黄帝问于岐伯曰。邪气之中人也奈何。岐伯答曰。邪气之中人高也。黄帝曰。高下有度乎。岐伯曰。身半以上者邪
中之也。身半以下者湿中之也。故曰。邪之中人也。无有常中于阴则溜于腑中于阳则溜于经。黄帝曰。阴之与阳也。异
名同类。上下相会。经络之相贯。如环无端。邪之中人。或中于阴。或中于阳。上下左右。无有恒常。其故何也。岐伯
曰。诸阳之会皆在于面。邪之中人也。方乘虚时。及新用力。若饮食汗出腠理开。而中于邪中于面则下。阳明中于项则
下。太阳中于颊则下。少阳其中于膺背两胁亦各下其经。黄帝曰。其中于阴奈何。岐伯答曰。中于阴者常从臂 始。夫
臂与 其阴皮薄。其肉淖泽。故俱受于风独伤其阴。黄帝曰。此故伤其脏乎。岐伯答曰。身之中于风也。不必动脏也。
故邪入于阴经。则脏气实邪气入而不能客故还之于腑。故中阳则溜于经。中阴则溜于腑。黄帝曰。邪之中人脏。奈何。
岐伯曰。愁忧恐惧。则伤心形寒。寒饮则伤肺以其两寒。相感中外皆伤故气逆。而上行有所堕坠。恶血留内。有所大怒。
气上而不下。积于胁下。则伤肝。有所击仆。若醉入房。汗出当风。则伤脾。有所用力举重。若入房过度。汗出浴水。
则伤肾。黄帝曰。五脏之中风。奈何。岐伯曰。阴阳俱感邪。乃得往。黄帝曰。善哉。（以上叙邪气脏腑之义是发明病之
机也阴阳脏腑四项本自极对而布局运笔参差曲背变幻不测却是风水相遭毫无造作岂非至文）黄帝问于岐伯曰。首面与身
形也。属骨连筋同血合于气耳。天寒则裂地凌冰。其卒寒。或手足懈惰。然而其面不衣。何也。岐伯答曰。十二经脉。
三百六十五络。其血气皆上于面而走空窍。其精阳气上走于目而为睛。其别气走于耳而为听。其宗气上出于鼻而为臭。
其浊气出于胃。走唇舌而为味。其气之津液。皆上熏于面。而皮又浓。其肉坚。故大热甚寒。不能胜之也。（以上为前半
篇叙邪气脏腑正意余意俱到下乃叙病形也）黄帝曰。邪之中人。其病形何如。岐伯曰。虚邪之中身也。洒淅动形。正邪
之中人也微。先见于色。不知于身。若有若无。若亡若存。有形无形。莫知其情。黄帝曰。善哉。（此从邪气卸到病形是
全篇之中枢也）黄帝问于岐伯曰。余闻之。见其色。知其病。命曰明。按其脉。知其病。命曰神。问其病。知其处。命
曰工。余愿闻见而知之。按而得之。问而极之。为之奈何。岐伯答曰。夫色脉与尺之相应也。如桴鼓影响之相应也。不
得相失也。此亦本末根叶之出候也。故根死则叶枯矣。色脉形肉。不得相失也。故知一则为工。知二则为神。知三则神
且明矣。（此段提唱色脉尺三项为病形提纲是后半篇之总冒。色脉尺三项平提下文分叙却重在脉上）黄帝曰。愿卒闻之。
岐伯答曰。色青者其脉弦也。赤者其脉钩也。黄者其脉代也。白者其脉毛。黑者其脉石。见其色而不得其脉。反得其相
胜之脉。则死矣。得其相生之脉。则病已矣。黄帝曰五脏之所生。变化之病形。何如。岐伯答曰先定其五色五脉之应。
其病乃可别也。（此段叙色字带定脉字五色所主病形只浑写一笔顿住）黄帝曰色脉已定。别之奈何。岐伯曰。调其尺之缓
急小大滑涩。而病变定矣。（调字重读尺原作脉今寻上下文义改之上云色脉已定此处固当言尺下文方不嫌突且所谓调者即
合色脉以参之之谓也故下文跟定脉字）黄帝曰。调之奈何。岐伯答曰。脉急者尺之皮肤亦急。脉缓者尺之皮肤亦缓。脉
小者尺之皮肤亦减而少气。脉大者尺之皮肤亦贲而起。脉滑者尺之皮肤亦滑。脉涩者尺之皮肤亦涩。凡此变者有微有甚。
故善调尺者不待于寸。善调脉者不待于色。能参合而行之者。可以为上工。上工十全九。行二者为中工。中工十全七。
行一者为下工。下工十全六。（此段跟定脉字叙尺字尺肤所主病形亦只用浑写顿住。以上色尺两项病形俱用略笔留于下文
五脉发挥）黄帝曰。请问脉（脉字重读是总承上六个脉字来前人盖因此句而将前文尺字妄改作脉字）之缓急小大滑涩之
病形。何如。岐伯曰。臣请言五脏之病变也。心脉急甚者。为螈 。微急为心痛引背。食不下。缓甚。为狂笑。微缓。
为伏梁。在心下。上下行。时唾血。大甚。为喉 。微大为心痹引背。善泪出。小甚为善哕。微小为消瘅。滑甚为善渴。
微滑为心疝引脐。小腹鸣。涩甚为喑。微涩为血溢。维厥。耳鸣颠疾（维厥即肢厥也四肢谓之四维）肺脉急甚。为颠疾。
微急为肺寒热。怠惰。咳唾血。引腰背胸。若鼻息肉不通。缓甚为多汗。微缓为痿 偏风。头以下汗出不可止。大甚为
