〔《灵》〕帝曰∶余尝上清泠之台，中阶而顾，匐匍而前则惑。余私异之，窃内怪之，独瞑独视，安心定气，
久而不解。独搏独眩，被发长跪，俯而视之，后久之不已也。卒然自上，何气使然？岐伯曰∶五脏六腑之精气，
皆注于目，而为之精。精之窠为眼，骨之精为瞳子，筋之精为黑眼，血之精为络。其窠气之精为白眼，肌肉之
精为约束，裹撷筋骨血气之精而与脉并为系，上属于脑，后出于项中。故邪中于项，因逢其身之虚，其入深，
则随眼系以入于脑，入于脑则脑转，脑转则目系急，目系急则目眩以转矣。邪中其精，其精所中，不相比也，
则精散，精散则视歧，故见两物。（大惑论）
〔《本》〕荀牧仲顷年尝谓予曰∶有人视一物为两，医作肝气盛，故见一为二，服泻肝药皆不验，此何疾也？
予曰∶孙真人曰∶《灵枢》有云，目之系上属于脑，后出于项中云云，则视歧故见两物也。令服驱风入脑药得
愈。
〔《灵》〕目者，五脏六腑之精也，荣卫魂魄之所常营也，神气之所生也。故神劳则魂魄散，志意乱，是
故瞳子黑眼法于阴，白眼赤脉法于阳也。故阴阳合转而睛明也。目者，心之使也。心者，神之舍也。故神精
乱而不转，卒然见非常处，精神魂魄散不相得，故曰惑也。帝曰∶余疑其然。余每之东苑，未曾不惑，去之则
复，余唯独为东苑劳神乎？何其异也？岐伯曰∶不然也。心有所喜，神有所恶，卒然相感，则精气乱，视误故
惑，神移乃复，是故间者为迷，甚者为惑。（大惑篇）
〔《素》〕夫精明者，所以视万物，别白黑，审长短。以长为短，以白为黑，如是则精衰矣。
右目乱见，治法东垣益气聪明之类是也。
[Ling Shu] The Yellow Emperor said: "I once ascended the Qingling Terrace. When I looked back from the middle of the stairs, or crawled forward on my hands and knees, I felt confused. I privately found this strange and secretly marveled at it internally. Even when closing one eye or opening one eye, calming my mind and regulating my breath, for a long time I could not resolve it. Whether beating my head alone or feeling dizzy, with hair disheveled, kneeling for a long time, or looking down at the ground, even after a long while, it did not cease. This sudden onset from above, what Qi causes it?" Qibo replied: "The essence of the Five Zang and Six Fu organs all pours into the eyes, forming the Jing (essence) of the eyes. The nest of Jing is the Eye itself; the Jing of Bone manifests as the Pupil (Tongzi); the Jing of Sinew manifests as the Black Eye (iris/cornea area); the Jing of Blood manifests as the Collaterals (blood vessels). Within the nest, the Jing of Qi manifests as the White Eye (sclera); the Jing of Muscle manifests as the Constraints (eyelids). These wrap and gather the Jing of sinews, bones, blood, and Qi, merging with the meridians to form the Eye System (Muxi), which connects upward to the Brain and exits posteriorly through the Neck. Therefore, if pathogenic factors strike the neck, coinciding with deficiency in the body, and enter deeply, they follow the Eye System into the Brain. Once in the Brain, it causes 'Brain Rotation' (vertigo/dizziness); Brain Rotation leads to tension in the Eye System; tension in the Eye System leads to dizziness and visual rotation. If pathogenic factors strike the Jing, and the affected Jing cannot coordinate harmoniously, then the Jing scatters. When Jing scatters, vision becomes bifurcated (diplopia), thus seeing two objects." (From *Da Huo Lun*)
[Ben Cao / Annotation] Xun Muzhong recently told me: "Someone saw one object as two. Physicians diagnosed it as Excess Liver Qi, causing the perception of one as two, but administering formulas to drain the Liver yielded no effect. What disease is this?" I said: "Sun Simiao stated: *Ling Shu* says, 'The Eye System connects upward to the Brain and exits posteriorly through the Neck,' etc. Thus, diplopia resulting in seeing double is due to this mechanism. Instruct him to take Wind-dispelling formulas that enter the Brain, and he will be cured."
[Ling Shu] The Eyes are the gathering place of the essence of the Five Zang and Six Fu organs, the constant site of operation for Ying (Nutritive) and Wei (Defensive) Qi, Hun, and Po, and the birthplace of Shen (Spirit). Therefore, mental labor causes Hun and Po to scatter and Zhi (Will) to become chaotic. Hence, the Pupil and Black Eye correspond to Yin, while the White Eye and Red Collaterals correspond to Yang. When Yin and Yang combine and rotate harmoniously, the eyes become bright. The Eyes are the messengers of the Heart. The Heart is the residence of Shen. Therefore, if Shen and Jing become chaotic and fail to rotate normally, and one suddenly sees unusual sights, causing Spirit, Jing, Hun, and Po to scatter and lose coordination, this is called 'Huo' (Confusion/Delusion). The Yellow Emperor said: "I suspect this is true. Every time I go to Dongyuan, I am invariably confused; leaving there restores clarity. Am I the only one whose Shen is labored by Dongyuan? Why is it so peculiar?" Qibo said: "Not so. If the Heart has preferences and Shen has aversions, sudden mutual stimulation causes Chaos of Essence and Qi, leading to erroneous vision and confusion. Only when Shen shifts does recovery occur. Thus, mild cases are 'Mi' (Blurry/Muddled), severe cases are 'Huo' (Deluded)." (From *Da Huo Pian*)
[Su Wen] Jing Ming (Clear Vision) is used to perceive all things, distinguish black from white, and assess length and shortness. To perceive long as short, or white as black, indicates that Jing (Essence) has declined.
Regarding the aforementioned disorder of vision (Mu Luan Jian), the treatment method refers to Li Dongyuan's Yi Qi Cong Ming Tang (Qi-Boosting and Brightening Decoction) and similar formulas.