，二日自止。此为阳明病也。
少阳之为病，口苦、咽干、目眩也。
尺寸俱弦者，少阳受病也，其脉循胁络于耳，故胸胁痛而耳聋。
少阳中风，两耳无所闻，目赤、胸中满而烦者，不可吐下，吐下则悸而惊。
伤寒，脉弦细，头痛发热者，属少阳。
三阳合病，脉浮大，上关上，但欲眠睡，目合则汗。内热已极。
伤寒六、七日，无大热，外热轻则内热重。其人躁烦者，此为阳去入阴故也。
伤寒三日，三阳为尽，三阴当受邪。其人反能食而不呕，此为三阴不受邪也。
太阴之为病，腹满而吐，食不下，自利益甚，时腹自痛。
尺寸俱沉细者，太阴受病也。其脉布胃中，络于嗌，故腹满而嗌干。
伤寒脉浮而缓，手足自温者，系在太阴。
自利不渴者，属太阴，以脏有寒故也，当温之，宜服四逆辈。少阴自利而渴，寒在下焦也。此自利不
渴，寒在中焦也。
少阴之为病，脉微细，但欲寐也。卫气行于阳则寤，行于阴则寐。
少阴病，欲吐不吐，心烦但欲寐，五、六日自利而渴者，属少阴也。
尺寸俱沉者，少阴受病也。以其脉贯肾络于肺，系舌本，故口燥舌干而渴。
厥阴之为病，消渴，气上撞心，心中疼热，饥而不欲食，食则吐蛔，下之利不止。
尺寸俱微缓者，厥阴受病也。以其脉循阴器、络于肝，故烦满而囊缩。
厥阴中风，脉微浮为欲愈，不浮为未愈。
To study the *Shanghan Lun* (Treatise on Cold Damage), one must first understand the fundamental syndromes of the Six Channels (Liu Jing). Only then can the origins, variations, manifestations, and pulse characteristics of the diseases mentioned in the text, such as Taiyang (Greater Yang) and Yangming (Bright Yang), be recorded meticulously and understood clearly. This ensures that the distinctions, similarities, and reasons for modifications in herbal prescriptions become apparent, preventing confusion and therapeutic errors. Therefore, they are recorded below.
Taiyang disease is characterized by a floating pulse, stiffness and pain in the head and nape, and aversion to cold.
When the pulses at the Cun, Guan, and Chi positions are all floating, it indicates pathology in the Taiyang channel. Since this channel connects upward to the Fengfu point (GV16), it causes headache, neck pain, and stiffness in the lower back and spine.
In Taiyang disease, if there is fever, sweating, aversion to wind, and a moderate pulse, it is named Wind Strike (Zhong Feng).
In Taiyang disease, whether fever has already appeared or not, there is invariably aversion to cold, body pain, vomiting, and reversal, with tight pulses at both Yin and Yang positions; this is named Cold Damage (Shang Han).
Fever accompanied by aversion to cold indicates onset from the Yang channels; absence of fever but presence of aversion to cold indicates onset from the Yin channels. Onset from Yang heals in seven days, while onset from Yin heals in six days, due to the numerical attributes of Yang being seven and Yin being six.
Yangming Wind Strike presents with bitter taste in the mouth, dry throat, abdominal fullness, slight asthma, fever, aversion to cold, and a floating, tight pulse. The presence of aversion to cold indicates that the pathogen has not yet left the Taiyang channel.
In Yangming disease, if the patient can eat, it is named Wind Strike; if unable to eat, it is named Cold Strike.
When the pulses at the Cun and Chi positions are long, it indicates pathology in the Yangming channel. Since this channel runs alongside the nose and connects to the eyes, it causes body heat, eye pain, nasal dryness, and inability to lie down.
The external manifestations of Yangming include: body heat, spontaneous sweating, no aversion to cold, but rather aversion to heat.
The Yangming pulse is large. All the above constitute diseases of the Yangming meridian.
Diseases may involve Taiyang and Yangming; Zheng Yang (True Yang) Yangming; or Shaoyang and Yangming.