胫肿。微大为肺痹。引胸背。起恶日光。小甚为泄。微小为消瘅。滑甚为息贲。上气。微滑为上下出血。涩甚为呕血。
微涩为鼠 。在颈。支腋之间。下不胜其上。其应善 矣。肝脉。急甚。为恶言。微急。为肥气。在胁下。若覆杯。缓
甚。为善呕。微缓。为水瘕痹也。大甚。为内痈。善呕衄微大。为肝痹。阴缩。咳引小腹。小甚。为多饮。微小。为消
瘅。滑甚。为 疝。微滑。为遗溺。涩甚。为溢饮。微涩。为螈挛筋痹。脾脉急甚。为螈 。微急。为膈中。食饮入而
还出。后沃沫。缓甚。为痿疾。微缓。为风痿。四肢不用。心慧然若无病。（此燥病也燥极风生内不濡心外不濡筋也心失
所养筋脉内弛神明外散其脉微弦而长按之 而薄带散故曰微缓）大甚。为击仆。微大。为疝气。腹裹大。（腹裹肚囊也作
里误）脓血在肠胃之外。小甚。为寒热微小为消瘅。滑甚。为 癃。微滑。为虫毒 蝎。腹热。涩甚。为肠溃微涩。为
内。多下脓血。（溃 二字脉经互易为是）肾脉。急甚。为骨癫疾。微急。为沉厥。奔豚。足不收。不得前后。缓甚。
为折脊微缓。为洞。洞者食不化。下嗌还出。大甚。为阴痿。微大。为石水。起脐以下至小腹 然。上至胃脘。死不
治。小甚。为洞泄微小。为消瘅。滑甚。为癃 。微滑。为骨痿。坐不能起。起则目无所见。涩甚。为大痈。微涩。为
不月。沉痔。（以上详叙六脉微甚之病即补叙五色尺肤所主之病也前叙色尺笔势下趋如过脉文本接叙六脉笔势即堂堂正大
是色尺必以脉为主也五脏即暗承五色六变微甚即隐赅尺肤读者须目光四射乃得）黄帝曰。病之六变者。刺之奈何。岐伯
答曰。诸急者多寒。缓者多热。大者多气少血。小者血气皆少。滑者阳气盛微有热。涩者多血少气微有寒。是故刺急者。
深内而久留之。刺缓者。浅内而疾发针。以去其热。刺大者。微泻其气。无出其血。刺滑者。疾发针而浅内之。以泻其
阳气。而去其热。刺涩者。必中其脉。随其逆顺而久留之。必先按而循之。已发针。疾按其 。无令其血出。以和其脉。
诸小者。阴阳形气俱不足。勿取以针。而调以甘药也。黄帝曰。余闻五脏六腑之气荥输所入为合。令何道从入。入安连
过。愿闻其故。岐伯答曰。此阳脉之别。入于内。属于腑者也。黄帝曰。荥输与合。各有名乎。岐伯答曰。荥输治外经。
合治内腑。黄帝曰。治内腑奈何。岐伯曰。取之于合。黄帝曰。合各有名乎。岐伯答曰。胃合于三里。大肠合入于巨虚
上廉。小肠合入于巨虚下廉。三焦合入于委阳。膀胱合入于委中央。胆合入于阳陵泉。黄帝曰。取之奈何。岐伯答曰。
取之三里者。低跗取之。巨虚者。举足取之。委阳者。屈伸而索之。委中者。屈而取之。阳陵泉者。正竖膝。予之齐。
下至（至直也）委阳之阳取之。（谓坐而正竖其膝折其胫引线与膝后大筋相齐又折而下直委阳之外是穴也）取诸外经者。
申而从之。（ 申当作揄伸骨空论注云揄摇也谓或摇或伸而寻之也）黄帝曰。愿闻六腑之病。（前文说得天花乱缀读者
几忘其遗却六腑矣读至此乃愕然）岐伯答曰。面热者。足阳明病。鱼络血者。手阳明病。两跗之上。脉坚陷者。足阳明
病。此胃脉也。大肠病者。肠中切痛而鸣。濯濯冬日重感于寒。即泄。当脐而痛。不能久立。与胃同候。取巨虚上廉。
胃病者。腹 胀。胃脘当心而痛。上支两胁。膈咽不通。食饮不下。取之三里也。小肠病者。小腹痛腰脊控睾而痛。时
窘之后。（窘迫于后阴也）当耳前热。若寒甚若独肩上热甚。及手小指次指之间热。若脉陷者。此其候也。手太阳病也。
取之巨虚下廉。三焦病者。腹气满。小腹尤坚。不得小便。窘急溢则水。留则为胀。候在足太阳之外大络。大络在太阳
少阳之间。亦见于脉。取委阳。膀胱病者。小腹偏肿而痛。以手按之。即欲小便而不得。肩上热。若脉陷。及足小趾外
廉及胫踝后皆热。若脉陷。取委中央。胆病者。善太息。口苦呕宿汁。心下澹澹。恐人将捕之。嗌中 然数唾。在足
少阳之本末。亦视其脉之陷下者灸之。其寒热者取阳陵泉。（以上叙六腑病形逐段搀入上节钩连有致）黄帝曰。刺之有道
乎。岐伯答曰。刺此者必中气穴。无中肉节。中气穴则针染于巷中肉节则皮肤痛。补泻反。则病益笃。中筋则筋缓邪气
不出。与其真相搏。乱而不去。反还内着。用针不审以顺为逆也。
前半叙邪气后半叙病形而各以脏腑。纬之尤妙在前从腑卸脏中用枢纽。后从脏卸腑中用枢纽。中间从邪气卸病形中
用枢纽。遂使板局极活。令读者迷不知其本指之所在。此篇叙邪气之伤。有浅深与病形之各异也。初看似略无奇处。细
读乃无处不奇。灵枢八十一篇布局之穿插变幻如此篇者不过三四而已。讵可以平淡忽之。
Huangdi asked Qibo: How does pathogenic qi invade the human body?
Qibo replied: The invasion of pathogenic qi into the body has distinctions in high and low locations.
Huangdi asked: Is there a regularity to this highness and lowness?
Qibo said: The upper half of the body is mostly invaded by wind pathogens, while the lower half is mostly invaded by damp pathogens. Therefore, it is said that when pathogenic qi invades the body, there is no fixed constant location. If it enters the Yin meridians, it flows into the Fu organs; if it enters the Yang meridians, it flows into the channels.
Huangdi said: Yin and Yang have different names but are of the same category. They meet above and below, and the meridians interconnect like a circle without beginning or end. Pathogenic qi invading the body may enter the Yin meridians or the Yang meridians, with no constant pattern in the upper, lower, left, or right regions. What is the reason for this?
Qibo said: All intersections of the Yang meridians are located on the face. When pathogenic qi invades the body, it often takes advantage of times when the body's healthy qi is deficient, such as after strenuous exertion, or when pores (couli) are open due to sweating after eating or drinking. If the pathogen enters from the face, it descends into the Stomach Meridian of Foot-Yangming; if it enters from the nape, it descends into the Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang; if it enters from the cheek, it descends into the Gallbladder Meridian of Foot-Shaoyang; if it enters from the chest, back, or flanks, it also descends into their respective meridians.