Taiyang-Yangming combination refers to Spleen Constraint (Pi Yue).
Shaoyang-Yangming combination refers to cases where, after diaphoresis and promoting urination, the stomach becomes dry, irritability and excess heat arise, and defecation becomes difficult.
The general principle of Yangming disease is Stomach House Excess (Wei Jia Shi), which constitutes Zheng Yang Yangming.
Yangming resides in the center and belongs to Earth; it is the destination of all things, and once the pathogen enters here, it does not transmit further. Although there may initially be aversion to cold, it ceases spontaneously on the second day. This constitutes Yangming disease.
Shaoyang disease is characterized by bitter taste in the mouth, dry throat, and vertigo/dizziness.
When the pulses at the Cun, Guan, and Chi positions are all wiry, it indicates pathology in the Shaoyang channel. Since this channel follows the hypochondrium and connects to the ears, it causes chest and hypochondriac pain and deafness.
In Shaoyang Wind Strike, if there is hearing loss in both ears, red eyes, chest fullness, and irritability, emesis and purgation must not be used. If emesis or purgation is mistakenly applied, palpitations and fright will occur.
In Cold Damage, if the pulse is wiry and fine, accompanied by headache and fever, it belongs to Shaoyang.
In the combined disease of the Three Yang channels, the pulse is floating and large, prominent at the Guan position. The patient desires sleep, and sweats when closing the eyes. This indicates extreme internal heat.
In Cold Damage lasting six or seven days, if there is no significant heat externally but mild external heat suggests heavy internal heat, and the patient is restless and irritable, this indicates the departure of Yang and entry into Yin.
After three days of Cold Damage, the pathogenic factors in the Three Yang channels are exhausted, and the Three Yin channels should receive the pathogen. However, if the patient can eat and does not vomit, it indicates that the Three Yin channels have not received the pathogen.
Taiyin disease is characterized by abdominal fullness, vomiting, inability to ingest food, worsening spontaneous diarrhea, and occasional spontaneous abdominal pain.
When the pulses at the Cun, Guan, and Chi positions are all deep and fine, it indicates pathology in the Taiyin channel. Since this channel spreads through the stomach and connects to the pharynx, it causes abdominal fullness and dry throat.
In Cold Damage, if the pulse is floating and moderate, and the hands and feet are naturally warm, the disease is associated with Taiyin.
Spontaneous diarrhea without thirst belongs to Taiyin, due to cold in the zang organs. It should be treated with warming methods, preferably using Si Ni Tang (Four Reversal Decoction) category formulas. In Shaoyin disease, spontaneous diarrhea with thirst indicates cold in the Lower Jiao. Here, spontaneous diarrhea without thirst indicates cold in the Middle Jiao.
Shaoyin disease is characterized by a faint and fine pulse, and a desire to sleep. When Wei Qi (Defensive Qi) circulates in the Yang, the person is awake; when it circulates in the Yin, the person sleeps.
In Shaoyin disease, if the patient feels the urge to vomit but cannot, experiences heart irritability, desires sleep, and develops spontaneous diarrhea with thirst after five or six days, it belongs to Shaoyin.
When the pulses at the Cun, Guan, and Chi positions are all deep, it indicates pathology in the Shaoyin channel. Since this channel penetrates the Kidney, connects to the Lung, and ties to the root of the tongue, it causes dry mouth, dry tongue, and thirst.
Jueyin disease is characterized by excessive thirst (Xiao Ke), Qi rushing up to strike the Heart, pain and heat in the Heart region, hunger without desire to eat, vomiting of roundworms upon eating, and unceasing diarrhea if purgatives are used.
When the pulses at the Cun, Guan, and Chi positions are all faint and moderate, it indicates pathology in the Jueyin channel. Since this channel follows the genitalia and connects to the Liver, it causes irritability, fullness, and retraction of the scrotum.
In Jueyin Wind Strike, a faintly floating pulse indicates impending recovery; absence of floating indicates non-recovery.