Huangdi asked: How does pathogenic qi invade the Yin meridians?
Qibo answered: Invasion into the Yin meridians usually begins at the inner aspect of the arm or leg. Because the skin on the inner arms and legs is thin, and the muscles are soft and lustrous, they are susceptible to wind pathogens and easily injure the Yin meridians alone.
Huangdi asked: Does this necessarily damage the Zang organs?
Qibo answered: When the body is attacked by wind pathogens, it does not necessarily affect the Zang organs. Therefore, when pathogenic qi enters a Yin meridian, because the Zang qi is substantial, the pathogen cannot take residence and thus returns to flow into the Fu organs. Thus, invasion of Yang leads to flow in the meridians, while invasion of Yin leads to flow in the Fu organs.
Huangdi asked: How does pathogenic qi invade the five Zang organs?
Qibo said: Sorrow and fear damage the Heart; exposure to cold and consumption of cold drinks damage the Lungs. This is because internal and external colds interact, injuring both interior and exterior, causing Qi to rebel and ascend. Falling injuries with retained blood stasis, or extreme anger causing Qi to rise and not descend, accumulating under the flanks, damages the Liver. Striking, falling, or sexual intercourse while drunk, sweating and exposed to wind, damages the Spleen. Heavy lifting, excessive sexual activity, or bathing in cold water while sweating, damages the Kidneys.
Huangdi asked: How do the five Zang organs contract wind pathogens?
Qibo said: Only when both Yin and Yang are affected by pathogens can the pathogen travel inward to the viscera.
Huangdi said: Well said.
Huangdi again asked Qibo: The head and face, along with the body and limbs, belong to bones connecting tendons, sharing blood and harmonizing with Qi. When the weather is cold, the earth cracks and ice forms. Sudden cold may cause limbs to become slack and weak, yet the face remains uncovered. Why is this?
Qibo answered: The twelve primary meridians and three hundred and sixty-five collaterals all carry Qi and Blood upward to the face and through the orifices. Pure Yang Qi ascends to the eyes for vision; separate Qi ascends to the ears for hearing; Zong Qi (Gathering Qi) ascends through the nose for smell; turbid Qi comes from the Stomach, ascending to the lips and tongue for taste. The fluids of these Qi all steam upward to the face. Moreover, the facial skin is thick and the muscles firm, so even extreme heat or cold cannot overcome it.
Huangdi asked: When pathogenic qi invades the body, what are the manifestations of the disease?
Qibo said: When false pathogens (Xu Xie) invade the body, they cause shivering and trembling of the form. When true pathogens (Zheng Xie) invade, the effect is slight; changes appear first in the complexion, with little bodily sensation, seeming present yet absent, existing yet non-existent, with unclear form, making it difficult to know the true condition.
Huangdi said: Well said.
Huangdi asked Qibo: I have heard that observing the complexion to know the disease is called "Ming" (Bright); palpating the pulse to know the disease is called "Shen" (Divine); asking about the disease to know its location is called "Gong" (Worker). I wish to hear how to observe, palpate, and inquire to fully understand the condition. How should this be done?
Qibo answered: Complexion, pulse, and Chi skin (skin of the forearm) correspond to each other, just like a drumstick and drum sound, or an object and its shadow; they must not lose connection. This is the manifestation of root and branch. If the root dies, the branches wither. Complexion, pulse, and physical form must not contradict each other. Knowing one aspect makes one a "Gong"; knowing two makes one "Shen"; knowing all three makes one both Shen and Ming.
Huangdi said: I wish to hear this in detail.
Qibo said: A green complexion corresponds to a wiry pulse; red to a hook-like pulse; yellow to a moderate pulse; white to a floating pulse; black to a sunken pulse. If the complexion is seen but the corresponding pulse is not found, and instead a controlling pulse is found, death will occur; if a generating pulse is found, the disease will resolve.
Huangdi asked: What are the pathological forms generated by the five Zang organs?
Qibo answered: First determine the correspondence between the five colors and five pulses, then the diseases can be distinguished.
Huangdi asked: Once complexion and pulse are determined, how to distinguish further?
Qibo said: By adjusting the examination of the Chi skin for tension, relaxation, smallness, largeness, slipperiness, and roughness, the pathology is determined.
Huangdi asked: How to examine?
Qibo said: If the pulse is tense, the Chi skin is also tense; if the pulse is relaxed, the Chi skin is also relaxed; if the pulse is small, the Chi skin is reduced and lacks Qi; if the pulse is large, the Chi skin bulges; if the pulse is slippery, the Chi skin is smooth; if the pulse is rough, the Chi skin is rough. These variations have degrees of severity. Therefore, one skilled in examining Chi skin needs not rely on the Cun Kou pulse; one skilled in examining the pulse need not rely on the complexion. One who combines all three can be considered a Superior Physician (Shang Gong), achieving nine cures out of ten; using two aspects makes a Middle Physician (Zhong Gong), seven cures out of ten; using only one aspect makes an Inferior Physician (Xia Gong), six cures out of ten.
Huangdi asked: Please describe the pathological forms corresponding to tense, relaxed, small, large, slippery, and rough pulses.
Qibo said: Let me speak of the pathologies of the five Zang organs. A severely tense Heart pulse indicates convulsions; mildly tense indicates heart pain radiating to the back and inability to eat. A severely relaxed Heart pulse indicates manic laughter; mildly relaxed indicates Fu Liang disease below the heart, moving up and down with bloody saliva. A severely large Heart pulse indicates throat obstruction; mildly large indicates Heart Bi with back pain and frequent tearing. A severely small Heart pulse indicates frequent hiccups; minimally small indicates Xiao Dao disease. A severely slippery Heart pulse indicates excessive thirst; mildly slippery indicates Heart Shan with umbilical radiation and abdominal borborygmi. A severely rough Heart pulse indicates aphonia; mildly rough indicates blood extravasation, limb coldness, tinnitus, and head disorders.
A severely tense Lung pulse indicates epilepsy; mildly tense indicates Lung cold-heat, lethargy, coughing blood, pain radiating to waist/back/chest, and nasal polyps. A severely relaxed Lung pulse indicates excessive sweating; mildly relaxed indicates Wei syndrome with hemihypohidrosis stopping only at the head. A severely large Lung pulse indicates shin swelling; mildly large indicates Lung Bi with back pain and aversion to sunlight. A severely small Lung pulse indicates diarrhea; minimally small indicates Xiao Dao disease. A severely slippery Lung pulse indicates Xi Ben with rebellious Qi; mildly slippery indicates bleeding from upper and lower orifices. A severely rough Lung pulse indicates vomiting blood; mildly rough indicates Shu Lou in the neck/axilla with lower body weakness and sluggish response.
A severely tense Liver pulse indicates irritable speech; mildly tense indicates Fei Qi mass under the flank like an inverted cup. A severely relaxed Liver pulse indicates frequent vomiting; mildly relaxed indicates Water Jian Bi. A severely large Liver pulse indicates internal abscess with vomiting blood/nosebleed; mildly large indicates Liver Bi with genital retraction and cough radiating to lower abdomen. A severely small Liver pulse indicates polydipsia; minimally small indicates Xiao Dao disease. A severely slippery Liver pulse indicates Hernia; mildly slippery indicates enuresis. A severely rough Liver pulse indicates Yi Yin; mildly rough indicates convulsions and tendon Bi.
A severely tense Spleen pulse indicates convulsions; mildly tense indicates Ge Zhong with regurgitation of food and salivary stool. A severely relaxed Spleen pulse indicates Wei syndrome; mildly relaxed indicates Feng Wei with limb paralysis but clear mind (due to dryness generating wind). A severely large Spleen pulse indicates sudden collapse; mildly large indicates Hernia with abdominal distension and pus/blood outside intestines. A severely small Spleen pulse indicates cold-heat; minimally small indicates Xiao Dao disease. A severely slippery Spleen pulse indicates Long Bi; mildly slippery indicates insect toxin/stinging with abdominal heat. A severely rough Spleen pulse indicates intestinal ulceration; mildly rough indicates internal abscess with purulent bloody stool.
A severely tense Kidney pulse indicates bone epilepsy; mildly tense indicates deep厥 (Jue), Ben Tun, foot inability to support, and urinary/fecal retention. A severely relaxed Kidney pulse indicates spinal fracture pain; mildly relaxed indicates Dong Xie (food passing undigested and regurgitated). A severely large Kidney pulse indicates impotence; mildly large indicates Shi Shui with swelling from navel to stomach, which is fatal. A severely small Kidney pulse indicates Dong Xie; minimally small indicates Xiao Dao disease. A severely slippery Kidney pulse indicates Long Bi; mildly slippery indicates Bone Wei with inability to sit/rise and visual impairment. A severely rough Kidney pulse indicates large abscess; mildly rough indicates amenorrhea and hemorrhoids.
Huangdi asked: Regarding the six variations of disease (tense, relaxed, large, small, slippery, rough), how should acupuncture be applied?
Qibo answered: Tense conditions mostly involve Cold; relaxed conditions mostly involve Heat; large conditions involve excess Qi and deficient Blood; small conditions involve deficiency of both Qi and Blood; slippery conditions involve excess Yang Qi with slight Heat; rough conditions involve deficient Qi and Blood with slight Cold. Therefore, for tense conditions, needle deeply and retain long; for relaxed conditions, needle shallowly and withdraw quickly to dispel Heat; for large conditions, slightly drain Qi without bleeding; for slippery conditions, withdraw quickly and needle shallowly to drain Yang Qi and Heat; for rough conditions, ensure needle enters the vessel, follow Qi direction, retain long, massage beforehand, and press acupoint quickly after withdrawal to prevent bleeding and harmonize vessels. For small conditions, where Yin/Yang and Form/Qi are both deficient, do not use needles but regulate with sweet medicines.
Huangdi said: I have heard that Qi of the five Zang and six Fu organs enters at Ying and Shu points and converges at He points. From what pathway do they enter? Where do they connect and pass? Please explain.
Qibo answered: These are the divergent branches of Yang meridians entering the interior and belonging to the Fu organs.
Huangdi asked: Do Ying, Shu, and He points have specific names?
Qibo answered: Ying and Shu points treat exterior meridian diseases; He points treat interior Fu organ diseases.
Huangdi asked: How to treat Fu organ diseases?
Qibo answered: Use the He points.
Huangdi asked: What are the names of the He points?
Qibo answered: Stomach He point is Zusanli (ST36); Large Intestine He point is Shangjuxu (ST37); Small Intestine He point is Xiajuxu (ST39); San Jiao He point is Weiyang (BL39); Bladder He point is Weizhong (BL40); Gallbladder He point is Yanglingquan (GB34).
Huangdi asked: How to locate them?
Qibo answered: For Zusanli, place the foot flat; for Juxu points, lift the foot; for Weiyang, flex and extend to find; for Weizhong, flex the knee; for Yanglingquan, stand knee upright level with the knee, extending down to the Yang side of Weiyang. For exterior meridians, shake and stretch the bones to locate.
Huangdi said: I wish to hear about diseases of the six Fu organs.
Qibo answered: Facial heat indicates Foot-Yangming disease; blood in fish-mouth collateral indicates Hand-Yangming disease; hard/depressed pulse on dorsum of foot indicates Foot-Yangming disease (Stomach meridian). Large Intestine disease presents as cutting abdominal pain with borborygmi, worse in winter cold, diarrhea around navel, inability to stand long; treat Shangjuxu. Stomach disease presents as abdominal distension, epigastric pain radiating to flanks, blocked throat/esophagus, inability to eat; treat Zusanli. Small Intestine disease presents as lower abdominal pain radiating to loin/testicles, urgency in defecation, heat in ear/front of shoulder/small finger; treat Xiajuxu. San Jiao disease presents as abdominal fullness, hard lower abdomen, urinary retention leading to edema/distension; treat Weiyang. Bladder disease presents as unilateral lower abdominal swelling/pain, urge to urinate but unable, heat in shoulder/lower leg/little toe; treat Weizhong. Gallbladder disease presents with sighing, bitter taste, vomiting old bile, palpitations/fear, sore throat with frequent spitting; moxa depressed vessels or treat Yanglingquan for cold/heat.
Huangdi asked: Is there a method for acupuncture?
Qibo answered: Acupuncture must hit the Qi acupoints, not flesh joints. Hitting Qi acupoints allows needle sensation to spread like entering a lane; hitting flesh joints causes skin pain. Incorrect tonification/sedation worsens the disease. Hitting tendons causes flaccidity; pathogenic qi remains and binds internally. Unskilled acupuncture reverses natural order.